• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were intended to examine by variables influencing gender equality consciousness in middle school students and provide basic materials useful for their education of gender equality consciousness by finding out variables influencing equality consciousness. The subjects were the 1,201 students who studied at middle schools in Jeonllabuk-do. Using structured questionnaire surveyed. Data were analyzed with Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Std, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, and Multiple Regression using SPSS/PC WIN 14.0 program. The major findings were as follows: 1. The mean value of gender equality consciousness in middle school students was 3.89 in the whole, 3.88 in home life, 3.92 in school life, 4.04 in the workplace, and 3.70 in social and cultural life, suggesting high value in all areas. While the workplace and the school life showed higher gender equality consciousness than the whole, the home life and social and cultural life showed lower consciousness. 2. The whole gender equality consciousness were influenced by sex, mother's gender equality consciousness, homeroom teacher's gender equality consciousness, an enough schooling, desirable school types, perception of abolition of family-head system, and social gender equality consciousness. And the Middle school students' whole gender equality consciousness were explained about 32% by these variables.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.26-40
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• 1988

This survey was conducted to find out the present status of health education program being provided in primary schools focusing its planning, operation, contents and attitude of school nurses in September, 1988. Total 413 school nurses who are presently working in Seoul city was surveyed by mail and 167 school nurses who responded to the questionnaire were finally ana lysed. The following results were obtained. 1. The general charcteristics of the school nurses′ surveyed. As for age distribution, 30-40 age group was 60.4％ the highest and the mean age was 30. 13. As for educational attainment, junior nursing college was 71.9％. 68.3％ of the surveyed was married and 43.1％ of them has 5-10 years of working experiences. As for schools where school nurses are presently working, 31.7％ has 2,000-3,000 students, 22.8％ has 50-60 classes and 5 schools have more than 80 classes. 2. Planning of a school health education School health education was planned every semester in 55.7％, which was the highest. As for utilization status of the materials for planning of a school health education as a referance, 86.8％ of the total respondants utilized the guidelines published by Seoul city School nurses′ Association, and the administrative guidelines for school health, textbooks, school health statistics and articles related to school health in order. It was tried whether the number of referances being utilized was related to the working experiences. It was found that the shorter the experiances, the more materials were utilized. It was answered that teaching plan for health education was prepared by school-nurses themselves (95.2％), and was differentiated as three levels as the first and second grades, the third and fourth grades, and the fifth and sixth grades 3. The contents of the school health education 16 subjects offered to 6 grades of students were surveyed as follows. As for fifth and sixth grades, contents on growth and development was most widely provided as 54.5％, and 68.9％, respectively. And the next to this subject, dental health education was also frequently offered to the second, third and fourth grades as 50.9％, 68.9％, and 47.3％, respctively. 4. The operation of school health education Health education provided by school nurses was conducted formallu in 36.6％, and formally of informally accordin to grades in 43.9％. It was answered that 50.3％ of the surveyed school had started health education from 1987, when the plan for activation of school health was ordered from. Educational Committee. Teaching hours of school nurses was 6 in 32.9％, which was the highest. The lesson was provided for class unit in 77.2％, and sex education was sometimes offered to male and female students separately. As for support of health personnels out of school for health education, 79.0％ did not receive any support. If there were any aids out of school, 62.9％ received them from other related agencies and 74.3％ anwered that it was once in a semester. As for expenses for health education, 57.3％ did not input any expenses alloted to school health program as a whole. As audio-visual materials, slides were utulized most frequently and models, and charts in order. 5. Awareness of school nurses on the operation of school health education School nurses evaluated their educational quality as a health educator subjectively, 60-70％ of them answered to be average in 4 domains such as knowledge, educational skill, ability to prepare teaching plan, and cooperation. As for the awareness on the support and cooperation of the higher institutions, 46.4％ -61.8％ answered that "so and so" toward Ministry of Education and Ministry of Affairs, and 13-37％ "not supportive" Teachers of the corresponding schools were answered to be "so and so" in 55.9％-56.7％, and "very supportive" in 33.34％. There was a significant difference in formality of the lesson according to the support of the superintendent.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.642-651
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• 2008

