• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 1984

The clinical specimens used in this study were collected during the period from March 4, to December 30, 1983, from children's hospitals in Seoul area. They came from clinically apparent cases of diarrheal disease in hospitals. Many specimens were taken from rectal Swabs. During this period, 2166 stool cultures were streaked onto MacConkey plate and were them deposited in selenite broth. Colonies resembling pathogens on MacConkey medium were picked to KIA, Urea agar, malonate broth, ONPG broth, SIM. Reaction on those media cultures were identified biochemically with using API 20E test kit and confirmed serologically with commercially avabile Salmonella antisera(Difco) or Shigella antisera(Denka, Japan). The sensitivity of Salmonella and Shigella tested to ampicillin cephalosporin, chloramphenicol, colistin, gentamicin, tetracycline, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, polymyxin B was performed by means of disc diffusion method recommended by Bauer-Kirby, using the discs prepared in BBL Laboratory. 1. There were 34 (1.6%) isolations of Salmonella cultures and 52(2.4%) isolations of Shigella from the 2,116 specimens. Only 53%of Salmonella were isolated by direct streaking on MacConkey plating media, by contrast, 80% of the Shigella were isolated directly. 2. Shigella flexneri types comprised 56% of the Shigellae isolate from 52 Shigellae identified 24% of Salmonella enteritidis ser typhimurium were identified. 3. Concerning to Salmonella and Shigella occurance according to month and sex, They shows relatively higher for the male than in case of female, and 2-3 age were shown the highest group. 4. October is the month with highest incidences. 5. In the sensitivity patterns of Shigellae, most of them were appeared to be resistant ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, in case of Salmonella, 15% of them were resistant to chloramphenicol.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.642-647
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 식중독 유발세균에 대한 항균활성이 우수한 천연 항균성 물질을 검색하기 위해 예로부터 민간과 한방에서 널리 이용되어 온 금은화를 각종 유기용매로 추출하여 식중독 유발세균에 대한 항균활성을 조사해 보았다. 금은화를 petroleum ether, chloroform, ethly acetate, methanol를 이용하여 실온에서 각각 용매별로 계통 분획하고, 열수추출물을 얻은 후, 9종의 식중독 유발세균(Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella paratyphimurium, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei)에 대하여 항균효과를 조사하였다. 금은화 추출물의 농도별 항균 활성 검색에서는 금은화의 ethyl acetate 추출물이 가장 큰 항균 효과를 보였으며 Shigella dysenteriae가 가장 민감하게 반응하는 균주였다. 금은화의 ethyl acetate 추출물과 인진쑥의 ethyl acetate 추출물을 혼합하여 항균력을 측정해 본 결과, 두 추출물을 섞어 첨가했을 경우가 단독으로 사용했을 시 보다 상승효과를 나타내었다. 또한 금은화의 ethyl acetate 추출물이 식중독 유발세균의 성자에 미치는 효과를 검정하기 위해 Staphylococcus epidermidis 및 Shigella dysenteriae의 배양액에 금은화의 ethyl acetate 추출물을 각각 3,000ppm 농도로 첨가했을 시, Staphylococcus epidermidis의 생육이 12시간까지 억제됨을 관찰할 수 있었고, Shigella dysenteriae의 생육도 12시간까지 지연시킬 수 있었다. 이상의 결과 금은화의 ethyl acetate 추출물은 Staphylococcus epidermidis와 Shigella dysenteriae의 성장을 억제시킴을 알 수 있었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.436-439
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• 1999

Shigella sonnei is an important cause of human enteric infections. S. sonnei KNIH104S was previously reported to be isolated from Korean shigellosis patients. We cloned a 2.8-kb KpnI fragment containing the recA gene encoding a recombinase from the chromosomal DNA of S. sonnei KNIH104S. This recombinant plasmid was named pRAK28. E. coli HB101, a recA mutant, cannot grow on Luria-Bertani medium in the presence of the alkylating agent methylmethane sulfonate, however, E. coli HB101 harboring pRAK28 was found to grow on this medium. As far as we know, we are the first to sequence the recA gene from S. sonnei. This gene is composed of 1062 base pairs with an ATG initiation codon and a TAA termination codon. Nucleotide sequence comparison of the S. sonnei recA gene exhibited 99.7% and 99.5% identity with those of S. flexneri and E. coli, respectively.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2005년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.231-232
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• 2005

