• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제72권2호
• /
• pp.217-227
• /
• 2019

The methodology known as "shape sensing" allows the reconstruction of the displacement field of a structure starting from strain measurements, with considerable implications for structural monitoring, as well as for the control and implementation of smart structures. An approach to shape sensing is based on the inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM) that uses a variational principle enforcing a least-squares compatibility between measured and analytical strain measures. The structural response is reconstructed without the knowledge of the mechanical properties and load conditions but based only on the relationship between displacements and strains. In order to efficiently apply iFEM to the most common structural typologies of civil engineering, its formulation according to the kinematical assumptions of the Bernoulli-Euler theory is presented. Two beam inverse finite elements are formulated for different loading conditions. Depending on the type of element, the relationship between the minimum number of required measurement stations and the interpolation order is defined. Several examples representing common applications of civil engineering and involving beams and frames are presented. To simulate the experimental strain data at the station points and to verify the accuracy of the displacements obtained with the iFEM shape sensing procedure, a direct FEM analysis of the considered structures is performed using the LUSAS software.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.765-784
• /
• 2014

In comparison with conventional shape memory actuated structures, antagonistic shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators permits a fully reversible two-way response and higher response frequency. However, excessive internal stress could adversely reduce the stroke of the actuators under repeated use. The two-way shape memory effect might further decrease the range of the recovered strain under actuation of an antagonistic SMA actuator unless additional components (e.g., spring and stopper) are added to regain the overall actuation capability. In this paper, the performance of all four possible types of SMA actuation schemes is investigated in detail with emphasis on five key properties: recovered strain, cyclic degradation, response frequency, self-sensing control accuracy, and controllable maximum output. The testing parameters are chosen based on the maximization of recovered strain. Three types of these actuators are antagonistic SMA actuators, which drive with two active SMA wires in two directions. The antagonistic SMA actuator with an additional pair of springs exhibits wider displacement range, more stable performance under reuse, and faster response, although accurate control cannot be maintained under force interference. With two additional stoppers to prevent the over stretch of the spring, the results showed that the proposed structure could achieve significant improvement on all five properties. It can be concluded that, the last type actuator scheme with additional spring and stopper provide much better applicability than the other three in most conditions. The results of the performance analysis of all four SMA actuators could provide a solid basis for the practical design of SMA actuators.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.599-607
• /
• 2002

형상 최적설계 중에 발생하는 절점의 과도한 이동은 요소망을 왜곡하고, 결국 최적해의 저하를 유발한다. 이러한 문제를 개선한 형상 최적설계 기법을 개발하였다. 이 방법은 구조물의 형상이 변해 갈 수 있는 충분한 공간의 설계 영역을 정하여, 균일하고 세밀한 요소망을 미리 생성한다. 각각의 최적화 단계마다 모든 요소들과 구조물의 위치 관계를 검사하여, 내부의 요소에는 실제의 물성치를 부여하고, 외부에 존재하는 요소는 0에 가까운 물성치를 부여한다. 변위와 고유 진동수의 제한조건을 가진 두 개의 예제를 통해 이 방법의 특징을 살펴보았다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.211-214
• /
• 2006

The outer race of the constant velocity(CV) joint is an important load-supporting automotive part, which transmits torque between the transmission and the wheel. The outer race is difficult to forge, because its shape is very complex and the required dimensional tolerances are very stringent. Therefore, the internet based shape inspection system is developed in this study to provide quick and accurate data through the easy control from users. Proposed system uses mechanical displacement sensors to measure the shape of CV joint that has six inner ball grooves, and commercially available Lab-View program is used to process measured data into the dimensional shape. Developed program provides a simple user interface that enables users real-time access of data measured from industrial production lines. Furthermore, it can exchange measured data via the internet between users and forging system operators. A java applet helped the system connection via internet. A data, IP access, is transmitted to the packet by TCP/IP. Our proposed system has many advantages over current measuring systems including fast and efficient data processing by real-time control, and system flexibility.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제16권1호통권68호
• /
• pp.145-153
• /
• 2004

기존교량의 내진성능개선 및 신설교량의 지진보호에 납-고무 베어링은 좋은 효과를 보여주고 있다. 그러나 납-고무 베어링은 사용상에 있어 문제점이 있으며, 이를 개선하기 위하여 형상기억합금(shape memory alloy)을 이용한 면진장치를 본 연구에서 제시하였다. 3경간 연속 고속도로 강교량의 지진해석을 통하여 납-고무베어링과 고무베어링 및 형상기억합금 와이어와의 조합 면진장치의 지진거동을 비교하였다. 해석결과 형상기억합금 와이어+고무베어링 시스템이 납-고무베어링과 거의 유사한 거동을 보여주었으며, 특히 제시된 면진장치는 상대변위의 제어 및 잔류변형에 있어 기존의 납-고무 베어링에 비해 성능이 우수했다.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제31권5호
• /
• pp.443-455
• /
• 2023

This is a research analyses on the bearing capacity at a pile tip embedded in rock. The aim is to propose a shape coefficient for an analytical solution and to investigate the influence of the plastic flow law on the problem. For this purpose, the finite difference method is used to analyze the bearing capacity of various types and states of rock masses, assuming the Hoek & Brown failure criterion, by considering both plane strain and an axisymmetric model. Different geometrical configurations were adopted for this analysis. First, the axisymmetric numerical results were compared with those obtained from the plane strain analytical solution. Then the pile shape influence on the bearing capacity was studied. A shape factor is now proposed. Furthermore, an evaluation was done on the influence of the plastic flow law on the pile tip bearing capacity. Associative flow and non-associative flow with null dilatancy were considered, resulting in a proposed correlation. A total of 324 cases were simulated, performing a sensitivity analysis on the results and using the graphic output of vertical displacement and maximum principal stress to understand how the failure mechanism occurs in the numerical model.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.67-86
• /
• 2020

