• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2023

취병(翠屛)은 지지대를 세우고 식물을 틀어 올려 병풍 모양으로 만든 생울타리로, 창덕궁을 그린 『동궐도(東闕圖)』나 『규장각도 (奎章閣圖)』, 『문희묘도(文禧廟圖)』, 화성행궁을 그린 『화성행궁도(華城行宮圖)』 등 다양한 그림에서 취병의 흔적을 찾아볼 수 있었다. 그러나 취병이 현재까지 남아 있지 않아 고문헌이나 옛 그림, 사진 등을 통해 취병의 소재를 추정하였으며, 지지대를 사용한 유인형 취병의 경우 기류(杞柳 : 고리버들)를 사용한 취병의 조성과 관련된 그림은 찾을 수 없어 향나무와 주목 등의 침엽수를 사용한 취병 조성 방법이 연구되어 왔다. 기존 옛 그림들에 그려진 취병들은 지지대와 잎의 일부, 가지 정도만이 그려져 있어 그림을 통해 취병의 소재를 확인할 수 없었으나, 1797년 전후에 작성된 『뎡니의궤(整理儀軌)』에는 지지대를 사용한 유인형 취병 모습에 취병의 소재로 사용된 수목의 수형을 확인할 수 있어 『임원경제지(林園經濟志)』 관병법(綰屛法)에 소개된 기류(杞柳)를 이용한 취병 조성방법을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 취병 복원 시 기류(杞柳)를 사용하여 조성하는 방법을 고문헌 분석을 통해 제시하는 것으로, 이를 위해 첫째 취병 조성 방법이 나오는 고문헌 분석을 통해 유인형 취병의 소재에 대한 변천 과정을 분석하였다, 둘째 유인형 취병의 형태를 파악할 수 있는 『뎡니의궤』 「성역도」 의 그림 분석을 통해 취병의 소재와 조성 방법을 분석하였다.

• 복식
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• 제4권
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• pp.87-114
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• 1981

A costume reveals the social characteristics of the era in which it is worn, thus we can say that the history of change of the costume is the history of change of the living culture of the era. Since the Three States era, the costume structure of this country had been affected by the costume system of the China's historical dynasties in the form of the grant therefrom because of geographical conditions, which affection was conspicuous for the bureaucrat class, particularly including but not limited to the Kings' familities. Such a grant of the costume for the bureaucrat class (i.e., official uniform) was first given by the Dang-dynasty at the age of Queen Jinduck, the 28th of the Shilla-dynasty. Since then, the costume for the bureaucrats had consecutively been affected as the ages had gone from the unified Shilla, to the Koryo and to the Yi-dynasty. As the full costumes officially used by government officials (generally called "Baek Gwan") in the Yidynasty, there existed Jo-bok, Gong-bok and Sang-bok. Of such official costumes, Gong-bok was worn at the time of conducting official affairs of the dynasty, making a respectful visit for the expression of thanks or meeting diplomatic missions of foreign countries. It appears no study was made yet with regard to the Gong-bok while the studies on the Jo-bok and the Sangbok were made. Therefore, this article is, by rendering a study and research on the styles of costumes of civil servants' stone images erected at the Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty, to help the persons concerned understand the Gong-bok, one of the official costume for Baek Kwan of that age and further purports to specifically identify the styles and changes of the Gong-bok, worn by Baek Gwan during the Yi-dynasty, consisting of the Bok-doo (a hat, four angled and two storied with flat top), Po (gown), Dae (belt), and Hol (small and thin plate which was officially held by the government officials in hand, showing the courtesy to and writing brief memorandums before the King) and Hwa (shoes). For that purpose, I investigated by actually visiting the tombs of the Kings of the Yi-dynasty including the Geonwon-neung, the tomb of the first King Tae-jo and the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong as well as the tombs of the lawful wives and concubines of various Kings, totalling 29 tombs and made reference to relevant books and records. Pursuant. to this study, of the 29 