This study was carried out to give basic information of traumatic injuries of primary and permanent teeth which can be used for diagnosis and management of injured teeth. From January 2003 to July 2007, 570 children with 1394 teeth who came to pediatric dentistry and emergency center of Chonnam National University Hospital due to the traumatized teeth participated in this study. The following data were investigated. : age, sex, causes and places of trauma, position of injured teeth, types of injury, and treatment at the first visit. 1. Trauma prevailed at the age of 1, $6{\sim}8$, $17{\sim}18$ and the rate of males was more likely to be higher than the rate of females(1.9 : 1). 2. The main cause of injury is a fall-down injury for primary and mixed dentition, but is a traffic accident and fighting for permanent dentition, respectably. The place of injury for primary dentition is mainly home(45.3%), while street for mixed and permanent dentition. 3. The position of injured teeth according to the area in the mouth is mainly maxillary anterior teeth in both case of primary and permanent teeth and especially, the ratio of central incisors is high. 4. The periodontal tissue injury occurred the most frequently in the primary and the permanent teeth, but the ratio of hard tissue injury in the permanent teeth increased, compared with the primary teeth. 5. Among treatments at the first visit, observation without actual treatment comprised 75.6% in the primary teeth and 55.4% in the permanent teeth, respectably. The pulp necrosis occurred in 20.3% of the primary teeth and 26.6% of the permanent teeth in the case of the periodontal tissue injuries, respectably.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2012

Objectives: The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful non-invasive tool to investigate the autonomic nerve function. Previous studies on the relationship between HRV and depression have been reported controversial results. Similarly, the correlation between the serum lipids and depression is debatable. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between heart rate variability, lipid profile and depression. Methods: A total of 42 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 32 age and sex-matched normal subjects who had no previous history of major medical and mental illnesses were recruited for this study. A structured-interview was used to assess the general characteristics and psychiatric illness. HRV measures were assessed by time-domain and frequency-domain analyses. Psychological symptoms were measured using the Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (HAM-A), Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D). In addition, the evaluation for lipid profile was performed by blood test. Results: In serum lipid profile test, MDD group showed higher cholesterol ($197.68{\pm}42.94$ mg/dL vs. $176.85{\pm}34.68$ mg/dL, p=0.044), TG ($139.45{\pm}92.54$ mg/dL vs. $91.4{\pm}65.68$ mg/dL, p=0.018), LDL ($130.03{\pm}33.18$ vs. $106.62{\pm}27.08$, p=0.004) level than normal control group. In HRV time domain analyses, the standard deviation of the NN interval (SDNN) was decreased in MDD group than normal control group, but was not significant ($32.82{\pm}14.33$ ms vs. $40.36{\pm}21.40$ms, p=0.078). ApEn (Approximate Entrophy) was significantly increased in MDD group than normal control group ($1.13{\pm}0.11$ vs. $0.91{\pm}0.18$, p<0.001). ApEn was correlated with LDL level (r=0.277, p=0.028), HAM-D scores (r=0.534, p<0.001) and HAM-A scores (r=0.470, p<0.001). Conclusions: MDD patients showed increased ApEn, one of the HRV measurement. And this ApEn was correlated with LDL, HAM-D and HAM-A scores. In this study, the analysis of ApEn would be a useful test of MDD.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2010

Objectives: It is well established that primary insomnia affects the activity of autonomic nervous system. We tried to know how the activity of autonomic nervous system during night sleep changes by analyzing correlation between heart rate variability (HRV) index and the variables related with sleep structure in primary insomnia. Methods: Thirty three subjects (mean age: $36.2{\pm}14.2$ years, male:female=15:18) who were diagnosed with primary insomnia were selected for the study. Nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) was carried out on each subject and correlation was analyzed between high frequency/low frequency ratio (LF/HF ratio), one of HRV indices and the variables related with sleep structure which were calculated from NPSG. Results: When age and sex were controlled, LF/HF ratio showed negative correlations with slow wave sleep and stage 2 sleep, respectively ($r_p$=-0.43, p=0.01; $r_p$=-0.37, p=0.04). On the other hands LF/HF ratio showed a positive correlation with arousal index ($r_p$=0.65, p<0.001). The activity of autonomic nervous system responded differentially depending on the change of sleep structure in primary insomnia. Especially the increase of arousal index and the decrease of slow wave sleep and stage 2 sleep which are the components of non-REM sleep provoked hyperactivity of sympathetic nervous system. Conclusion: This study suggests that the typical change of sleep structure in primary insomnia can negatively impact on cardiovascular system.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 1992

