• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.117-128
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• 2014

Generally, when constructing a tunnel close to existing structures, the tunnel must be built at a constant distance from the structures that is more than width of tunnel to minimize the impact of interference between an existing structures and new tunnel. Spacing of these closed tunnels should be designed considering soil state, size of tunnel and reinforcement method. Particularly when the ground is soft, a care should be taken with the tunnel plans because the closer the tunnel is to the existing structures, the greater the deformation becomes. As methods of reviewing the effect of cavities on the stability of a tunnel, field measurement, numerical analysis and scaled model test can be considered. In the methods, the scaled model test can reproduce the engineering characteristics of a rock in a field condition and the shape of structures using the scale factor even not all conditions cannot be considered. In this study, when construction of a tunnel close to existing structures, the method and considering factors of the scaled model test were studied to predict the actual tunnel behavior in planning stage. Furthermore, model test results were compared with the numerical analysis results for verifying the proposed model test procedure. Also, practical results were derived to verify the stability of a tunnel vis-a-vis cavities through the scaled model test, which assumed spacing distances of 0.25 D, 0.50 D, and 1.00 D between the cavities and tunnel as well as the network state distribution. The spacing distances of 1.0 D is evaluated as the critical distance by the results of model test and numerical analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.41-51
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• 2013

The tidal creek dependent mass transport characteristic in Gyeong-Gi Bay (west coast of Korea) was studied using field measured data and numerical model. Gyeong-Gi Bay consists of 3 main tidal channels and contains a well-developed vast tidal flat. This region is famous for its large tidal difference and strong current. We aim to study the effect of tidal creek in the tidal flat on the mass exchange between the estuary and the ocean. For numerical application, the application of unstructured grid feature is essential, since the tidal creek has complicated shape and form. For this purpose, the FVCOM is applied to the study area and simulation is performed for 2 different cases. In case A, geographic characteristics of the tidal creek is ignored in the numerical grid and in case B, the tidal creek are constructed using unstructured grid. And these 2 cases are compared with the field measured cross-channel mass transport data. The cross-channel mass transport at the Yeomha waterway mouth and Incheon harbor was measured in June, 9~10 (Spring tide) and 17~18 (Neap tide), 2009. CTD casting and ADCP cross-channel transect was conducted 13 times in one tidal cycle. The observation data analysis results showed that mass transport has characteristic of the ebb dominance Line 1 (Yeomha waterway mouth), on the other hand, a flood dominant characteristic is shown in Line 2 (Incheon harbor front). By comparing the numerical model (case A & B) with observation data, we found that the case B results show much better agreement with measurement data than case A. It is showed that the geographic feature of tidal creek should be considered in grid design of numerical model in order to understand the mass transport characteristics over large tidal flat area.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.57-68
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• 1994

Purpose : The purposes are to discuss the reason to measure dose distributions of circular small fields for stereotactic radiosurgery based on medical linear accelerator, finding of beam axis, and considering points on dosimetry using home-made small water phantom, and to report dosimetric results of 10MV X-ray of Clinac-18, like as TMR, OAR and field size factor required for treatment planning. Method and material : Dose-response linearity and dose-rate dependence of a p-type silicon (Si) diode, of which size and sensitivity are proper for small field dosimetry, are determined by means of measurement. Two water tanks being same in shape and size, with internal dimension, 30${\times}$30${\times}$30cm$^3$ were home-made with acrylic plates and connected by a hose. One of them a used as a water phantom and the other as a device to control depth of the Si detector in the phantom. Two orthogonal dose profiles at a specified depth were used to determine beam axis. TMR's of 4 circular cones, 10, 20, 30 and 40mm at 100cm SAD were measured, and OAR's of them were measured at 4 depths, d$\sub$max/, 6, 10, 15cm at 100cm SCD. Field size factor (FSF) defined by the ratio of D$\sub$max/ of a given cone at SAD to MU were also measured. Result : The dose-response linearity of the Si detector was almost perfect. Its sensitivity decreased with increasing dose rate but stable for high dose rate like as 100MU/min and higher even though dose out of field could be a little bit overestimated because of low dose rate. Method determining beam axis by two orthogonal profiles was simple and gave 0.05mm accuracy. Adjustment of depth of the detector in a water phantom by insertion and remove of some acryl pates under an auxiliary water tank was also simple and accurate. TMR, OAR and FSF measured by Si detector were sufficiently accurate for application to treatment planning of linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery. OAR in field was nearly independent of depth. Conclusion : The Si detector was appropriate for dosimetry of small circular fields for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery. The beam axis could be determined by two orthogonal dose profiles. The adjustment of depth of the detector in water was possible by addition or removal of some acryl plates under the auxiliary water tank and simple. TMR, OAR and FSF were accurate enough to apply to stereotactic radiosurgery planning. OAR data at one depth are sufficient for radiosurgery planning.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.208-215
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• 2009