Kings' tombs the costume styles of civil servants' stone images erected at the 26 Kings' tombs are those of Gong-bok for Baek-gwan of the Yi-dynasty wearing Bok-doo as a hat and Ban-ryeong or Dan-ryenog Po as a gown with Dae, holding Hol in hand and wearing shoes. Other than those of the 26 tombs, the costume styles of the Ryu-neung, the tomb of the Moon-jo who was the first son of 23rd King Soon-jo and given the King's title after he died and of the You-neung, the tomb of the 27th King Soon-jong are those of Jobok with Yang-gwan (a sort of hat having stripes erected, which is different from the Bok-doo), and that of the Hong-neung, the tomb of the 26th King Go-jong shows an exceptional one wearing Yang-gwan and Ban-ryeong Po ; these costume styles other than Gongbok remain as the subject for further study. Gong-bok which is the costume style of civil servants' stone images of most of the Kings' tombs had not been changed in its basic structure for about 500 years of the Yi-dynasty and Koryo categorized by the class of officials pursuant to the color of Po and materials of Dae and Hol. Summary of this costume style follows: (1) Gwan-mo (hat). The Gwan-mo style of civil servants' stone images of the 26 Kings' tombs, other than Ryu-neung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have Yang-gwan, out of the 29 Kings' tombs of the Yi-dynasty reveals the Bok-doo with four angled top, having fore-part and back-part divided. Back part of the Bok-doo is double the fore-part in height. The expression of the Gak (wings of the Bokdoo) varies: the Gyo-gak Bok-doo in that the Gaks, roundly arisen to the direction of the top, are clossed each other (tombs of the Kings Tae-jong), the downward style Jeon-gak Bok-doo in that soft Gaks are hanged on the shoulders (tombs of the Kings Joong-jong and Seong-jong) and another types of Jeon-gak Bok-doo having Gaks which arearisen steeply or roundly to the direction of top and the end of which are treated in a rounded or straight line form. At the lower edge one protrusive line distinctly reveals. Exceptionally, there reveals 11 Yang-gwan (gwan having 11 stripes erected) at the Ryu-neung of the King Moon-jo, 9 Yang-gwan at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong and 11 Yang-gwan at the You-neung of the King Soon-jong; noting that the Yang-gwan of Baek Kwan, granted by the Myeong-dynasty of the China during the Yi-dynasty, was in the shape of 5 Yang-gwan for the first Poom (class) based on the principle of "Yideung Chaegang" (gradual degrading for secondary level), the above-mentioned Yang-gwans are very contrary to the principle and I do not touch such issue in this study, leaving for further study. (2) Po (gown). (a) Git (collar). Collar style of Po was the Ban-ryeong (round collar) having small neck-line in the early stage and was changed to the Dan-ryeong (round collar having deep neck-line) in the middle of the: dynasty. In the Dan-ryeong style of the middle era (shown at the tomb of the King Young-jo); a, thin line such as bias is shown around the internal side edge and the width of collar became wide a little. It is particularly noted that the Ryu-neung established in the middle stage and the You-neung in the later stage show civil servants in Jo-bok with the the Jikryeong (straight collar) Po and in case of the Hong-neung, the Hong-neung, the tomb of the King Go-jong, civil servants, although they wear Yang-gwan, are in the Ban-ryeong Po