Background: Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease distinguished from bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchiectasis, or alveolitis. It is prevalent in Japan, but is known to be rare outside of Japan. Only a few cases in Chinese, Italian, Noirth American and Korean have been reported. During recent two years we have found 16 cases of DPB in Seoul National University Hospital and analyzed the clinical characteristics. Method: We reviewed the patients' age, sex, duration of illness, smoking history, occupational history and past medical history. And we analyzed patients' symptoms, physical signs, laboratory findings and responses to treatment. Results: 1) Male: female ratio was 2.2:1, the ages ranged from 27 to 72 years old, and the duration of disease varied from 1 to 20 years. 2) Most of the patients were being treated as bronchiectasis, miliary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis or bronchial asthma before they were diagnosed as DPB. 3) Only one patient was a smoker, and 25% of patients had the occupational history of exposure to particles or gas. And all patients had paranasal sinusitis. 4) High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was very useful in diagnosing the disease in most of the patients. 5) PFT showed obstructive and restrictive abnormalities, and blood gas revealed hypoxemia in most of the patients. 6) Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in the sputum of four patients (25%). 7) The titers of cold hemaglutinin, RA factor and CRP were elevated in most of the patients. 8) Most of the patients improved after treatment with erythromycin. Conclusion: DPB might not be a rare disease in Korea. So DPB should be suspected in a patient who has chronic cough, sputum, dyspnea and diffuse fine nodular chest X-ray abnormality. HRCT and open lung biopsy should be considered in a patient suspected of DPB.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1995

Background: Hemoptysis always merits thorough investigation because even minimal bleeding may be an early indicator of the presence of significant bronchopulmonary disease. But in patients with hemoptysis & a normal chest roentgenogram, there are no clear guidelines for a diagnostic approach, including the indications of bronchoscopy. Methods: Eighty patients with hemoptysis and a normal chest roentgenogram were involved in this study. We evaluated the cause of hemoptysis in these patients by bronchoscopy and/or bronchogram or high-resolution CT of the lung and we analyzed the relationship of clinical features, such as age, sex, smoking and properties of hemoptysis, to the cause of hemoptysis. Results: 1) They were 34 men and 46 women, with the mean age of 46.7 and 41.8 years old, respectively. 2) Initial bronchoscopy provided a diagnosis in 8 patients - bronchogenic carcinoma in 3 patients (3.8%), metastatic cancer in 1 patient(1.3%) and endobronchial tuberculosis in 4 patients(5.0%). 3) Two clinical findings of patients over 50 years and/or with more than 30 pack-year smoking history were associated with bronchogenic carcinoma, and among these two factors, a more than 30 pack-year smoking history was the best predictor for diagnosis of bronchogenic cancer. 4) The 72 patients in whom no specific cause of hemoptysis was identified by initial bronchoscopy underwent bronchogram and/or high resolutional CT of the lung. Then, 6 patients were diagnosed as bronchiectasis and 5 patients rebleeded in the follow up period of 9 to 90 weeks. Of the remaining 66 patients, 33 were followed for 7 to 80 weeks. Among these patients, only 5 patients had recurrent episodes of hemoptysis & they were diagnosed as bronchiectasis in 1 patient, tuberculosis in 2 patients and catamenial hemoptysis in 2 patients. Conclusion: We conclude that patients with hemoptysis and a normal chest roentgenogram who are more than 50 years old or have more than 30 pack-year smoking history should undergo bronchoscopy to exclude possible bronchogenic carcinoma. In patients without these clinical features, a conservative approach with observation appears justified. If hemoptysis recurs to these patients, bronchogram or high-resolutional CT of the lung with sputum examination are necessary.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.218-230
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• 1999

