• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.653-661
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• 2001

Background: Retrograde cerebral perfusion(RCP) is one of the methods used for brain protection during aortic arch surgery. The author previously published the data, however, for the safety of it, there still remains many controversies. The author performed RCP and checked various parameters to clarify the possibility of early detection of cerebral injury. Material and Method: The author used pigs(Landrace species) weighing 25 to 30kg and performed RCP for 120 minutes. After weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass, we observed pigs for another 120 minutes. Rectal temperature, jugular venous oxygen saturation, central venous pressure were continuously monitored, and the hemodynamic values, histological changes, and serum levels of neuron-specific enolose(NSE) and S100$\beta$ protein were checked. Central venous pressure during RCP was maintained in the range of 20 to 25 mmHg. Result: Flow rates(ml/min) during RCP were 224.3$\pm$87.5(20min), 227.1$\pm$111.0(40min), 221.4$\pm$119.5(60min), 230.0$\pm$136.5(80min), 234.3$\pm$146.1(100min), and 184.3$\pm$50.5(120min). Serum levels of NSE did not increase after retrograde cerebral perfusion. Serum levels of S100$\beta$ protein(ng/ml) were 0.12$\pm$0.07(induction of anesthesia), 0.12$\pm$0.07(soon after CPB), 0.19$\pm$0.12(20min after CPB), 0.25$\pm$0.06(RCP 20min), 0.29$\pm$0.08(RCP 40min), 0.41$\pm$0.05(60min), 0.49$\pm$0.03(RCP 80min), 0.51$\pm$0.10(RCP 100min), 0.46$\pm$0.11(RCP 120min), 0.52$\pm$0.15(CPBoff 60min), 0.62$\pm$0.15(60min after rewarming), 0.76$\pm$0.17(CPBoff 30min), 0.81$\pm$0.20(CPBoff 60min), 0.84$\pm$0.23(CPBoff 90min) and 0.94$\pm$0.33(CPBoff 120min). The levels of S100$\beta$ after RCP were significantly higher than thosebefore RCP(p<0.05). The author could observe the mitochondrial swellings using transmission electron microscopy in neocortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus(CA1 region). Conclusion: The author observed the increase of serum S100$\beta$ after 120 minutes of RCP. The correlation between its level and brain injury is still unclear. The results should be reevaluated with longterm survival model also considering the confounding factors like cardiopulmonary bypass.

• The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology
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• v.72 no.6
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• pp.318-321
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• 2018

Primary neuroendocrine tumors originating from the extrahepatic bile duct are rare. Among these tumors, large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are extremely rare. A 59-year-old man was admitted to Sanggye Paik Hospital with jaundice that started 10 days previously. He had a history of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which he had undergone 12 years previously due to chronic calculous cholecystitis. Laboratory data showed abnormally elevated levels of total bilirubin 15.3 mg/dL (normal 0.2-1.2 mg/dL), AST 200 IU (normal 0-40 IU), ALT 390 IU (normal 0-40 IU), and gamma-glutamyl transferase 1,288 U/L (normal 0-60 U/L). Serum CEA was normal, but CA 19-9 was elevated 5,863 U/mL (normal 0-37 U/mL). Abdominal CT revealed a 4.5 cm sized mass involving the common bile duct and liver hilum and dilatation of both intrahepatic ducts. Percutaneous transhepatic drainage in the left hepatic duct was performed for preoperative biliary drainage. The patient underwent radical common bile duct and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for histopathological diagnosis and surgical excision. On histopathological examination, the tumor exhibited large cell NEC (mitotic index >20/10 high-power field, Ki-67 index >20%, CD56 [+], synaptophysin [+], chromogranin [+]). Adjuvant concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy were started because the tumor had invaded the proximal resection margin. No recurrence was detected at 10 months by follow-up CT.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 1990