The main goal of this study is to investigate the free vibration analysis of a large sag catenary with application to the jumper in hybrid riser system. The equation of motion is derived by using the variational method based on the virtual work principle. The finite element method is applied to evaluate the numerical solutions. The large sag catenary is utilized as an initial configuration for vibration analysis. The nonlinearity due to the large sag curvature of static configuration is taken into account in the element stiffness matrix. The natural frequencies of large sag catenary and their corresponding mode shapes are determined by solving the eigenvalue problem. The numerical examples of a large sag catenary jumpers are presented. The influences of bending rigidity and large sag shape on the free vibration behaviors of the catenary jumper are provided. The results indicate that the increase in sag reduces the jumper natural frequencies. The corresponding mode shapes of the jumper with large sag catenary shape are comprised of normal and tangential displacements. The large sag curvature including in the element stiffness matrix increases the natural frequency especially for a case of very large sag shape. Mostly, the mode shapes of jumper are dominated by the normal displacement, however, the tangential displacement significantly occurs around the lowest point of sag. The increase in degree of inclination of the catenary tends to increase the natural frequencies.

• Design & Manufacturing
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 2020

Laser Assisted Thermo-Compression Bonding (LATCB) has been proposed to improve the "chip tilt due to the difference in solder bump height" that occurs during the conventional semiconductor chip bonding process. The bonding module of the LATCB system has used a piezoelectric actuator to control the inclination of the compression jig on a micro scale, and the piezoelectric actuator has been directly coupled to the compression jig to minimize the assembly tolerance of the compression jig. However, this structure generates a lateral force in the piezoelectric actuator when the compression jig is tilted, and the stacked piezoelectric element vulnerable to the lateral force has a risk of failure. In this paper, the optimal design of the flexure hinge was performed to minimize the lateral force generated in the piezoelectric actuator when the compression jig is tilted by using the displacement difference of the piezoelectric actuator in the bonding module for LATCB. The design variables of the flexure hinge were defined as the hinge height, the minimum diameter, and the notch radius. And the effect of the change of each variable on the stress generated in the flexible hinge and the lateral force acting on the piezoelectric actuator was analyzed. Also, optimization was carried out using commercial structural analysis software. As a result, when the displacement difference between the piezoelectric actuators is the maximum (90um), the maximum stress generated in the flexible hinge is 11.5% of the elastic limit of the hinge material, and the lateral force acting on the piezoelectric actuator is less than 1N.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
• /
• 제50권9호
• /
• pp.456-465
• /
• 2001

In this paper, breakdown voltages in $SF_6-N_2$ mixtures were experimentally investigated to understand characteristics of dielectric strength and physical phenomena in nonuniform field disturbed by a needle shape protrusion. The test voltages are the lightning impulse$(\pm1.2/44 \mus)$ and the damped oscillatory impulse$(\pm400 ns / 0.83 MHz)$ voltages which can be occurred by the operation of disconnecting switches in gas-insulated switchgears(GIS). The effects of the polarity and wave shape of the test voltages, and the gas pressure on the V-t characteristics were in detail examined. The V-t characteristic curves were measured in different two ways : (1) one is the method by taking the maximum voltage recorded at or prior to breakdown against the time to breakdown, that is, the Procedures recommended in IEC 60060-1, (2) the other is the method by taking the voltage at the instant of chopping against the time to breakdown. As a result, the V-t characteristics of $SF_6-N_2$ mixtures in nonuniform electric field were significantly affected by the polarity and wave shape of the applied voltages. The positive breakdown voltages resulted in lower breakdown voltages in the time ranges considered, and the V-t curves for the negative oscillatory impulse voltage were extended over the longer time range. For the lightning impulse voltages, the V-t curves obtained by IEC Pub. 60060-1 were nearly same with the V-t curves obtained by the voltage at the instant of chopping against the time to breakdown. It is clear that the actual breakdown voltages were much lower than the maximum voltages appearing at or prior to breakdown because of the displacement current produced as a result of the dV/dt during the oscillatory transient voltage app1ication. The scattering of the negative actual breakdown voltages was much larger than that of the positive.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.503-514
• /
• 2006

FBG 센서는 기존의 전기저항식 게이지에 비해 구조물의 변형율 계측이 용이하고, 내구성이 우수하여 구조물의 응답 모니터링이나 비파괴손상평가 분야의 적용성에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 또한, 구조물 단면의 상 로의 치환이 가능하며, 이 곡률을 이용하여 수직변위를 계산할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는, FBG 센서를 이용하여 I 형의 강재 단순보에서 충격에 의한 동적 변형율을 측정하고, 이를 이용하여 동적 변위를 추정하여 측정된 동적 변위와 비교 평가하였다. 또한, 추정된 변위와 측정된 변위 및 변형율 시간이력을 이용하여 단순보의 동특성( 고유진동수, 감쇠비 및 모드형상)을 추정하여 해석모델의 동특성과 비교하였다. 변형율을 이용한 변위의 추정은 측정 변위보다 최대 약 10% 정도 크게 나타났다. 그러나 추정된 변위 또는 변형율 이력을 사용하여 추정한 동특성은 측정된 변위를 사용하여 추정한 동특성과 거의 일치하였고, FBG 센서를 이용한 동특성 추정 결과는 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 특히, FBG 센서 변형율은 변위에 비해 고주파 특성이 증폭되기 때문에 고차모드의 동특성 추정에 유리하였다.