with Hoo-soo (back embroidery) and Dae and wear shoes as used in the Jo-bok style. As I could not make clear the theoretical basis of why the civil servants' costume styles revealed, at these tombs of the Kings are different from those of other tombs, I left this issue for further study. It is also noted that all the civil servants' stone images show the shape of triangled collar which is revealed over the Godae-git of Po. This triangled collar, I believe, would be the collar of the Cheomri which was worn in the middle of the Po and the underwear, (b) Sleeve. The sleeve was in the Gwan-soo (wide sleeve) style. having the width of over 100 centimeter from the early stage to the later stage arid in the Doo-ri sleeve style having the edge slightly rounded and we can recognize that it was the long sleeve in view of block fold shaped protrusive line, expressed on the arms. At the age of the King Young-jo, the sleeve-end became slightly narrow and as a result, the lower line of the sleeve were shaped curved. We can see another shape of narrow sleeve inside the wide sleeve-end, which should be the sleeve of the Cheom-ri worn under the Gong-bok. (c) Moo. The Moo revealed on the Po of civil servants' stone images at the age of the King Sook-jong' coming to the middle era. Initially the top of the Moo was expressed flat but the Moo was gradually changed to the triangled shape with the acute top. In certain cases, top or lower part of the Moo are not reveald because of wear and tear. (d) Yeomim. Yeomim (folding) of the Po was first expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Won-neung, the tomb of the King Young-jo and we can seemore delicate expression of the Yeomim and Goreum (stripe folding and fixing the lapel of the Po) at the tomb of the Jeongseong-wanghoo, the wife of the King Young-jo, At the age of the King Soon-jo, we can see the shape of Goreum similar to a string rather than the Goreum and the upper part of the Goreum which fixes Yeomim was expressed on the right sleeve. (3) Dae. Dae fixed on the Po was placed half of the length of Po from the shoulders in the early stage. Thereafter, at the age of the King Hyeon-jong it was shown on the slightly upper part. placed around one third of the length of Po. With regard to the design of Dae, all the civil servants' stone images of the Kings' tombs other than those of the Geonwon-neung of the King Tae-jo show single or double protrusive line expressed at the edge of Dae and in the middle of such lines, cloud pattern, dangcho (a grass) pattern, chrysanthemum pattern or other various types of flowery patterns were designed. Remaining portion of the waist Dae was hanged up on the back, which was initially expressed as directed from the left to the right but thereafter expressed. without orderly fashion,. to the direction of the left from the right and vice versa, Dae was in the shape of Yaja Dae. In this regard, an issue of when or where such a disorderly fashion of the direction of the remaining portion of waist Dae was originated is also presented to be clarified. In case of the Ryuneung, Hong-neung and You-neung which have civil servants' stone images wearing exceptional costume (Jo-bok), waist Dae of the Ryu-neung and Hong-neung are designed in the mixture of dual cranes pattern, cosecutive beaded pattern and chrvsenthemum pattern and that of You-neung is designed in cloud pattern. (4) Hol. Although materials of the Hol held in hand of civil