• 펄프종이기술
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2015

In this study, chemical and physical changes of dissolving pulps which have similar viscosity by dry milling and fractionation were investigated. We used two types of dissolving pulp made from wood and cotton linter fiber, respectively. Dry milling was executed by knife cutter and pulp powders were fractionated by sieve shaker into 4 grades. We analyzed fiber properties, crystallinity index, viscosity, molecular weight of pulp sheet and powders. It was found that poly-dispersity index of cotton linter pulp was smaller than that of wood pulp, meaning that cotton pulp has more narrow molecular weight distribution. It was assumed that these were related to exposure times to chemical treatment which cut cellulose chains not evenly. At least 4 times of chemical treatments for wood pulp were executed and only two times of chemical treatments for cotton linter pulp were done. After dry milling average molecular weight and crystallinity index of cotton linter pulp powders were reduced and these were related to fines content and shape of pulp powders.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2012

This study purposes to present the improvement on the index by analyzing concretely the certification and evaluation index and the actual certification acquisition focusing on the buildings acquiring the barrier-free (BF) certification. So, after analyzing the screening results of the buildings acquiring the BF certification and then grasping the general application level based on the above analysis, this study tries to present the improvement on the BF certification index by analyzing the detailed applications of the BF certification-acquired buildings and then grasping the problems on the evaluation index of the current certification system. It was analyzed that the items which applied the BF construction method generalized to the common buildings through the Act on the Promotion of Convenience in medium facilities and the items with higher distribution points were shown as high in terms of points and the acquired point level of items which influenced by the shape and condition of side and land to defile the appearance of buildings were low.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

There have been many efforts on the generating metal nanocrystals enclosed by high-index facets for the use as highly active catalysts. This paper describes a facile synthesis of Au trisoctahedra with high-index facets. In brief, the Au trisoctahdra were prepared by reduction of $HAuCl_4$ in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) containing poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and trace amount of $AgNO_3$. The Ag ions in the reaction solution played a critical role in controlling the trisoctahedral shape of the final product by underpotential deposition (UPD) on the Au surfaces. The as-prepared Au trisoctahedra were single crystal and enclosed by high-index {441}, {773} and {331} facets.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.170-174
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• 2008

The measurement of performance of a process considering both the location and the dispersion of information about the process is referred to as the process capacity indices (PCIs) of interest, $C_{pk}$. This information is presented by the mean and standard deviation of the producing process. Linguistic variables are used to express the evaluation of the quality of a product. Consequently, $C_{pk}$ is defined with fuzzy numbers. Lee [Eur. J. Oper. Res. 129(2001) 683-688] constructed the definition of the $C_{pk}$ index estimation presented by fuzzy numbers and approximated its membership function using the "min" - norm based Zadeh's extension principle of fuzzy sets. However, Lee's result was shown to be invalid by Hong [Eur. J. Oper. Res. 158(2004) 529-532]. It is well known that $T_w$ (the weakest t-norm)-based addition and multiplication preserve the shape of L-R fuzzy numbers. In this paper, we allow that the fuzzy numbers are of L-R type. The object of the present study is to propose a new method to calculate the $C_{pk}$ index under $T_w-based$ fuzzy arithmetic operations.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.444-449
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• 2021

A photonic crystal coupled-cavity waveguide created on silicon-on-insulator is designed to act as a refractive-index-sensing device at midinfrared wavelengths around 4 ㎛. To realize high sensitivity, effort is made to engineer the structural parameters to obtain strong modal confinement, which can enhance the interaction between the resonance modes and the analyzed sample. By adjusting some parameters, including the shape of the cavity, the width of the coupling cavity, and the size of the surrounding dielectric columns, a high-sensitivity refractive-index sensor based on the optimized photonic crystal coupled-cavity waveguide is proposed, and a sensitivity of approximately 2620 nm/RIU obtained. When an analyte is measured in the range of 1.0-1.4, the sensor can always maintain a high sensitivity of greater than 2400 nm/RIU. This work demonstrates the viability of high-sensitivity photonic crystal waveguide devices in the midinfrared band.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.295-299
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• 2011