The blood chemical values and blood enzyme activities were examined from 74 healthy mixed breed dogs in the area of Seoul. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Mean${\pm}$SD values and ranges of glucose were $61.97{\pm}8.41mg/100ml$ and 47.28~81.67mg/100ml, of blood urea nitrogen(BUN) $15.99{\pm}2.31mg/100ml$ and 8.21~21.31mg/100ml, of total protein(TP) $8.17{\pm}0.93g/100ml$ and 6.06~9.91g/100ml, of albumin $4.16{\pm}0.47g/100ml$ and 2.81~5.15g/100ml, of globulin, $4.01{\pm}0.64g/100ml$ and 2.72~5.54g/100ml, of albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio $1.06{\pm}0.17$ and 0.71~1.42, of cholesterol(Chol) $187.33{\pm}19.78mg/100ml$ and 128.70~222.90mg/100ml, of total bilirubin(TB) $0.73{\pm}0.14mg/100ml$ and 0.43~1.16mg/100ml, of phosphorus(Pi) $5.25{\pm}1.00mg/100ml$ and 2.61~7.72mg/100ml, of calcium(Ca) $10.76{\pm}1.08mg/100ml$ and 8.24~12.60mg/100ml, of triglyceride(TG) $89.48{\pm}21.16mg/100ml$ and 47.80~133.00mg/100ml, respectively. 2. The glucose value in the age group of 7~12 months was higher (p<0.01) but in the age group of 3~4 years was lower (p<0.05) than the total glucose value. The TP value in the age group of 7~12 months was lower (p<0.01) but in the age group of 1~2 years was higher (p<0.05) than the total TP value. The globulin value in the age group of 7~12 months was lower (p<0.01) but in the group of 1~2 years was higher (p<0.01) than the total globulin value. The A/G ratio value in the age group of 7~12 months was higher (p<0.05) but in the age group of 1~2 years was lower (p<0.05) than the total A/G ratio value. The phosphorus values in the age group of 1~2 years and the age group of 3~4 years were lower (p<0.01, p<0.001) than the total phosphorus value. The calcium value in the age group of less than 6 months was higher (p<0.05) but in the age group of 7~12 months was lower (p<0.001) than the total calcium value. 3. Mean${\pm}$S.D. values and ranges of alkaline phosphatase(AP) were $72.47{\pm}19.73IU/l$, and 28.13~105.00IU/l, of lactic dehydrogense(LDH) $159.46{\pm}45.11IU/l$ and 60.63~265.30IU/l, of serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST) $38.64{\pm}8.62IU/l$ and 21.47~70.58IU/l, of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) $34.88{\pm}11.30IU/l$ and 14.51~73.17IU/l, respectively. 4. The AP value in the age group of 7~12 months was higher (p<0.05) but in the age group of 1~2 years was lower (p<0.01, p<0.001) than the total AP value. The LDH value in the age group of less than 6 months was higher (p<0.001) but in the age group of 1~2 years and the age group of 3~4 years were lower (p<0.05) than the total LDH value. The serum AST value in the age group of 3~4 years was lower (p<0.01) than the total SGOT value. The serum ALT value in the age group of 7~12 months was higher(p<0.05) than the total SGPT value.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1588-1596
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different dietary protein levels on the performance, nutrient balances, blood biochemical parameters and thyroid hormones of crossbred calves. Thirty crossbred (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) calves aged 3-5 months were divided into 3 equal groups of 10 each and fed graded levels of crude protein, namely 100 (NP), 75 (LP) and 125 (HP) percent of the Kearl recommendations for 105 d. The calves had access to ad libitum oat hay as the basal roughage. A metabolism trial of 6 d duration was conducted at 90 d of the study. Blood collection and its analysis for various hematological and biochemical parameters as well as thyroid hormones was done both during the pre- and post-experimental periods. The fortnightly body weight changes and the net gain did not differ significantly due to dietary variation. The average daily gain was $367{\pm}21.6$, $347{\pm}22.9$ and $337{\pm}26.4g$ in calves fed NP, LP and HP diets, respectively. Averaged across the feeding trial, oat hay intake was higher (p<0.05) in NP animals than HP or LP fed groups. The dry matter (DM) intake showed no significant difference between the 3 groups but the DM digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in the HP fed animals. The digestibility of crude protein, organic matter, crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract was significantly higher (p<0.05) on HP diets compared to LP or NP diets. The calves on all 3 diets were in positive nitrogen (N) balance, however the N retention was higher (p<0.05) in HP than in LP fed calves. The