servants' stone images are not identifiable, those should be the ivory Hol as all the Baek Gwan's erected as stone images should be high class officials. In the styles, no significant changes were found, however the Hol's expressed on civil servants' stone images of the Yi-dynasty were shaped in round top and angled bottom or round top and bottom. Parcicularly, at the age of the King Young-jo the Hol was expressed in the peculiar type with four angles all cut off. (5) Hwa (shoes). As the shoes expressed on civil servants' stone images are covered with the lower edges of the Po, the styles thereof are not exactly identifiable. However, reading the statement "black leather shoes for the first class (1 Poom) to ninth class (9 Poom)," recorded in the Gyeongkook Daejon, we can believe that the shoes were worn. As the age went on, the front tips of the shoes were soared and particularly, at the Hong-neung of the King Go-jong the shoes were obviously expressed with modern sense as the country were civilized.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.133-146
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• 2001

옥천대 중부 충주-수안보 일원에 분포하는 황강리층을 대상으로 대자율 비등방성을 측정하고 야외 지질구조 자료들을 수입하였다. 그 결과, 연구지역의 북동부와 남서부 지역은 변성과 변형사가 서로 달랐음이 드러났다. 황강리층에는 야외에서 구별되는 두 종류의 벽개, 즉 점판벽개($S_1$)와 파랑벽개($S_2$)가 발달하고 있으나 $S_1$면은 연구지역의 북동부에서 뚜렷이 관찰되는 반면, 남서부에서는 $S_2$면의 발달이 절대적으로 우세하다. 등온잔류자기 강도, 제적 총 대자율 그리고 비등방성의 정도는 모두 남서부에 비해 북동부 지역에서 훨씬 높은 값을 보이고 있으며 남서쪽으로 갈수록 이들 값들이 현저히 감소하여 남서부 지역에 이르러서는 일관되게 매우 낮은 값을 보여준다. 또한, 대자율 비등방체의 형태도 북동부 지역에서 자기적 엽리구조가 우세하며 남서쪽으로 갈수록 선구조 영역으로 점진적으로 변화되어 남서부 지역에 이르러서는 일관되게 구에 가까운 형태를 이룬다. 이러한 사실들은 모두 북동부에 비해 남서부에서 보다 강한 후기 변성과 변형이 있었음을 지시하는 것이다. 한편, 북동부 지역에서 얻어진 대자율 비등방 타원체의 주축들($k_1$, $k_2$, $k_3$)의 분포 양상을 근거하면, 연구지역 황강리층은 세 번의 변형사건($D_1$, $D_2$, $D_3$)을 겪은 것으로 해석된다. 북서-남동방향의 압축력에 의해서 북동-남서방향의 $S_1$면이 형성되고 이 엽리면을 따라 순수 전단작용이 발생하여 황강리층을 편평화시킨 동축 변형사건($D_1$)이 제일 먼저 있었으며, 이후 $S_2$면을 따라 북서향의 충상단층과 좌수향의 연성 혹은 준 연성의 단순 전단작용이 일어나 기존의 변형타원체의 주축들이 차별적으로 회전되는 비동축 변형사건($D_2$)이 있었고, 마지막으로는 북동방향의 수평축을 가진 요굴습곡을 형성시킨 변형사건($D_3$)이 있었다. 남서부 지역에서는 비등방 타원체의 모든 주축들이 분산되어 있으며 야외에서 $S_2$면이 우세하게 관찰되고 북동부에 비해 IRM강도, 체적 총대자율 그리고 대자율 비등방성 정도 등이 한결같이 매우 낮다. 이러한 점들은 북동부에 비해 강한 후기 변형 혹은 변성 과정에서 자성광물의 배열이 분산되었거나 강한 $D_2$변형으로 $D_1$변형타원체가 중첩되어 역변형된 결과이거나 혹은 이 두가지가 복합된 결과로 해석된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.361-367
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• 1984

In previous paper(Lee et al., 1984), preparation formula and processing conditions of the fish meat (mackerel) paste using dielectric heating were described, that included the proper shape and size of product and the conditions of dielectric heating, hot air dehydration, and heating with electric heater to yield the minimum expansion and case hardening during heating and to controll the final rater activity of 0.86 to 0.83 accompanying with a complete reduction of viable cells and good texture. In present study, changes in VBN, pH, total plate count, water activity, texture, the loss of available lysine, color indexes, TBA value, and the content of TI were determined to assess the quality stability and shelf-life of the product during the storage for 35 days at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$, respectively. And the effect of vacuum sealing and hot water treatment before storage on the storage stability of product was also mentioned. As the product was vacuum packed in K-flex film bag, heat treated in boiling