This study is to compare the accuracy of evaluation regarding the volume of the prostate, which three-dimensional volume rendering was produced the shape of protrusion, by measuring two kinds of craniocaudal length from the top of the protrusion and from the exclusion of the protrusion as the starting points. For the imaginary protrusion prostate models, total of 10 models were roughly made by using devils-tongue jelly and changing each of the 10 ml of capacity from 10 ml to 100 ml. For the protrusion prostate models aimed at estimating the real volume, through 64 cannel computed tomography (CT) and 3.0 tesla magnetic resonance image (MRI) were conducted by planimetry technique from three-dimensional volume rendering. And then we performed to evaluate on significance of these volumes by wilcoxon signed rank test. Also the obtained volumes data by ellipsoid volume formula were measured the volume of protrusion prostate models two times with each method using the two kinds of craniocaudal length from top of the protrusion and from exclusion of the protrusion as the starting points. Finally, the significance of differences using wilcoxon signed rank test was evaluated between the real volume by planimetry technique and the measured volume by ellipsoid volume formula from three-dimensional volume rendering. The average of the protrusion length on the models was $0.90{\pm}0.18\;mm$ in CT and was $0.75{\pm}0.11\;mm$ in MRI. There were not statistically significant difference between MRI and CT from the volume of protrusion prostate models (p=0.414). In MRI (p=0.139) and CT (p=0.057), there were not statistically significant difference between the real volume by planimetry technique and the measured volume by ellipsoid volume from exclusion of the protrusion as the starting points. While, there were statistically significant difference between the real volume by planimetry technique and the measured volume by ellipsoid volume from top of the protrusion as the starting points in MRI (p=0.005) and CT (p=0.005). For the accurate measurement of the protrusion prostate models, the craniocaudal length of the prostate should be measured from the exclusion of the protrusion as the starting points.

• Archives of design research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.31-45
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• 1998

Human beings receive experiences and education in viewing and manipulating objects since birth, These experiences in forms and colours influence signifrcantty the formation of the person's humanity, sensibility and constituOOn until he becomes an adult. Considering that all objects coexist through space and time with human beings from birth to an adulthood, we can imagine how these things shape a person, Human beings' perception of form and colour might be different according to the person's living environment, experiences, education, age and job, However, when we see there are certain kinds of form and colour of that most people favor, we can understand that human beings have a certain inherent feelings about forms and colours, Let's suppose a man faces an object that dosen't correspond with his basic feelings about form and colour, He would avoid that object at least unconsoousty, All of his acts dealing with form and colour probably satisfy a desire for beauty which can be required from certain proper forms and colours, By revealing the feelings about forms and colours that human beings originally have, this study is going to explore what kinds of form and colour have what kinds of psychological and physical influences on human beings. Another purpose of this study is to be a theory suggesting more profitable and effective forms and colours psychologically and physically to the consumer. this study demonstrates that the basic feelings about forms and colours which human beings possess are different according to the individual's psychology and the body's condition. It also establishes the reality of the principle of how human psychology and the body change according to the surrounding environment. Finally, it will be appropriate for the suggested theory from this study to be used as fundamental material in deciding the forms and colours used in the design field in the future in that these forms and colours are more profitable and efftient.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.560-564
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• 2007

Korea Basic Science Institute(KBSI) has three general electron microscopes including High Voltage Electron Microscope(HVEM) which is the only one in Korea. Observed images through an electron microscope are what they are tilted by each step and saved, offering the more better circumstances for observers, a reconstruction to 3D could be a essential process. In this process, a warping method decreases distortions maximumly of avoided parts of a camera's focus. All these image treatment processes and 3D reconstruction processes are based on an accompaniment of a highly efficient computer, a number of Grid Node Personal computers share this process in a short time and dispose of it. Grid Node Personal computers' purpose is to make an owner can share different each other and various computing resources efficiently and also Grid Node Personal computers is applying to solve problems like a role scheduling needed for a constructing system, a resource management, a security, a capacity measurement, a condition monitoring and so on. Grid Node Personal computers accomplish roles of a highly efficient computer that general individuals felt hard to use, moreover, a image treatment using the warping method becomes a foundation for reconstructing to more closer shape with an real object of observation. Construction of the electron microscope volume 랜더링 system based on Grid Node Personal computer through the warping process can offer more convenient and speedy experiment circumstances to observers, and makes them meet with experiment outcome that is similar to real shapes and is easy to understand.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.347-364
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• 2006