Purpose: It is generally believed that alopecia is caused by various factors such as scars, stress, genetical factors, androgens, etc. Androgenic alopecia is one of the most common cause of alopecia and found mainly in males. Propecia (Merck & Co., USA) and Minoxidil (McNEIL-PPC, Inc, USA) were the drugs approved from FDA for treatment of androgenic alopecia. Surgical treatments such as flap, tissue expansion, scalp reduction and hair transplantation can be considered if necessary. Hair micrograft techniques were developed for natural hair shapes and minimal adverse effect. There were attempts to measure the length of the forehead of the Korean young adults. However attempts to classify the shape and location of forehead hairline were rare. This study attempted to find out standard hairlines of young adults in their 20s & 30s and the result would be the guideline of the hairline in hair replacement surgery of male patients in their 40s & 50s. Methods: 200 male adults in 20s and 30s were photographed and measured the length of 11 vertical index lines to determine hairline. The indexes are the distances from hairline to intercanthal midpoint (A), to medial canthus (B), to upper eyelid fissure (C), to lower eyelid fissure (D), to lateral canthus (E) and distance from lateral highest point to medial lowest point, if the hairline is M-shape (F). Additionally, we classified the hairlines into 4 groups, M, horizontal, inverted U and irregular shapes. Results: The most common hairline of male adults in their 20s is inverted U-shape (53.3%), followed by horizontal-shape, M-shape, irregular-shape. In their 30s, inverted U-shape (59%) is followed by irregular-shape, M-shape, horizontal-shape. The M-shape is more frequently found in males in 30s than those in 20s. The mean values of the indexes in their 20s are as follows: A (76.14 mm), B (Rt: 75.78 mm, Lt:76.41 mm), C (Rt: 69.43 mm, Lt: 69.92 mm), D (Rt: 76.92 mm, Lt:77.46 mm), E (Rt: 64.16 mm, Lt: 64.73 mm), F (4.09 mm). Those in their 30s are as follows: A (76.13 mm), B (Rt: 76.114 mm, Lt: 76.02 mm), C (Rt: 69.87 mm, Lt: 70.37 mm), D (Rt: 77.37 mm, Lt: 77.58 mm), E (Rt: 69.63 mm, Lt: 69.85 mm), F (6.14 mm). Conclusion: The knowledge about human body measurement is indispensable to plastic surgeons. In this study, inverted U shape is the most common type of hairline in 30s, and similar distribution is found in 20s. The percentage of M shape in their 30s is elevated more than 10% compared to that in their 20s. The study of hairline shapes and 11 indexes of hairlines can be useful for planning of the hair transplantation and postoperative evaluation. This study being based on photogrammetry, there may be differences between actual distance of curved face and projected distance on flat photographs.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.67-84
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• 2005