water for 6 minutes, and stored, water activity was maintained 0.86 to 0.84 for 35 days regardless of storage temperature, and the increase of total plate count was negligible in case of $5^{\circ}C$ storage while tended to gain slightly after 25 days at $25^{\circ}C$ storage. Changes in VBN was also minimum with an increase of 1.5 mg/100g at $5^{\circ}C$ and 7.0mg/100g at $25^{\circ}C$, but in case of unpacked sample, it was 24.5mg/100g at $5^{\circ}C$ and 42.4 mg/100g at $25^{\circ}C$ even after 7 days. In textural property hardness tended to increase after 28 days and folding test score was down to A or B from AA grade. The loss of available lysine was $7.5\%\;at\;5^{\circ}C$ and $17.0\%\;at\;25^{\circ}C$ but brown color was not deeply developed as the color index score indicated. TBA value was not increased at $5^{\circ}C$ while it tended to increase rapidly after 30 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Changes in TI content was not obvious except that it showed a tendency of increase at the end of storage as well as in the change of lysine and TBA value. It is concluded from the results that the quality of the product, pasteurized and water activity controlled by dielectric heating, and vacuum packed in K-flex film would be stable for more than 35 days at $5^{\circ}C$ and at least 25 days even at room temperature.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.78-91
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• 2018

경남 고성 상족암 일대는 화석, 연흔, 암맥, 주상절리 등 다양한 지질유산이 분포하고 있어 천연기념물 제411호(고성 덕명리 공룡과 새발자국 화석산지)로 지정되었다. 이 중 상족암의 주상절리는 해안에 인접하고 있어 아름다운 해안 경관을 이루고 있으며, 전체적인 형상은 거대한 병풍 모양을 연상케 하여 병풍바위라 불린다. 병풍바위에는 하위 퇴적층과의 경계면에 수직한 방향으로 주상절리가 특징적으로 발달하고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 병풍바위에 나타나는 주상절리를 대상으로 야외 및 현미경 관찰, 전암대자율 분석, X-선 회절 분석, 지화학 분석 등 암석 광물학적 연구와 대자율이방성(AMS) 분석을 통한 자기미세구조 연구를 수행하여 병풍바위와 주상절리의 형성과정에 대해 논의하였다. 병풍바위에 나타나는 산성 암상의 화학조성은 유문암의 조성을 가지며, 석영, 장석, 백운모, 견운모, 불투명광물 등이 관찰된다. 병풍바위에 대한 대자율이방성 분석 결과, 각 지점에서 입자들의 장 단축 방향을 나타내는 $k_1$과 $k_3$의 군집도가 매우 높게 나타나며, 납작한 형태의 엽리구조가 발달하고 있는데 이는 암맥, 용암류보다는 암상에서 발달하는 석리(rock fabric)로 해석된다. 결론적으로 병풍바위는 퇴적층의 층리면을 따라 관입한 암상이며, 주상절리는 관입한 유문암질 마그마의 냉각에 따른 수축에 의해 형성되었다. 이번 연구는 향후 국내에 분포하는 주상절리의 형성 메커니즘을 이해하는데 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.52-69
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• 2021

고려시대의 사경은 어느 시기보다도 정교하고 화려한 기록물로 우리나라 서지학상 매우 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 그 가운데에서도 감지(紺紙) 바탕에 제작된 사경은 장식성과 귀족들이 선호하였을 법한 품위와 격을 여지없이 보여주는 예라고 할 수 있다. 특히 이 시기에 제작된 많은 양의 사경들은 감지에 권자본(卷子本)과 절첩본(折貼本)의 장황 형태가 대표적인 것이다. 권자본은 유연성이 보장되지 않으면 그 자체가 갖는 구조적 한계 때문에 취급에 있어 불편함과 손상을 야기한다. 이를 보완하기 위해 절첩 형태로 바꿔 제작함으로써 편의성과 구조적인 안정성을 꾀하여 단점을 극복할 수 있게 되었다. 절첩 형태는 병풍의 형태와 유사하여 접었다 펼 수 있는 구조로 한 면의 크기에 맞추어 규칙적으로 연결되어 만들어진 것이다. 아무리 작은 크기라 하더라도 얇은 한지로 제작하면 취급에 어려움이 따르고, 형태를 유지하기 힘든 구조라고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 통상 절첩형의 사경은 두꺼운 종이로 만들어 첩의 구조를 지탱할 수 있는 힘을 가지도록 하였으며, 표지는 내지보다 더 두껍게 제작되어 내지를 보호할 수 있도록 하였다. 즉, '절첩형'은 종이에 두께를 주어 강도를 유지해야 하는 특성에 맞게 제작되는 것이 일반적이다. 그렇기 때문에 많은 양의 한지를 진하게 염색 가공하는 것은 오롯이 장인의 몫이 될 수밖에 없었다. 비단에 비해 흡수량이 몇 배 이상이고, 수십 차례 염색을 하여야만 진한 감색을 얻을 수 있는 '감지 제작 기법'은 구체적으로 문헌에 남아 있지 않고, 기법도 명맥이 끊긴 지 오래이다. 최근 한지장인과 천연염색가, 수리복원가에 의해 제각기 시도는 되고 있으나 유물에서 보이는 질감과 깊은 색감은 도저히 흉내낼 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 고려 말 사경을 보존 처리하기 위해 실제 유물에 적합한 보강지를 제작하는 과정에서 염색장과 한지장, 그리고 수리복원가의 협업으로 고려시대 감지를 재현하는 일련의 과정을 소개하고, 감지의 재현·제작 방법을 유추해보고자 한다.