Bacteria of Shigella spp. are responsible for shigellosis in humans, a disease characterized by destruction of the colonic epithelium that is induced by the inflammatory response elicited by invasive bacteria. They use a type III secretion system injecting effector proteins into host cells to induce their entry into epithelial cells and triggers apoptosis in macrophages. We present evidence that the effector OspG is a protein kinase that binds various ubiquitinylated ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and blocks degradation of phospho-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ induced upon entry of bacteria into epithelial cells. Transfection experiments confirmed that OspG interferes with the $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation patway by preventing phospho-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation, suggesting that OspG inactivates a component of the $SCF^{{\beta}-TrCP}$ ubiquitin ligase complex (E3) involved in phospho-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ ubiquitination. Upon infection of ileal loops in rabbits, the ospG mutant induced a stronger inflammatory response compared with the wild-type strain, indicating that OspG down-regulates the host innate response induced by invasive bacteria.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.44-54
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 한약재를 Lactobacillus속 균주로 발효시켜 기능성물질을 확인하고자 하였다. 선행연구를 통해 선별한 발효에 사용한 10가지 한약은 100% methanol로 추출하여 Lactobacillus속 균주와 MRS배지를 첨가하여 사용하였고 발효 후 ethyl acetate로 추출하여 사용하였다. 10가지 중 붉나무를 Lb. brevis KCTC 3498로 발효하고 ethyl acetate로 추출한 추출물에서 마우스 해마 유래 세포주인 HT22 세포에서 glutamate로 유발된 산화적 손상으로부터 세포 보호효과가 우수했으며, 이는 heme oxygenase-1 단백질 발현에 의한 것 임을 밝혔다. 또한, 뇌세포 보호에 heme oxygenase-1 발현의 주요 기전인 Nrf2 핵 내의 전사와 직접적인 연관이 있음을 확인하였다. 붉나무의 발효 전과 후의 항균, 항산화 효과 비교 실험에서는 붉나무를 Lb. plantarum subsp. plantarum KCTC 3108, Lb. fermentum KCTC 3112, Lb. brevis KCTC 3498 균주로 각각 발효한 한약재는 발효 전보다 항산화 활성이 높아지거나 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. Lb. plantarum subsp. plantarum KCTC 3108, Lb. casei KCTC 3109로 발효한 붉나무 발효액과 ethyl acetate 여액층은 Bacillus subtilis PCI 219, Escherichia coli KCTC 1682, Shigella flexneri KCTC 2517, Vibrio parahaemolyticus KCTC 7471, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2004에 모두 항균활성을 보였다. 붉나무를 Lb. brevis KCTC 3498로 발효하여 ethyl acetate로 추출한 추출물은 B. subtilis PCI 219, E. coli KCTC 1682, S. flexneri KCTC 2517, V. parahaemolyticus KCTC 7471 균주에서 발효한 추출물이 단순 붉나무 추출물보다 높은 항균활성을 보였다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.214-222
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• 1999

Prunus mume has been used for the folk medicine by many old civilizations to treat food-borne diseases or enteric disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of beverages containing Prunus mume extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Seven different types of Prunus mume extracts containing beverages have been prepared for the test in which minimum inhibitory concentration for each microorganism has been determined by serial dilution method using either TSA or TSB medium. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed least resistance and 0.3g/$m\ell$ concentrations of 5% Prunus mume extracts containing beverage had antimicrobial property against the organism. Beverages containing more than 15% of Prunus mume extracts showed antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms at the MIC value of less than 0.25g/$m\ell$. The effect of Prunus mume on the growth of food-borne pathogens has been also studied using a spectrophotometer. In the growth assay, each of the Prunus mume extracts containing beverage was added to the medium at the concentration of 25% (v/v). Beverage containing 20% Prunus mume extracts showed inhibitory effect on the growth of all tested microorganisms.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1184-1189
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• 2002

Allii sativi Bulbus(garlic) have been shown to possess medicinal value, in particular, antimicrobial activity. In this study, we compared the efficacy on some pathogenic bacteria and fungus among several different extracts(water, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, chloroform) of Allii sativi Bulbus. Animal pathogenic bacteria and fungus(S. gallinarium: KCTC 2441, S. flexneri: KCTC 2361, E. cloacae: KCTC 2006, K. pneumonia: KCTC 2208, C. albicans: KCTC 1940) were used to test by measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and disc diffusion. Allii sativi Bulbus were cut and mixed with water at 37℃ about 24 h and filtered, and several different solvents(hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol) were respectively added to separate the fraction of each solvent. The antimicrobial(bacteriocidal) and antifungal effect were apparently shown from water extract, hexane and ethyl acetate extract against using strains(Staphylococcus gallinarium, Shigella flexneri, Enterobacter doacae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans). Especially, the water extract showed the superior efficacy. And the clear zone size of water extract (11～27 mm) was greater than that of gentamycin, hexane extract and ethyl acetate extract against S. gallinarium. S. flexneri, K. pneumonia and C. albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of water extract appeared to around 2.0～7.5 ㎎/㎖ against S. gallinarium, S. flexneri, E. cloacae and K. pneumonia. The greater activity was shown by water extract because the MIC of water extract for C. albicans observed in very low concentration(<1.0 ㎎/㎖) compared to hexane(5.0 ㎎/㎖) and ethyl acetate(10.0 ㎎/㎖). Therefore, these results exhibited that water extract of Allii sativi Bulbus have stronger antimicrobial activity than hexane and ethyl acetate extract, and may be useful as topical medicine of superficial infections causing C. albicans as well as antifungal agents.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 1980