intake and retention of calcium and phosphorus were similar between the treatments. The blood biochemical profile revealed no significant influence of the dietary treatments on hemoglobin, packed cell volume as well as serum levels of glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, Ca, P, and alkaline phosphatase. Serum levels of the circulating thyroid hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$) tended to be lower (p>0.05) on feeding of the LP diet besides showing an increasing trend with the advancement of age. Considering the similar performance and metabolic profile, it could be concluded that crossbred calves can be satisfactorily reared on 25% lower protein level as recommended by Kearl for developing countries, which would not only economize the cost of production but also help to reduce environmental pollution attributable to livestock production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.180-187
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on the performance, blood metabolite parameters, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. The BF-based silage was composed of 50% spent mushroom substrate, 21% recycled poultry bedding, 15% cut ryegrass straw, 10.8% rice bran, 2% molasses, 0.6% bentonite, and 0.6% microbial additive (on a wet basis), and ensiled for over 5 d. Fifteen steers were allocated to three diets during the growing and fattening periods (3.1 and 9.8 months, respectively): a control diet (concentrate mix and free access to rice straw), a 50% BF-based silage diet (control diet+50% of maximum BF-based silage intake), and a 100% BF-based silage diet (the same amount of concentrate mix and ad libitum BF-based silage). The BF-based silage was fed during the growing and fattening periods, and was replaced with larger particles of rice straw during the finishing period. After 19.6 months of the whole period all the steers were slaughtered. Compared with feeding rice straw, feeding BF-based silage tended (p = 0.10) to increase the average daily gain (27%) and feed efficiency (18%) of the growing steers, caused by increased voluntary feed intake. Feeding BF-based silage had little effect on serum constituents, electrolytes, enzymes, or the blood cell profiles of fattening steers, except for low serum Ca and high blood urea concentrations (p<0.05). Feeding BF-based silage did not affect cold carcass weight, yield traits such as back fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, yield index or yield grade, or quality traits such as meat color, fat color, texture, maturity, marbling score, or quality grade. However, it improved good quality grade (1+ and 1++) appearance rates (60% for the control group vs 100% for the BF-based silage-fed groups). In conclusion, cheap BF-based silage could be successfully used as a good quality roughage source for beef cattle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.327-333
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Quercus acutissima CARRUTHERS extracts on lipid metabolism. Sprague-Dawley male rats$(110{\pm}10g)$ were fed on containing normal and high fat diets. They were orally administrated(0.02g/100g B.W.) of Quercus aculissima CARRUTHERS ethylacetate-extract and water-extract at the same time once a day respectively. The rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks of feeding periods. In high fat diet group, liver and heart weight were increased but kidney weight was decreased. Contents of total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid were increased in high fat diet groups. But the degree of increment was reduced by administration of Quercus acutissima CARRUTHERS extracts and water extract was more effective. Significant decrease in serum total lipid content by administration Quercus acutissima CARRUTHERS extracts was not due to decrease of triglyceride content but total cholesterol content. Whereas HDL-cholesterol content was significantly decreased in high fat diet group and improved by administration of Quercus acutissima CARRUTHERS extracts. Total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol contents in liver were also increased in high fat diet group but phospholipid content was significantly decreased. The results indicate that Quercus acutissima CARRUTHERS extracts were effective in preventing hyperlipidemia and water extract was more effective.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.68-77
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• 2006