과학영재 판별의 대안적 도구로서의 가능성을 찾아보기 위하여 영재 집단과 일반 집단의 뇌파검사를 실시하였다. 뇌파의 주성분 공간분석법인 PCA분석 자료의 집단별 차이점을 이용하여 과학영재 판별지수(Gifted Index: G-Index)를 개발하고 과학영재 판별의 가능성을 탐색하여 보았더니 76% 수준에서의 판별 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 또 과학영재 판별이 가능한 기타 판별도구 성취도들 간의 상관관계를 바탕으로 하여 회귀분석을 시도한 결과는로 나타났다. 이를 근거로 한 영재 판별 확률식을 제안하면 $$P=\frac 1{1+e^{-[-0.018(TTCT)+0.057(IQ)+1.916(FASP)+0.682(V.T)+0.088(Exp.)+0.034(G-Index)-57.510]}}$$와 같고 이 회귀분석식을 적용한 결과 영재 집단 내에서의 판별 가능성이 95% 수준에서 매우 우수하였다. 따라서 과학영재 판별의 대안적 도구로서의 뇌파검사와 G-Index의 유용성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate weight control and the relative influence of individual variables affecting children's attempts to control weight. The study subjects were 319 elementary school children. First, the average body height and weight of the children who participated in this study was somewhat larger in boys and similar in girls, as compared with the normal body shape of Korean children. More boys were classified as overweight than girls, based on BMI. Both boys and girls were dissatisfied with their body shape, and especially the girls showed higher dissatisfaction rate than the boys did. Almost half of the children were concerned about weight control and girls had higher concern than boys. Of the children, 38.8% had controlled their weight; however there was no difference between their sexes. There were significant differences between children who had and had not experienced weight control in the following variables: stress caused by obesity, body satisfaction, BMI, subjective body shape perception and concern about weight control. Therefore, discriminant function analysis was performed to determine the discrimination of these variables between the two groups. From the analysis results, the most critical factor was BMI in the boys and concern about weight control in the girls. This finding should be reflected in the design of weight control programs for children i.e., boys should be encouraged to perceive correctly their own body shape and to control weight by maintaining a well-balanced diet and moderate exercise over a long period of time, rather than by skipping meals, while girls should be inspired with sound values and attitudes regarding their body shape, rather than provided with the concrete information on how to control weight.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.504-514
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• 2020

This study improves the dimensional suitability of nail tip products by reviewing the type of fingernail as seen among adult women in Korea. Subjects were 147 adult women ranging from age 20 to 40. Direct fingernails measurements were made using digital Vernier calipers and a curvature gauge. Data on various fingernail shapes were collected through indirect measurements using photography to reveal the shape characteristics of each fingernail types. In this sense, data were analyzed by statistical methods with the use of factor analysis. There were various factors considered to classify extracted fingernail types such as five factors (for the thumb), four factors (index, middle, and little fingers), and three factors (for the ring finger). The cluster analysis resulted in three types. Type 1 is a 'Square' shape characterized with wide fingernails, low height, flat, and low curvature of the cuticle line. Type 2 is 'U-round' shape characterized with narrow fingernails, high height, convex, and the highest curvature of the cuticle line. Type 3 is a 'Round' shape in which the fingernails are wide, high in height, convex, and characterized with a medium curvature of the cuticle line. The results are useful for companies that develop the free edge shape of fingernails for consumer products. The measured values of fingernail can be applied to the shape and lake setting of the nail tip product, depending on type of fingernail.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2012

본 연구는 우리나라 청소년의 BMI와 주관적 체형인지에 따른 체중조절행동을 알아보고자 '2010년 청소년건강행태온라인 조사' 자료를 이용하여 중1~고3 학생 73,238명을 대상으로 하였다. SPSS WIN 18.0을 사용하여 빈도와 백분율, 교차분석과 이분형 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년들이 주관적으로 인지한 체형은 '보통이다'와 '약간 살찐 편이다'가 높게 나타났지만, 실제 BMI 측정결과 '저체중'이 가장 높고, 그 다음 '정상체중'으로 나타났다. 둘째, 남학생보다 여학생이 비만하지 않아도 비만하다고 평가하는 비율이 높았다. 셋째, 체중을 줄이기 위한 노력은 여학생이, 늘이기 위한 노력은 남학생의 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 볼 때 대부분의 학생들이 실제적인 체형에 비하여 자신의 주관적 체형 인지를 왜곡하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 주관적인 체형인지 정도와는 다르게 저체중군에서는 체중을 늘리기 위한 노력보다 줄이기 위한 노력을 더 하였으며, 비만군보다 과체중군이 근소한 차이로 체중을 줄이기 위한 노력을 더 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 BMI 지수에 대한 체중조절 여부가 높아질수록 체중조절을 수행할 확률이 높게 나타났다. 이를 종합해보면, 주관적 체형 인지가 체중조절행동으로 직접 연결되었고, 불필요한 체중감량시도나 부적절한 체중조절방법 사용을 줄이기 위하여 체형에 대한 올바른 인지가 강조되어야 하며, 이를 위한 교육적 개입이 요구된다.