Shigella remains to be an important enteric pathogen in this country for the moment. Moreover, since 1978, most of the isolates have become resistant to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, which used to be the drugs of choice for shigellosis. Since a disc diffusion technique alone has been used in our routine susceptibility test, the minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of both ampicillin and co-trimoxazole to Shigella have never been known. In order to determine these, 195 isolates were tested by an agar dilution method, all of which were isolated at Yonsei Medical Center during the period of June 1978 to July 1980. The following results were obtained. 1. Sixty cultures(29.7%) were susceptible to ampicillin, being the MIC of 8 ${\mu}g/ml$ or less and 53(27.2%) were susceptible to co-trimoxazole, being the MIC of TMP/SMZ 4/76 ${\mu}g/ml$ or less. S. flexneri type 2 was often resistant to both antimicrobic agents. 2. An increasing rate of resistant isolates was noted, particularly in the year of 1979. 3. Many isolates were resistant to both agents. Somewhat more cultures. were ampicillin susceptible and co-trimoxazole resistant than the other way around. It seems that the determination of species or even serotypes might be of help sometimes to select proper antimicrobic agent to control the infection. A routine antimicrobic susceptibility test of Shigella to both ampicillin and co-trimoxazole would be advisable for a better selection of chemotherapeutic agent.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 1979

1978년(年)에 분리(分離)한 9주(株)의 Shigella, 70주(株)의 Salmonella paratyphi A 및 230주(株)의 S. typhi의 약제내성(藥劑耐性), 내성화방지(耐性化防止) 및 제거(除去)에 대(對)하여 실험(實驗)하여 다음과 같은 성적(成績)을 얻었다. Shigella는 79주(株)가 Sh. flexneri, 16주(株)가 Sh. sonnei였는데 1주(株)를 제외(除外)한 94주(株)가 chloramphenicol tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfisomidine에 다약제내성(多藥劑耐性)이었으며 그중(中) 70주(株)는 ampicillin과 carbenicillin에, 80주(株)는 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole에, 22주(株)는 nalidixic acid에, 1주(株)는kanamycin에도 내성(耐性)이었다. Gentamicin, amikacin, cephaloridine, rifampin에 내성(耐性)인 균주(菌株)를 없었다. S. paratyphi A와 S. typhi는 공시약제(供試藥劑)에 감수성(感受性)이었으나 다만 rifampin, 또는 sulfisomidine에 약(弱)한 내성(耐性)을 가진 것이 있었다. 다약제내성(多藥劑耐性)인 shigella의 약(約) 80%가 전달성(傳達性) R plasmid를 가지고 있어서 그 내성(耐性)을 E. coli에 전달(傳達)시킬 수 있었다. 내성전달빈도(耐性傳達頻度)는 공시균주(供試菌株) 및 피전달균(被傳達菌)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있었다. 보존(保存)한 내성균주(耐性菌株)는 그 비율(比率)은 균주(菌株)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있으나 내성균(耐性菌)과 감수성균(感受性菌)으로 구성(構成)되어 있었으며 계대배양(繼代培養)에 의하여 내성(耐性)이 쉽게 탈락(脫落)되지는 안하였다. Acriflavine은 내성(耐性)을 탈락(脫落)시키는 효과(效果)는 있었으며 균주(菌株)에 따라 그 차이(差異)가 심(甚)하였고 atabrine은 효과(效果)가 없었다. 약제(藥劑)의 병용(倂用)은 Shigella에 대(對)한 작용(作用)을 증강(增强)시키는 경우(境遇)가 많으며 대체(大體)로 상승작용(相乘作用)을 나타냈고 상가작용(相加作用)을 나타내는 경우(境遇)가 있었으나 길항작용(拮抗作用)은 볼 수 없었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 식중독 유발세균에 대한 항균활성이 우수한 천연 항균성 물질을 검색하기 위해 예로부터 민간과 한방에서 널리 이용되어 온 백화사설초를 각종 유기용매로 추출하여 식중독 유발세균에 대한 항균활성을 조사해 보았다. 백화사설초를 petroleum ether, chloroform, ethly acetate, methanol를 이용하여 실온에서 각각 용매 별로 계통 분획하고, 열수추출물을 얻은 후, 9종의 식중독 유발세균(Staphylococcus aureus, nacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella nexneri, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei)에 대하여 항균효과를 조사하였다 백화사설초 추출물의 농도별 항균 활성 검색에서는 백화사설초의 methanol추출물이 가장 큰 항균 효과를 보였으며 S. aureus와 S. flexneri가 가장 민감하게 반응하는 균주였다. 백화사설초의 methanol추출물과 산두근의 ethyl acetate추출물을 혼합하여 항균력을 측정해 본 결과 두 추출물을 섞어 첨가했을 경우가 단독으로 사용했을 시보다 상승효과를 나타내었다. 또한 백화사설초의 methanol추출물이 식중독 유발세균의 성장에 미치는 효과를 검정하기 위해 S. aureus 및 S. Typhimurium의 배양액에 백화사설초의 methanol 추출물을 각각 4,000 ppm농도로 첨가했을 시, S. aureus의 생육이 36시간 이상까지 억제됨을 관찰할 수 있었고, S. Typhimurium의 생육도 24시간까지 지연시킬 수 있었다. 이상의 결과 백화사설초의 methanol추출물은 S. aureus와 S. Typhimurium의 성장을 효과적으로 억제시킴을 알 수 있었다.