• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2001

Gametogenes, reproductive cycle, first sexual maturity(biological minimum size), sex ratio and larval development of the marsh clam Corbicula japonica were investigated monthly by histological observations. Samples were collected in brackish water of Gokgang stream, Kyungsangbuk-Do, Korea, from August 1997 to July 1998. Sexuality of Corbicula japonica is dioecious and the species are an oviparous clam. The gonads are irregularly arranged from the sub-region of mid-intestinal gland in visceral cavity to reticular connective tissue of foot. The ovary is composed of a number of ovarian sac which are branched arborescent. Oogonia actively proliferate along the germinal epithelium of ovarian sac, in which young oocytes are growing. The testis is composed of a number of testicular tubules, and the epithelium of the tubule has function of germinal epithelium, along which spermatogonia actively proliferate. A great number of undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells are abundantly distributed between developing oocytes and spermatocytes in the early developmental stages. With the further development of the ovary and testis these tissue and cells gradually disappear. Then the undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells are considered to be related to the growing of the oocytes and spermatocytes. The spawning period is from July to September, and the main spawning occur between July and August when seawater temperatures reach above 22$^{\circ}C$. The reproductive cycle of this species can be divided into five successive stages; early active (February to April), late active (May to July), ripe (June to September), partially spawned (July to September), degenerative (September to October) and resting stage (October to February). Percentages of first sexual maturity of female and male clams ranging in length from 10 mm to 12 mm are over 50% and 100% for clams over 16.0 mm in shell length. Fertilized eggs or Corbicula japonica were 80-90 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter. In the early embryonic development of C. japonica, the appearance of polar body, trochophore and D-shaped veliger were observed around 40 min., 27 hours and 4 days after spawning, respectively, at a water temperature of 26.5-28.$0^{\circ}C$. The size of larvae of early umbo stage was about 185-210 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in shell length, 160-180 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in shell height around 7 days after fertilization. The correlation of relative growth between the culture day (D) and shell length (SL) was expressed by the following simple formula from D-shaped veliger to metamorphosing stage; SL = 13.300D + 209.36($r^2$= 0.9078).

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.219-246
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• 1993

In 1991, Obesity rate of South Korea has reached to 18.7%. Because of economical development, the pattern of diet is exchanged from carbohydrate to rich protein and fat. The more problem is not only obesity of adult but also one of little child. Obesity is induced to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, artherosclerosis, hyperlipoidemia. heart and C.V.A disease, etc. In Woman, special important ploblem is the complex of beauty about Woman's figure. In Oriental Medicine, the factor of obesity is mainly regarded as dampness. And there are many treatments and methods to body weight loss, but obesity patients dislike to use them because of their side effects and inconvenience, intolerance. Now ear acupuncture is applied on so many disease because of its easy handly, non-side effect and high efficiency in clinics. Here obesity acupuncture is used to ear and whole body acupuncture. Because they react eachother for lack point. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of obesity acupuncture and develop non-drug, non-starvation etc, we analyzed 453 the cases of body weight loss patients treated with ear and whole body acupuncture in Oriental Medicine Hospital of Jeon-Ju Woo-Sug University from April.1.1992. to March.17. 1993. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Distribution of sex ; male (4.4%), Female(95.6%) 2. Distribution of age in descending order ; 30s, 20s, 40s, 10s, 50s, below 10s, abowe 60s. The 20s-30s are group made up 60.7% of the group. 3. Distribution of occupation in descending order; housewife, student, service, salaried, merchant, teacher, farmer, inoccupation. 4. Distribution of human coporal constitution in descending order : Tae-Eum-In, So-Eum-In, So-Yang-In. 5. Distribution of body height and weight, 155-164cm ; 71.1%, 60-70kg, 74.6% are majority. 6. Distribution of weight variation, 2-6kg(71.0%) is majority, also 13-14kg(0.4%). 7. Distribution of duration in descending order ; 1-3 years, 3-6 years, 1-12months, above 10 years but in success, 1-12 months, 1-3 years, 3-6 years, above 10 years. Therefore, we know that the shorter duration of obesity is, the more loss of body weight. 8. Past experiences to body weight loss; Yes(69.5%), No(30.5%). The success rate accordant with the past temporary experiences shows that the cases without experience is higher than the ones with experience. 9. In distribution of times(treatments), 10 times is top. The rate of body weight loss is the highest in 14 times. Therefore, I think that one would need at least 10 times. in order lose body weight 10. Distribution of body weight variation in treatments times is at 2 times(3-4kg loss), and surprisingly is 14kg loss at above 15 times. 11. Distribution of symptoms improvement, in descending order ; heavy sense in body, dec. of appetite, inc.of exercise, lumbago, edema, knee pain, inc.of urine, inc. of fullness sense, thirsty, disease of gynecology, white tung, chest burning, heart burning, dec.of tobacco, drink taste. motion sickness, allergy, water eczema, arthma, belching. 12. Distribution of snack; Yes(87.4%), No(78.6%) 13. Distribution of exercise; Yes(21.4%), No(78.6%) 14. Distribution of sleeping times, above 7 hours(79.0%) 15. Distribution of the reason to body loss, the complex of beauty(68.7%) is top. 16. Distribution of side effect in obesity acupuncture, constipation (17.4%) is top. 17. Distribution of method in body weight loss ; dietary treatment (31.1%), sauna(26.7%), exercise(19.7%), the center of body weight loss (15.0%) herb-med and starvation treatments (5.1%), hand-finger acupuncture (hand-foot acupuncture) is 1.6%, diet pill(0.3%), etc(0.6%).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.677-685
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• 2019

