• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1999

Many factors may affect periodontal changes during the physiologic conditions of woman(e.g. puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause). Recently many research has focused on the immunological changes of host, but the exact mechanism is not clear. Collagen is a major constituent of periodontium, and collagenase specifically digests the collagen and plays a role in destruction of periodontal tissue. So, I suppose that it participates with the cytokines in the inflammation of gingiva and vascular response during the changes of female sex hormones. Because there are some evidences of the existence of the receptors of estrogen and progesterone in the gingiva, it may be a target tissue of female sex hormones. In this experiment, gingival fibroblast and periodontal ligament cell were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of estrogen or progesterone corresponding to the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Collagenase activity of the supernatant of culture media was determined by Spectrophotometric collagenase assay. The enzyme activity was calculated by the % decrease of the coated collagen. 1. The estrogen at both concentrations had no effect on the activity of collagenase of the gingival fibroblast. 2. The progesterone had some effect on the collagenase activity of the gingival fibroblast at low and high concentration of menstrual cycle, and elevated the enzyme activity at all range of pregnancy concentrations. 3. In periodontal ligament cells, estrogen elevated the enzyme activity at the early pregnancy concentration and progesterone elevated at the concentration just before menstruation. In this experiment, pregesterone elevated the collagenase activity of gingival fibroblast and periodontal ligament cells. But the mechanism of the up-regulation of the enzyme activity was not confirmed. The more experiments of direct effect of progesterone on gingival at the molecular level(e.g. northern blot analysis) can reveal the exact mechanism.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-70
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• 1998

It has been known that "Gobongeonyangdan" has a certain effects on male sterility in the field of oriental medicine. This thesis purposes to prove such effects of the medicine especially concerning sex hormones and hematogenesis. In the study were used three groups of rats: two of those were treated with Gobongeonyangdan with a variety of quantity and the other untreated. The experiment spans for 35 days: tests upon those subjects were done three times on the 7th, 21st, and 35th day checking the change of testosterone, estradiol, LH, FSH and iron in the serums, and RBC, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. The results obtained from the study are as follows: 1. The content of testosterone in the serums marked a significant increase in both treated groups in comparison to the untreated group. 2. The content of estradiol in the serums showed a significant increase in the treated groups as to the untreated. 3. The content of LH in the serums increased significantly in the treated groups as to the untreated. 4. The content of FSH in the serums also increased remarkably in the two treated groups as to the untreated. 5. The content of iron in the serum was seen to be increased in the treated groups rather than the untreated group. 6. The RBC was observed to show a tendency toward a significant increase in both the treated groups in comparison with the untreated group. 7. The hemoglobin levels were also increased significantly in the treated groups as to the untreated. 8. The hematocrit levels were decreased significantly in one of the two treated group(sample A group) and there was no difference in the other group(sample B group) in comparison with the untreated group. Consequently, "Gobongeonyangdan" may well be a favorable medicine for patients two have sexual functional disorder and it is also effective on hematogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.474-481
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• 2010

The sperm collection time, sex steroid hormones, and gonadal development of protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli, acclimated in freshwater for more than 2 years were investigated to evaluate its reproductive capability. The gonadal development of black porgy reared in seawater and freshwater could each be classified into four successive stages. For black porgy reared in seawater (BSW) as the control, these were the growing (December to February), mature (February to March), spent (March to June), and degeneration and resting (July to December) stages; for black porgy reared in freshwater (BFW), these were the growing (November to January), mature (January to February), spent (February to May), degeneration and resting (June to November) stages. In both BSW and BFW, the plasma cortisol levels were the highest in March. The plasma testosterone (T) levels of BSW and BFW were the highest in March and February, respectively. The plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ ($E_2$) levels did not differ significantly between BSW and BFW. The 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels in the plasma of BSW and BFW were the highest in April. Sperm was collectible from March to June in BSW and from February to May in BFW. The results indicated that the gonadal maturation of BFW was about 1 month faster than that of BSW.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.513-519
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• 1998

Ovulation of maturing femal mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri was induced using single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or gonadotropin releasing hormone-analogue (GnRH-a), GnRH-a plus prostaglandin F2 (PG$F_2$) or GnRH-a plus pimozide. The response was evaluated by fertilization, embryo-formation and hatching rate after insemination. Those rates were generally higher in GnRH-a group than in HCG group. The higher hatching rat of above 89% was achived using a dosage of 5,000 IU/kg HCG plus 10 ${\mu}$g/kg GnRH-a, 10${\mu}$g/kg GnRH-a plus 500 ng/kg PGF2, and 10 ug/kg GnRH-a plus 1-5 mg/kg pimozide. Ovulation was induced in all female injected with sex-maturation hormones and stimulator, but blocked in female injected with HCG plus GnRH-a plus dopamine combination, and GnRH-a plus PGF2 plus indometacin combination. These results show that the mandarin fish in spawning period secrete a sex-mutruation assosiated hormones and gonadotropin-releasing -inhibiting factor(GRIF).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.649-658
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• 2010

Myogenic satellite cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that activate and differentiate into myotubes. These stem cells are multipotent as they transdifferentiate into adipocyte-like cells, nerve cells and osteocytes. The effects of steroid hormones ($E_2$ and testosterone) were studied as a further step toward understanding the mechanism of MSCs proliferation and differentiation. In this study, MSCs were grown continuously for 87 days, implying that there may be a group of MSCs that continue to proliferate rather than undergoing differentiation. Isolated MSCs were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with adult male, female or castrated bovine serum to observe the effect of steroid hormones on MSC proliferation. Cell proliferation was the highest in cultures supplemented with male serum followed by female and castrated serum. The positive effect of male hormone on MSC proliferation was confirmed by the observation of testosterone-mediated increased proliferation of cells cultured in medium supplemented with castrated serum. Furthermore, steroid hormone treatment of MSCs increased lipid accumulation in myotubes. Oil-Red-O staining showed that 17${\beta}$-estradiol ($E_2$) treatment avidly increased lipid accumulation, followed by $E_2$+testosterone and testosterone alone. To our knowledge, this is the first report of lipid accumulation in myotubes due to steroids in the absence of an adipogenic environment, and the effect of steroid hormones on cell proliferation using different types of adult bovine serum, a natural hormonal system. In conclusion, we found that sex steroids affect MSCs proliferation and differentiation, and lipid accumulation in myotubes.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.70 no.3
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• pp.435-442
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• 2019