This study is concerned with assessment of diethylnitrosamine (DEN 0.01 %) induced liver cell carcinogenesis by measurement of changes preceding the development of neoplasms. Therefore, it was undertaken to investigate changes of liver-specific enzyme activities in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by ad libitum feeding of DEN. And also. the changes of hepatic morphology in SD rats were detected by haematoxylineosin stain and immunohistochemistry (PCNA). 5- Fluorouracil (5- FU) is one of the most widely used anticancer agents for digestive cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, and is known to affect the cell cycle and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. In the present study, SD rats were given drinking water containing 0.01% diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 8 weeks. Minor behavioral change, brittleness of hair and decreased amount of water and diet intake were observed in rats 4 weeks after DEN administration. The body and liver weights were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in rats 11 weeks after DEN administration. The liver weight ratio to body weight was rather stable and not significantly decreased in the all treatment groups. The liver specific enzyme activities (AST, ALT, ${\gamma}$-GTP) were significantly increased in all treatment groups compared to control group (p < 0.05). Variable size of liver tumor and hepatomegaly were observed in rats treated with DEN after 10 weeks. Numerous vacuoles were seen on the midzonal and or peripheral areas of hepatic lobules. The large and polymorphological hepatocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm or densely basophilic mitotic nucleoli were seen. Several proliferative small round cells were seen on vacuolated and necrotic areas in peripheral hepatic lobules or portal areas. PCNA-positive cells were seen on the vacuolated portal areas and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules in the areas of small round cells. We examined functional and morphological changes of livers by 5 - FU treatments on DEN -treated rat. The DEN -treated rats compared to 5 - FU -treated rats after DEN treatment for 8 weeks. The serum total protein and triglyceride were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, and the liver enzyme activities of AST and ALT were significantly(p < 0.05) increased. After 8 weeks, in the non-5-FU -treated group, the size of liver tumor were varied and hepatomegaly were observed, hepatocellular vacuolization, necrosis and steatosis were observed on the midzonal and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules. The large and polymorphological hepatocytes were seen, the interlobular connective tissues were proliferated. PCNA positive cells were seen in the portal areas and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules in the non-5-FU-treated group. In hepatocytes, condensation of nuclear chromatin and vacuolization were observed, shape of the nuclei were irregular, the degraded nuclei and organelles were observed. The livers of rats in the 5 - FU treatment group were seen grossly brilliant, red-brown color, and the vacuolated and degenerated regions, hyperplastic nodules were not nearly observed. In the electron microscope, the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contained a large number of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, developed organelles surrounding nuclei. The above findings suggest that 5 - FU will be effective as anti -liver tumor drug.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.416-512
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• 1998