We investigated the ecological characteristics of kumgang fat minnow (Rhynchocypris kumgangensis) in the Eocheon stream from October 2017 to September 2018. The water temperature was 10.2- 14.3℃ and remained below 15℃ during the year. The fishes in cohabitation with kumgang fat minnow were Cottus koreanus (16.62%), Phoxinus phoxinus (10.74%), Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (1.55%), Oncorhynchus mykiss (0.56%), Zacco koreanus (0.28%), and Iksookimia koreensis (0.14%%). The ratio of females to males was 1:0.91 and did not vary widely. The frequency analysis of total length indicated that the fishes with less than 40 mm in total length were one year old, those with 40 - 69 mm were two years old, those with 70 - 84 mm were three years old, and those with 85 mm or more were four years old for individuals collected in May through June. The sexually mature fishes were over two years old. The spawning season was from late May to late August, and the water temperature was 12.5~14.5℃ during the period. The prosperous spawning season was from June to July, and the water temperature was 13.6 - 14.5℃ during the spawning period. The average number of eggs in the ovaries was 1,006 (664 - 1,666) per matured female, and the matured eggs were yellowish and spherical with a mean diameter of 1.34±0.17 mm. The length-weight correlation of R. kumgangensis was BW = 0.00003TL^2.77 with the constant a as 0.00003, b as 2.77, the average condition factor (K) as 1.04(0.65~1.48), and the slope as -0.0012. The kumgang fat minnows inhabiting in the spring water had a longer spawning period, a fewer number of eggs in ovaries, and the lower condition factor (K) than those inhabiting other areas.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.103-137
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• 1991

The developmental period(mean $\pm$ SE) of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum was studied on brown rice at four constant temperature(25, 28, 34, $36^{\circ}C$ $\pm$ $0.5^{\circ}C$, RH 70%)conditions. Based on the results, the lower and the upper developmental threshold temperature for the beetle were also estimated. The duration of the egg stage was estimated to be 7.6 $\pm$ 0.25, 4.8 $\pm$ 0.10, 3.0 $\pm$ 0.03 and 2.5 $\pm$ 0.09 days at 25, 28, 34, $36^{\circ}C$, respectively. That of the larval stage was estimated to be 53.3 $\pm$ 1.49, 33.4 $\pm$ 0.57, 30.6 $\pm$ 0.70, 31.0 $\pm$ 1.18; that of the pupal stage to be 12.1 $\pm$ 0.17, 7.8 $\pm$ 0.09, 5.7 $\pm$ 0.09, 5.0 $\pm$ 0.07 ; that of the overall period which spans from eggs to the adult emergence to be 72.3 $\pm$ 1.67, 46.0 $\pm$ 0.55, 39.4 $\pm$ 0.64, 38.7 $\pm$ 1.15 days at 25, 28, 34, $36^{\circ}C$, respectively. The duration of the egg and the pupal stage were similar to those of the results reared on other diets such as wheat and maize. Fed on brown rice, however, the duration of the larval stage was significantly retarded than on wheat. The mortality of the beetle during ,development was higher on brown rice than on wheat reported, indicating that brown rice is a poor diet compared with wheat. The lower developmental threshold temperature was estimated to be $20.0^{\circ}C$ for all stages of the beetle. The upper one was estimated to be $40.2^{\circ}C$ for the overall stage. The modal value of the moulting times during the larval stage was 7. However, as temperature increased,.the frequency of the beetle that moulted more than 7 times became higher. The sex ratio of the beetle was not affected by temperature.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 1981

