• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.512-519
• /
• 2015

A historical tragic disaster happened by capsizing the passenger ship Sewol at South Western Sea of Korea in 16, April 2014. The ship which left Incheon harbour to bound for Jeju port passed Maengol strait and reached to approach of Byung Pung island, and then capsized and sank with a sudden inclination to the portside in the mean time of starboard the helm. In this time, the ship which has very poor stability without sufficient ballast waters and with over loading cargo listed port side caused by the centrifugal force acting to the outside of turning. A lot of cargoes not fastened moved to the port side consequently, and the ship came to beam end to capsize and sank in the end. No crews including especially captain would offer their own duties in a such extremely urgent time, as a result, enormous number of victims broke out including a lot of student. In this report, author carried out some calculation on the factors which influenced on the stability of the ship, i.e. the ship's speed, the rudder angle, the weight of cargoes and distance of movement, the surface effect of liquid in the tank. We found out that the most causes of capsize were the poor stability with heavy cargoes and insufficient amount of ballast water against the rule, and the cargoes unfastened moved one side to add the inclination as well. Above all, the owner be blamable because of the illegally operating the ship without keeping the rule.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.383-391
• /
• 2016

Ballast water provides stability and manoeuvrability to a ship. Foreign harmful aquatic organisms, which were transferred by ballast water, cause disturbing ecosystem. In order to minimize transference of foreign harmful aquatic organisms, IMO(International Maritime Organization) adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments in 2004. If the convention take effect, a port authority might need to check that ballast water is properly disposed of. In this paper, we propose a method of counting harmful aquatic organisms in ballast water thorough image processing. We extracted three samples from the ballast water that had been collected at Busan port in Korea. Then we made three grey-scale images from each sample as experimental data. We made a comparison between the proposed method and CellProfiler which is a well known cell-counting program based on image processing. Setting of CellProfiler is empirically chosen from the result of cell count by an expert. After finding a proper threshold for each image at which the result is similar to that of CellProfiler, we used the average value as the final threshold. Our experimental results showed that the proposed method is simple but about ten times faster than CellProfiler without loss of the output quality.

• ALGAE
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.181-192
• /
• 2011

Ballasting and deballasting of shipping vessels in foreign ports have been reported worldwide as a vector of introduction of non-native aquatic plants and animals. Recently, attention has turned to ballast water as a factor in the global increase of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Many species of microalgae, including harmful dinoflagellate species, can remain viable for months in dormant benthic stages (cysts) in ballast sediments. Over a period of four years, we surveyed ballast water and sediment of ships docked in two ports of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Sampling conditions encountered while sampling ballast water and sediments were vastly different between vessels. Since no single sample collection protocol could be applied, existing methods for sampling ballast were modified and new methods created to reduce time and labor necessary for the collection of high-quality, qualitative samples. Five methods were refined or developed, including one that allowed for a directed intake of water and sediments. From 63 samples, 1,633 dinoflagellate cysts and cyst-like cells were recovered. A native, cyst-forming, harmful dinoflagellate, Alexandrium balechii (Steidinger) F. J. R. Taylor, was collected, isolated, and cultured from the same vessel six months apart, indicating that ships exchanging ballast water in Tampa Bay have the potential to transport HAB species to other ports with similar ecologies, exposing them to non-native, potentially toxic blooms.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.108-114
• /
• 2015

Ballast water is carried by ships to ensure stability, trim and structural integrity. When a ship loads cargo, the ballast water is discharged. When foreign marine microorganisms are introduced into new marine environments, they pose a threat to the local marine ecological system. UV system is commonly used for the disinfection of waste and surface water. This method would not be as efficient because some species do survive to form viable populations, much of the sediment and organisms at the bottom of tanks, and may become serious pests. In this paper, we designed and implemented ballast water treatment system using fuzzy PID controller to prevent lamp damage, and to reduce the formation of the viable populations. The experiments were conducted with ballast water treatment system using fuzzy PID controller with short time exposure to the temperature above $40^{\circ}C$. This system was shown to be effective by significantly reducing bacterial population and lamp life extension through appropriate temperature of ballast water.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.258-264
• /
• 2010

Various kinds of ballast water treatment systems (BWTS) have been developed corresponding to reinforced IMO rules for marine environment. Some of them got the certificate of IMO and others are waiting for it. Selection of optimum BWTS is very important. Optimum BWTS means not only functional requirements but also economic efficiency. This paper presents economic analysis model for optimum BWTS according to ship type and size. In this study 10 kinds of BWTS whose initial installation cost and maintenance cost are known are analyzed based on present worth method. It is assumed that all BWTS satisfy minimum functional requirements and we need to consider different economical efficiency. Through the economic analysis we could select optimum BWTS.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.127-135
• /
• 2014