This study was peformed to document the association between nutrient intakes, body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), and a major risk factor for chronic diseases. A three-day dietary intake survey, using a 24 hour recall method, was obtained from 187 subjects aged 46 to 84 (mean age 65.3) living in Wando island area. The average daily mean energy intakes were 1869.0 kcal for male and 1943.9 kcal for female, respectively. Daily intakes of protein for male and female were 28.0 and 30.4 g, and those of fat were 31.5 and 28.51 g, respectively Carbohydrate dependency was decreased with age. Protein dependency was increased with age. The mean intakes of energy, protein, Vit. A, Vit. D, Vit. E, Ca, Zn did not meet Korean RDA for elderly. The level of serum triglyceride was higher in males than in females and showed the tendency to increase with age in both sexes, whereas HDL-cholesterol tended to decrease with age in both sexes. The levels of serum total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in males than in females, particularly in the age of $46\~59$ (p<0.05). The level of atherogenic index (AI) was significantly higher in females than in males, particularly in the age of 80 and over (p<0.05) Based on these results, it is evident that people in island area did not consume enough nutrient. Specially, dietary intake of protein was not adequate. This study implies that triglyceride, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, AI were increased with increasing age, BMI and WHR.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2007

Objective: To examine determinants of successful pregnancy and evaluate COH-IVF outcomes of infertile patients after conservative surgical treatment of borderline ovarian tumor (BOT). Methods: In women of BOT (n=93), from January 1995 to December 1999, 44 of 93 women underwent conservative surgical treatment. From theses 44 women, patients characteristics, surgical and histological parameters were compared between 14 women who conceived and 30 women who failed to conceive. For 5 infertile women of 30 women who failed to conceive, 10 attempt IVF cycles were analysed; clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), implantation rate (IR) and live birth rate (LBR). Results: Women who conceived tend to be younger (25.9 vs 27.0 years) and lower serum CA-125 level (59.7 vs 72.9) compared to women who failed to conceive without significant difference. For 8 cycles out of 10 attempt IVF cycles, except for 2 cancellation cycles, the mean number of oocytes retrieved was 5.6 (range 2$\sim$16) with a mean fertilization rate of 74.4%. The CPR, IR and LBR per embryo transfer were 50.0% (4/8 cycles), 31.6% (6/19) and 50.0% (4/8 cycles) respectively. During the mean follow-up period after COH-IVF initiation, 29.6 (range 14$\sim$61) months, no recurrence was found. Conclusion: No determinant of successful pregnancy was found after conservative treatment for BOT. COH-IVF may be considered for infertile patients after conservative treatment of BOT. However, larger clinical studies with longer follow-up are necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of COH-IVF. All patients should be informed of the potential risks associated with ovarian hyperstimulation and close follow-up is necessary after COH-IVF.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.121-127
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• 1998

Purposes : This study was performed to evaluate the seropositivities and levels of term pregnant women and their neonates, and the transplacental transfer rate of maternal Epstein-Barr Virus-specific IgG(VCA IgG and EBNA IgG) from term pregnant women to their neonates. Subjects and Methods : During Jan. 1, 1997 to Mar. 31. 1997, we collected the 42 pairs of sera from pregnant women and umbilical cord of their neonates in Korea University Ansan Hospital. The serum levels of VCA IgG and EBNA IgG were measured by the ELISA method. Results : 1) The seropositivities of VCA IgG were 100% in mothers and neonates. There was no statistical difference of mean VCA IgG levels between mothers and neonates. There was significant correlation of VCA IgG levels between maternal sera and neonatal umbilical cord sera(correlation coefficient r=0.5214, P<0.001). 2) The seropositivities of EBNA IgG were 100% in mothers and neonates. There was no significant difference of the mean EBNA IgG levels between mothers and neonates. There was significant correlation of EBNA IgG levels between maternal sera and neonatal umbilical cord sera (correlation coefficient r=0.7244, P<0.001). 3) There was no correlation between VCA IgG and EBNA IgG levels of maternal sera. Conclusion : Seropositivities of EBV CA IgG and EBNA IgG of term-pregnant women and their neonates were 100% and no significant differences of antibody levels were found in two groups. It seems that EBV Antibody levels in Korean mothers and neonates were high enough to protect primary EBV infection during early infancy.