The present study was carried out to study the serum concentration of peptide and steroid hormones in puerperal sow. Eight crossbred sows were used for collection of blood samples from day 20 prepartum to day 20 postpartum. FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol-$17{\beta}$, progesterone and cortisol were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The mean serum FSH did not vary during the puerperal period and ranged from $8.1{\pm}1.8mIU/ml$ to $9.0{\pm}2.3mIU/ml$. LH concentrations increased from $2.6{\pm}0.3mIU/ml$ at day 20 prepartum to $3.9{\pm}1.1mIU/ml$ at the time of parturition, reached $3.2{\pm}0.9mIU/ml$ by day+2 and remained quite constant therafter. Prolactin reached a peak mean level of $68.5{\pm}9.5ng/ml$ at day 0. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ increased from $205.0{\pm}29.5pg/ml$ at day 6 prepartum to $425.0{\pm}35.0pg/ml$ at the time of parturition. Progesterone remained fairly constant ($18.4{\pm}1.6$ to $20.2{\pm}2.1ng/ml$) from 20 to 6 days before parturition, began to decline on day-2, reached $0.9{\pm}0.3ng/ml$ by day+2 and remained quite constant thereafter. Cortisol reached a peak level of $86.5{\pm}10.5ng/ml$ at the day 0.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the number of existing permanent teeth is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a representative sample of Korean adults. Data from 3,107 subjects who participated in the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were examined. The dependent variable was COPD and the independent variable was the number of existing permanent teeth. Spirometry results were classified into three groups (normal pattern, restrictive pattern, and obstructive pattern) by trained technicians. We used dichotomized COPD variables (no vs. yes). The number of existing permanent teeth was evaluated by oral examination and divided into 3 groups (0~19, 20~27, and 28). Demographic factors (age group and sex group), socioeconomic status (education and income), health behaviors (smoking and drinking), oral health and behavior (frequency of toothbrushing; periodontitis; decayed, missing, filled, permanent teeth index; and denture status), and general health status (body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension) were included as confounders in the analysis. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analyses including confounders were applied, and all analyses considered a complex sampling design. Stratified analysis was performed by smoking status. After controlling for various confounders, there was a significant association between the number of existing permanent teeth and COPD (odds ratio [OR], 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20~3.00 for the 20~27 group; OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 1.75~8.84 for the 0~19 group). The association was more significant in current smokers (OR, 8.90; 95% CI, 2.53~31.33). Our data indicate that the number of existing permanent teeth was independently associated with COPD, especially in current smokers. Further longitudinal research is needed to determine whether oral health promotion plays a role in the improvement of lung function and prevention of COPD.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1095-1101
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• 1996

From July 1983 to June 1995, 95 consecutive patients with mitral stenosis were treated surgically in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonbuk national University Hospital, mitral valve replacement(MVR) in 62 patients and open mitral commissurotomy(OMC) in 33 patients. Mitral stenosis combined with coronary artery disease, with aortic valve disease, or wish mitral valvular Insufficiency, were excluded from this study. Surgical procedures for mitral stenosis were evaluated, according to complication, reoperation, mor- tality, nd functional change at mid- and long-term postoperative period. Cardiothoracic ratio in the MVR group was greater than the OMC group(0.59 $\pm$0.07 in MVR, 0.53 $\pm$0. 07 in OMC, p<0.05), but other variables(age, sex, MYHA functional classification, EKG finding, echocardiographic finding) did not show significant difference between two groups in the preoperative periods. Even though pathologic valvular lesion(Sellor's pathologic type m: 35 in MVR, 13 in OMC) and valvular calcification(35 in MVR, 11 in OMC) were severe in the MVR group(p=0.001) at intraoperative observation, OMC was possible in 11 patients(23.9%) among 46 patients with valvular calcification and in 13 patients(27.1 %) among 61 patients with Sellor's pathologic type IH . There was no significant difference in early and late mortality, actuarial survival(75% in MVR, 87.6% in OMC at 12 year), but early and late hemorrhagic, thromboembolic complications in the MVR group were greater than in the OMC. Functional changes in NYHA functional classification, EKG lEnding, cardiothoraclc ratio, and echocardiographic finding(EF, LVIDS, LWDd, LAD) did not differ between two groups in mid- and long-term postoperative periods. We conclude that our efforts for preservation of the native valve would be continued, because hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications in the MVR were greater than in the OMC, and OMC was possible even in patients with severely stenotic and calcified mitral valve, although there was no sis-nificant difference in the functional change, mortality, and survival between the M VR and OMC.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2011