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have structures similar to steroid hormones and can interfere with hormone synthesis and normal physiological functions of reproductive organs. For example, sex steroid hormones influence calcium signaling of the cardiac muscle in early embryo development. To confirm the effect of progesterone (P4), octyl-phenol (OP), and bisphenolA(BPA) on early differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells(mESCs) into cardiomyocytes, mESCs were treated with P4, OP, and BPA two days after attachment and media were replaced every two days. In addition, cells were treated with mifepristone (RU486), a synthetic steroid that has an affinity for progesterone receptor (Pgr), for one day starting on day 11. Beating ratio was decreased with P4, OP, and BPA treatment. The Pgr mRNA level was significantly increased in the P4-, OP- and BPA-treated groups. However, the mRNA level of the calcium channel gene (Trpv2), contraction-related genes (Ryr2, Cam2, and Mylk3) and cardiac development and morphogenesis genes (Rbp4, Ly6e, and Gata4) were significantly decreased in the P4-, OP-, and BPA-treated groups. Interestingly, treatment with RU486 rescued the altered calcium channel gene, contraction-related genes, and cardiac development and morphogenesis genes. P4, OP, and BPA treatments reduced the intracellular calcium level. Taken together, these results indicate that EDCs (OP and BPA) has a structure similar to that of endogenous steroid hormones such as progesterone and estrogen, and OP and BPA act like progesterone to inhibit and disrupt cardiomyocyte differentiation of mESCs.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.131-135
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• 2015

The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. Moreover, the thyroid gland continuously interacts with the ovaries, and the thyroid hormones are involved in almost all phases of reproduction. Thyroid dysfunctions are relatively common among women of reproductive age, and can affect fertility in various ways, resulting in anovulatory cycles, high prolactin levels, and sex hormone imbalances. Undiagnosed and untreated thyroid disease can be a cause of subfertility. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), also known as mild thyroid failure, is diagnosed when peripheral thyroid hormone levels are within the normal reference laboratory range, but serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are mildly elevated. Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is characterized by the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies, which include anti-thyroperoxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. SCH and TAI may remain latent, asymptomatic, or even undiagnosed for an extended period. It has also been demonstrated that controlled ovarian hyperstimulation has a significant impact on thyroid function, particularly in women with TAI. In the current review, we describe the interactions between thyroid dysfunctions and subfertility, as well as the proper work-up and management of thyroid dysfunctions in subfertile women.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.400-403
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• 2012

A 10-year-old, intact male, toy poodle was presented with abdominal distension, truncal alopecia, hepatomegaly, and sustained elevation of alkaline phosphatase. Vacuolar hepatopathy and glycogen deposition in hepatocytes were confirmed by liver biopsy and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of mass lesion respectively. Cortisol and some sex hormones associated with adrenal gland were analyzed at IDEXX Reference Laboratories before and 1 hour after ACTH stimulation. The results of analysis confirmed elevation of some sex hormones including androstenedione, progesterone and 17 hydroxyprogesterone, not cortisol concentration, before and 1 hour after ACTH stimulation. The dog was diagnosed as atypical form of hyperadrenocorticism associated with sex steroids excess. The treatment was initiated with trilostane (0.5 mg/kg, PO, q12hr) that is an adrenal steroid synthesis inhibitor. Trilostane was administered for 8 weeks and the clinical sign including truncal alopecia was improved.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2001

In order to determine the role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the important sex-steroid hormone precursor, in vascular reactivity in rats, animals were treated for two weeks with DHEA or sex hormones, and the vascorelaxant and contractile responses of isolated aorta were examined. DHEA diminished the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation in female rats, while the drug was without effect in males. Testoterone lowered the vasorelaxant activity to ACh in either sex. 17$\beta$-Estradiol enhanced ACh-induced vasorelaxation in male rats, but this female sex hormone did not influence in females. In male rats, the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide also enhanced vasorelaxant action of ACh. When the male rat aorta was incubated in vitro with a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NAME, phenylephrine-induced contraction was greatly potentiated in DHEA-pretreated rats compared to control ones. The present results suggest that DHEA stimulates mainly androgen in female, but both androgen and estrogen in male rats. The participation of NO In the modulation of vascular reactivity with pretreated DHEA was also considered.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 1996

The effects of various concentrations of $17{\beta}-methyltestosterone$ (MT) or $17{\beta}-estradiol\;(E_2)$ on sex reversal, survival and growth rates of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. MT and $E_2$ were treated to juvenile flounder for 60 days from 30 (total length : 14.5 mm) to 90 (TL : $10.41\~11.17$ mm) days after hatching. Fish were treated with 0, 1, 10 and 100 ppb of MT or $E_2$ in the rearing water for 2 hours per day. At the time of 200 days after hatching, fish were sampled to examine sex ratio. One hundred pub of MT produced $100\%$ male, however 1 and 10 ppm MT produced 72.5 and $87.2\%$ males. One, 10 and 100 ppb of $E_2$ produced 75.5, 91.9 and $97.2\%$ females, respectively. Survival and growth rates of each experimental group at the end treatment were not significantly different from those of the control (P>0.05).