The following conclusions are obtained from the studies on the chapters concerning phisiology, pathology, daily conduct, materia medica, pulse, and urinalysis from , of the "Four Tantras". 1. The theoretical basis forming the Tibetan Medicine is the substance of phlegm, bile, and wind each of which is divided into five kinds. These phisiological substances can be transformed into pathological factors when certain environment is formed. 2. In embryology, the semen of the father and menstral blood of mother is considered the most important condition in conception, and the Five factors are regarded as important. There is a detailed explanation of development of the fetus while it stays in the womb of mother during 38weeks, such as the formation of the viscera, channels, sense organs, etc. 3. There is metaphor which compares the human body with the king's palace. With the development of human anatomy, there is the detailed anatomical picture of anterior and posterior aspects of human body. And also there is the measurement of physiological constitution and the three fluids. 4. In division of the channels, they concerned the now of the blood and distribution of the nerve fibers, and each channel is connected with one another. The division of the cannel is namely embryonic channel, channel of existence, channel of connection, and the course of life principle. 5. The seven bodily constituents and three factors of phlegm, bile, and wind are important in sustaining the life of human body as well as growth and maturization, and when their equilibrium is broken, the human body is degnerated, and finally death comes. 6. The signs of death is divided into distant sign, remote sign, certain sign. and uncertain sign, and is used as a clue in diagnosis of the disease. Especially there is a mention about the mechanism of the dreams, and different dreams according to the condition of the patient. 7. In pathology, there is the cause of the disease, the environmental factors which can induce disease, the path by which disease come into the human body, the characteristics of the disease, and the kinds of disease. 8. There is a mention about the conduct, and it is divided into the daily conduct, the mental attitude, and the side-effects which can occur when one puts up with the physiological actions of the body. 9. The daily diet is divided into food and beverage. The food is divided again into grain, meat, fat, boiled food, and spiced food, and the beverage into milk, water, and wine. 10. The pulsation should be taken in lift hand to diagnose heart, small intestine, stomach, spleen, kidney, reproductive organ, and in right hand jungs, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, kidney, and bladder. In the healthy person, the pulse moves 5times in one perspiration, and the type of pulse is constant while the pulse moves 100times. But unhealthy person's pulse is different from this. The urinalysis is the unique part of Tibetan Medicine, and is important in examination of the disease. One should decide which of the three factors are dominant by the obervation of the color, amount of the steam and how long it lasts, odour, foam, and the shape of the swirl in three different states when the urine is hot, warm, and cold. One can determine the life of the patient and which viscera is the cause of the disease by the pulse, and whether the nature of the disease is hot or cold by the urinalysis. 11. The materia medica contains gemstones, minerals, plateau medication, and meat products.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.4 s.75
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• pp.483-490
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• 1999

Interdental enamel stripping is an usual method for correction of abnormal tooth shape and tooth size discrepancy which is one of the etiologic factors of malocclusion. Clinically it Is useful to correct the minor crowding in anterior teeth and posterior occlusion during finishing stage of orthodontic treatment. But this procedure has risks such as irreversible tooth reduction and remaining roughness of enamel surface can accumulate plaque which can evoke periodontal problem. Even if various methods were introduced to minimize the enamel surface roughness, their evaluation was limited in morphologic differences by scanning electronic microscope(SEM). The purpose of this study was to compare the various interdental enamel stripping method by SEM and to quantify the difference of surface roughness by use of Surfcorder SEF-30D(Kosaka Lab. Ltd.) which can measure the roughness of surface. The stripping methods were divided into mechanical and mechanical-chemical method. Air-rotor stripping and separating strip were used for mechanical stripping and $37\%$ phosphoric acid was used for chemical stripping. The enamel surface roughness after mechanical or mechanical-chemical stripping of interproximal surfaces of premolars which were extracted for orthodontic purpose were measured and compared by means of SEM and $Surfcorder^{\circledR}$, the results were as follows. 1. Enamel surface of primary treated by coarse diamond bur and separating strip groups showed highest value of roughness. 2. To compare the primary treated groups between mechanical and mechanical-chemical method, the latter group showed lower value of roughness remarkably. 3. Mechanical stripping groups which were treated both coarse and fine instrument showed lower value of roughness as much as non treated group. 4. The use of Pumice for final polishing did not show significantly smoothening the stripped enamel surface any more.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of IMRT in our clinic from based on TG119 procedure and establish action level. Five IMRT test cases were described in TG119: multi-target, head&neck, prostate, and two C-shapes (easy&hard). There were used and delivered to water-equivalent solid phantom for IMRT. Absolute dose for points in target and OAR was measured by using an ion chamber (CC13, IBA). EBT2 film was utilized to compare the measured two-dimensional dose distribution with the calculated one by treatment planning system. All collected data were analyzed using the TG119 specifications to determine the confidence limit. The mean of relative error (%) between measured and calculated value was $1.2{\pm}1.1%$ and $1.2{\pm}0.7%$ for target and OAR, respectively. The resulting confidence limits were 3.4% and 2.6%. In EBT2 film dosimetry, the average percentage of points passing the gamma criteria (3%/3 mm) was $97.7{\pm}0.8%$. Confidence limit values determined by EBT2 film analysis was 3.9%. This study has focused on IMRT commissioning and quality assurance based on TG119 guideline. It is concluded that action level were ${\pm}4%$ and ${\pm}3%$ for target and OAR and 97% for film measurement, respectively. It is expected that TG119-based procedure can be used as reference to evaluate the accuracy of IMRT for each institution.