Background: Craniofacial anatomic abnormalities related to structural narrowing of the upper airway have been reported in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In this study, we evaluated the craniofacial anatomic characteristics of Korean patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and the role of cephalometric analysis in the prediction of abnormal breathing during sleep. Methods: Thirty-nine patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS), 39 simple snorers(simple snorers) and 20 controls(control) had cephalometric analysis using the technique of Riley et al, and underwent standardized polysomnographic recordings. Different variables, including sex, body mass index, cephalometric and polysomnographic data, were statistically analyzed. Results: Pm-UPW and V-LPW distances were significantly shorter in OSAS when compared with simple snorers or control. PAS in simple snorers was shorter than in control. ANS-Gn distance in OSAS was significantly longer than in control. PNS-P distance in OSAS or simple snorers was significantly longer than in control. MP-H distance in OSAS was significantly longer than in simple snorers or control and MP-H distance in simple snorers was also longer than in control. NL/Pm-P angle in OSAS was lesser than in control. MP-H distance in OSAS or in the combined groups of OSAS and simple snorers was significantly correlated with apneahypopnea index(AHI). PNS-P distance in the combined groups of OSAS and simple snorers was correlated with AHI. In male of all subjects, body mass index was significantly correlated with PNS-P or MP-H distance. Conclusion: Cephalometric analysis can be useful tool in determining the craniofacial anatomic abnormalities in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Cephalometric parameters, especially MP-H distance, can be useful for predicting frequency of narrowing or obstruction of upper airway during sleep.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.210-218
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• 2003

Background : Sex specific cross sectional reference values for the lung function indices usually employ a linear model with a term for age and height. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the body mass index (BMI), the fat percentage of the body mass and the fat-free mass index (FFMI) on the forced expiratory volume curve. Methods : Between January 2000 and December 2001, a total of 300 subjects, 150 men and 150 women (mean age : $45{\pm}13$ years), with a normal lung function were enrolled in the study sample. This study measured the $FEV_1$, FVC and $FEF_{25-75%}$ from the forced expiratory volume curve by a spirometer and the body composition by a bioelectrical impedance method in all subjects. Multiple regression analysis was used in order to examine the effects of the body composition on the parameters derived from the forced expiratory volume curve. Results : After adjusting for age, the BMI and Fat percentage improved the descriptions of the FVC (p<0.05, $r^2=0.491$) and $FEV_1$ (p<0.05, $r^2=0.654$) in women. In contrast, the FFMI contributed significantly to the FVC (p<0.05, $r^2=0.432$) and $FEV_1$ (p<0.05, $r^2=0.567$) in men. The $FEF_{25-75%}$ correlated with the fat percentage in women (p<0.05, $r^2=0.337$). Conclusion : These results suggest that the BMI, the fat percentage and the FFMI are significant determinants of the forced expiratory volume curve. The plmonary function test, when considering the BMI, the fat percentage and the FFMI, might be useful in clinical applications.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2001

Purpose : The giant cell tumor of tendon sheath is the second most common tumor of the hand, but recurred frequently although excision was performed. Authors analyzed and would report clinical findings and postoperative results of it. Materials and Methods : Between January 1991 and December 1998, 38 patients, 41 cases which the authors had performed excisional biopsy to the mass in the hand and diagnosed with the giant cell tumor of tendon sheath, was analyzed with age, sex, chief complaint, symptom duration, involved finger, involved tendon, frequently developed site in fingers, size, multiplicity, radiologic findings and recurrence. The mean duration of follow-up was 13.1 months (5~40 months). Results : Of 38 patients, twenty-nine were female. It is frequent in the fourth decade and mean age was 40.1 years old. The neurological compression symptom was found in 5 cases. The mean duration of symptom was 23.4 months. Flexor tendon was involved in 24 cases. The distal interphalangeal joint area in digit was involved most frequently in 20 cases. Index finger was the most common involved finger (14 cases), and long finger was the second most common (9 cases). All tumors were unilateral. The majority of patients had solitary lesion but one case had multiple lesion. In the radiologic findings, erosion or pressure indentation of bone was seen in 3 cases. All patients were operated by marginal excision. Recurrence rate was 5.1%. Conclusion : The risk factors in giant cell tumor of tendon sheath were female, forth decade, index finger, flexor tendon, and distal interphalangeal joint area. The recurrence was increased in marginal excision of recurred cases, in cases with multiple developed lesions or in multilobular lesion, so wide surgical excision is necessary to prevent recurrence.