Bisphenol A (BPA) is mainly used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, which is a known endocrine disruptor and acutely toxic to aquatic organisms. In this study, estrogenic effect of BPA was investigated on hybrid between Oryzias dancena and O. javanicus (ODJ). ODJ were exposed to BPA of various concentrations (eg. 2.5 mg/L, 5.0 mg/L and 10.0 mg/L) for 56 days. The growth rate, abnormality and the ratio of female and male were observed in test group and control group. As a result, the growth was $14.7{\pm}2.0$ mm in total length (TL) in 2.5 mg/L, $13.7{\pm}2.5$ mm in 5.0 mg/L, $12.8{\pm}2.5$ mm in 10.0 mg/L in test group while it was $18.0{\pm}1.2$ mm in TL in control group which was not treated with bisphenol A. The result showed that the growth decreased as the concentration of BPA increased. The abnormality rate was 13.6% in control group, 65.4% in 2.5 mg/L, 81.3% in 5.0 mg/L and 98.1 % in 10.0 mg/L which showed increase in abnormality as an increase of BPA concentration. As a result of analyzing ratio of sex in the test group and control group, 6.0% was examined to be interspecific in controls, 76.9% in 2.5 mg/L and 100.0% in 5.0 mg/L and 10.0 mg/L. In conclusion, these results suggest that BPA has estrogenic effect on ODJ.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.79-93
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• 2005

The purpose of this was to present the efficient directions of nutrition education for elementary school children. We examined the problems of eating habits. nutrition knowledge, and perception and expectations on nutrition education of elementary school children in school. This study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire and subjects were 562 elementary school children in Gyeonggi Province. All data in this research was analyzed through SAS program, and the frequency$(\%)$ and the $mean{\pm}S.D.$ on each question were calculated. Data for each group was analyzed according to sex and the difference among the groups were treated for significance by using chi-square test and Student t-test. About $87.6\%$ of the children have a meal over three times a day, and $76.7\%$ answered that they ate at a certain time regularly everyday. Only $69.6\%$ of subjects said that they ate breakfast everyday, showing very high levels of skipping breakfast. The most common frequency of eating snacks was 'once a day' in both sexes(male $52.2\%$, female $48.6\%$). In the perception on the eating habits, $69.3\%$ of children recognized problems on dieting habits, such as unbalanced diet. irregular eating time, and overeating. The perceived and correct knowledge of nutrition were $99.5\%$ and $86.9\%$, respectively. Most of the children$(99.1\%)$ acknowledged that nutrition education need to be carried out in school. And children want to deeply deal with 'cooking', 'growth and nutrition', 'good eating habits', 'nutrition and disease', These results indicated that elementary school children tended to have undesirable eating behaviors, but the rate of children who recognize the importance and the needs of nutrition education in school was high. Therefore, their parents and teachers need to perform continuous education through a curriculum and life instruction so that students have healthy habits by considering what the problems of nutrition habits are, as the elementary students considerably recognize problems of their own dietary habits and needs of nutrition education.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-39
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop the safety theme-based integrated teaching learning process plans for the middle school Home Economics(HE) Instruction and ultimately to contribute for the middle school students to live their safe lives. To achieve the goals of this study, HE curriculum documents from the 1st to the 2015 revision were analyzed and a survey was conducted to identify the middle school students' current status of safety accidents and needs on the HE safety education. The respondents of the survey were the 512 students of one ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ Girls' Middle School in Busan. And then, the seven integrated themes were selected, each seven integrated theme-networks were formed, and safety theme-based Home Economics curriculum and learning materials were developed. The results of this study were as the follows. The safety education content has continually been included from the first HE curriculum of 1954 to the 2015 revised HE curriculum. The middle school student respondents highly needed the content of 'the methods to deal with sexual violence and prostitution prevention', 'suicide prevention', and 'bullying net' for the HE safety education. All the 42 items were needed for the HE safety education by the respondents. The safety theme-based HE teaching learning process plans developed finally included the seven integrated themes, which were (1) dietary life safety, (2) adolescents' sex and safety, (3) adolescents' relationships with friends and safety, (4) family life and safety, (5) dwelling life and safety, (6) adolescents' egos and safety, and (7) social environment and safety. Each integrated theme consisted of three to six small themes, which amounted to total 28(for 35 lessons). Each small theme was presented with learning objectives and particular goals. The total 157 learning materials including the Home Economics curriculum were developed, which offered learning objectives and content for each safety theme, total 28 teaching and learning plans(for 35 lessons) were developed, which offered specific instructions for the easy implementation of the curriculum in the classroom, 28 PPTs, 25 film materials, four reading materials, 61 workbooks, 14 activity sheets, 16 evaluation sheets, 3 test sheets, 2 reference materials, and 4 learning material models(the refrigerator model, traffic lights for discussions, food tray model and stickers, and food mileage card). In this study, the safety education themes of 'clothing life and safety', 'conflict and safety', 'professional life and safety', and 'consumer and safety' were not addressed because these theme were not needed highly by the respondents. Therefore, for the further development of the teaching learning process plans for the HE safety education, it is necessary to develop and evaluate the teaching learning process plans to address the themes of 'clothing life and safety', 'conflict and safety', 'professional life and safety', and 'consumer and safety'.