On lot of ships, Ballast Water Treatment Systems(BWTS) are in use, or the newly built ship should be mandatory installation by 2017. It is IMO(International Maritime Organization) regulations. Because the vessel is in long distance, It is managed this system only in the vessel and it may occur considerable cost of maintenance when a problem arises from BWTS. We describe in this paper how to monitor treated ballast water to make sure the ballast water and BWTS on a ship is in proper condition, but before the port entrance. In addition, analysing and forecasting trend signal to prevent failure. Also we can expect reduce the cost of BWTS maintenance. We can monitor the sensor data value's change which collected through satellite from BWTS. And we can observate the ballasting and de-ballasting state of the vessel easily.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.665-676
• /
• 2017

Over the past several years, sea trade have increased traffic by ships which highlighted a problem of unwanted species invading the surrounding seas through ship's ballast water discharge. Maritime trade volume has continuously increased worldwide and the problem still exists. The respective countries are spending billions of dollars in an effort to clean up the contamination and prevent pollution. As part of an effort to solve marine environmental problem, BWM(Ballast Water Management) convention was adopted at a diplomatic conference on Feb. 13 2004. In order to comply harmoniously this convention by each country. This convention will be effective after 12 months from the date which 30 countries ratified accounting for more than 35% of the world merchant shipping volume. On Sep. 8 2016, Finland ratified this convention and effective condition was satisfied as 52 states and world merchant vessel fleet 35.1441%. Thus, after Sep. 8 2017, all existing vessels shall be equipped with BWTS(Ballast Water Treatment System) in accordance with D-2 Regulation, which physically handles ballast water from ballast water exchange system(D-1 Regulation). In this study, we analyzed in detail the optimal design method using the Risk Analysis and Evaluation technique which is mainly used in the manufacturing factory or the risky work site comparing with the traditional design concept method applying various criteria. The Risk Assessment Method is a series of processes for finding the Risk Factors in the design process, analyzing a probility of the accident and size of the accident and then quantifying the Risk Incidence and finally taking measures. In this study, this method was carried out for Electrolysis treatment type on DWT 180K Bulk Carrier using "HAZOP Study" method among various methods. In the Electrolysis type, 63 hazardous elements were identified.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.325-332
• /
• 2014

In installing ballast water treatment system, the cost of the system is high and many technical aspects are to be considered and also it takes significant time to retro-fitting on the existing ships. In addition, in the current circumstance which the Ballast Water Management Convention has not been entered into force, the 28th IMO Assembly adopted a resolution to mediate the implementation schedule of the treatment systems. In the mean time, California State and New York State have declared more stringent discharge requirements of ballast water and are planning to implement them earlier than the schedule of the Convention. In these circumstances, the implication in the difference between ballast water treatment system manufacturers and ship owners need to be considered. In this study, through the review on the considerations when installing the system onboard, stringent requirements of United States of America, and determent or mediated implementation schedules of Convention and California and New York States, the author would like to suggest the strategy of concerned parties for anticipated entrry into force of the Convention and implementation of the stringent requirements of United States of America.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.57-65
• /
• 2006

Various marine plankton were observed in the ballast water of vessels entering Incheon and Busan harbors. The ballast water of which age ranged from 2 to 54 days originated from the coastal waters of New Zealand, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong and Pakistan, and from the Pacific Ocean. The total number of marine plankton taxa in 9 ballast tanks of different ships was 170: 90 phytoplankton, 24 protozoa and 56 zooplankton. The most diverse taxonomic groups were diatoms in phytoplankton, ciliates in protozoa and copepods in zooplankton. Classifying the specimens by size, above 50% of the number species of phytoplankton belonged to the size range between 50 and 150 Un. Protozoa and metazooplankton were found frequently in the size range between 50 and $120{\mu}m$ and 500 and $1,000{\mu}m$, respectively. The relationship between the species number and the age of ballast water was not significant. This is because of difference of filtration amounts derived from discordance of collecting samples. Among plankton observed in ballast water, some harmful algae and non-indigenous aquatic species were identified. Therefore, we need to investigate whether these species can inhabit in Korean coastal waters in further study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
• /
• 2004.04a
• /
• pp.227-232
• /
• 2004

Ballast water from ship harmful microorganism sterilized use of electrolytic sterilization system. The experimental methods were use of peristaltic flow pump upward on electrode pole. Due to reaction time, HRT were unlike microorganism on flow rate. In electrolysis, dioxide iridium coated titanium(Ti／IrO$_2$) and stainless steel plate were used for anode and cathode respectively. Current density controls make use of D.C Power supply on 250V 100Amper. Experimental use of current density between 0.1 and 0.5A was able to disinfect microorganism at 5 seconds by the reaction time. This study shows that the electrolyzed water has a potential for the sterilization of ballast water.