• 비만대사연구학술지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2024

Serotonin, a biogenic amine widely found in many organisms, functions as both a neurotransmitter and hormone. Although serotonin is involved in various physiological processes, this study aimed to review its role in energy metabolism. Given that serotonin cannot cross the blood-brain barrier and is synthesized by two different isoforms of tryptophan hydroxylase in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues, it is reasonable to assume that serotonin in the CNS and peripheral tissues functions independently. Recent studies have demonstrated how serotonin influences energy metabolism in metabolic target organs such as the intestines, liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue. In summary, serotonin in the CNS induces satiety and appetite suppression, stimulates thermogenesis, and reduces body weight. Conversely, serotonin in the periphery increases intestinal motility, stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver, suppresses glucose uptake by hepatocytes, promotes fat uptake by liver cells, stimulates insulin secretion while suppressing glucagon secretion in the pancreatic islets, promotes lipogenesis in white adipose tissue, inhibits lipolysis and browning of white adipose tissue, and suppresses thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, thereby storing energy and increasing body weight. However, considering that most experimental results were obtained using mice and conducted under specific nutritional conditions, such as high-fat diets, whether serotonin acts in the same way in humans, whether it will act similarly in individuals with normal versus obese weights, and whether its effects vary depending on the type of food consumed, remain unknown.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.142-146
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• 2010

미배아 발효로부터 얻은 GABA 시료를 이용하여 양성대조군으로 사용된 우유와 doxylamine succinate, 음성대조군으로 사용된 caffeine, 일반대조군으로 사용된 증류수와 함께 실험군인 GABA 시료를 농도별로 투여하여 실험을 수행하였다. 멜라토닌 함량을 측정한 결과, 대조군의 $2.607{\pm}0.410\;pg/mL$에 비해 GABA 60 mg/mL 투여군은 $3.243{\pm}0.154\;pg/mL$, GABA 120 mg/mL 투여군은 $3.425{\pm}0.182\;pg/mL$, 우유에 녹인 GABA 120 mg/mL 투여군은 $3.464{\pm}0.205\;pg/mL$으로 나타났다. 반면에 GABA 시료의 섭취 기간에 따른 멜라토닌 호르몬의 누적효과는 유의성이 없었다. 세로토닌 함량을 측정한 결과 대조군의 $4.73{\pm}0.67\;ng/mL$에 비해 GABA 60 mg/mL 투여군은 $4.71{\pm}1.22\;ng/mL$, GABA 120 mg/mL 투여군은 $5.37{\pm}0.96\;ng/mL$, 우유에 녹인 GABA 120 mg/mL 투여군은 $6.34{\pm}0.59\;pg/mL$으로 대조군의 평균값과 같거나 비교적 높은경향을 보였으며 농도별로 유의성이 있음을 확인하였다. 특히, GABA 120 mg/mL 투여시 멜라토닌과 세로토닌 모두 시판되는 수면보조제보다 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2007

Serotonin (5-HT), the endogenous nonselective 5-HT receptor agonist, activates the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate/calcium $(InsP3/Ca^{2+})$ signaling pathway and exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory actions on cAMP production and neuromodulin secretion in rat hypothalamic neurons. Specific mRNA transcripts for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT4 were identified in rat hypothalamic neurons. These experiments were supported by combined techniques such as cAMP and a $Ca^{2+}$ assays in order to elucidate the associated receptors and signaling pathways. The cAMP production and neuromodulin release were profoundly inhibited during the activation of the Gi-coupled 5-HT1A receptor. Treatment with a selective agonist to activate the Gq-coupled 5-HT2C receptor stimulated InsP3 production and caused $Ca^{2+}$ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Selective activation of the Gs-coupled 5-HT4 receptor also stimulated cAMP production, and caused an increase in neuromodulin secretion. These findings demonstrate the ability of 5-HT receptor subtypes expressed in neurons to induce neuromodulin production. This leads to the activation of single or multiple G-proteins which regulate the $InsP3/Ca^{2+}/PLC-{\gamma}$ and adenyl cyclase / cAMP signaling pathways.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2011

It has been rereported that axons which display 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) immunoreactivity are abundant in the pancreas and the majority of serotonergic axons terminate within intrapancreatic ganglia, islet and acini. This histological result strongly suggests that intrapancreatic serotonergic nerves could affect to the pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate whether intrapancreatic serotonergic nerves could affect pancreatic exocrine secretion and an action mechanism of the intrapancreatic serotonergic nerves. The rats were anesthetized with a single injection of urethane. The median line and the abdominal aorta was carefully dissected and cannulated with PE-50 tubing just above the celiac artery, and then tightly ligated just below the superior mesenteric artery. The pancreatic duct was also cannulated with Tygon microbore tubing. With the addition of serotonin, pancreatic volume flow and amylase output were significantly inhibited electrical field stimulation (EFS). On the other hand, pancreatic volume flow and amylase output were significantly elevated in EFS with the addition of spiperone. EFS application, however, pancreatic volume flow and amylase output had no significant change in cholecystokinin (CCK) alone when serotonin was applied under a 5.6 mM glucose background. Pancreatic volume flow and amylase output under 18 mM glucose background were significantly elevated in CCK plus serotonin than in CCK alone. These data suggest that intrapancreatic serotonergic nerves play an inhibitory role in pancreatic exocrine secretion and an important role in the insulin action or release.

• 공업화학
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.605-610
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• 2013

GABA는 포유류의 신경전달물질의 분비를 억제하며, 신경안정 작용, 스트레스 해소, 우울증 완화, 불면 등에 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 곡류식품에 존재하는 GABA 함량은 일반미 1~4 mg/100 g, 현미 4~8 mg/100 g으로 알려져 있지만, 그 함량이 낮아 자연 식품으로부터 섭취하는 양으로는 생리활성을 기대하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 mono sodium glutamate (MSG)발효로 얻은 GABA 코팅 쌀이 신경안정제 뿐만 아니라 수면유도제로 쓰이는 melatonin과 serotonin의 생성 촉진 효과를 알아보았다. 그 결과 melatonin의 경우 GABA (25 mg/mL) 투여군은 $3.515{\pm}0.149pg/mL$, 일반미 공급군의 경우 $2.632{\pm}0.188pg/mL$이며, GABA 코팅 쌀 공급군은 $3.578{\pm}0.158pg/mL$로 나타났다. Serotonin 함량을 측정한 결과 GABA (25 mg/mL), 일반미 공급군은 각각 $5.183{\pm}0.142ng/mL$, $4.784{\pm}0.108ng/mL$가 측정되었으며 GABA 코팅 쌀을 공급한 실험군은 $5.918{\pm}0.169ng/mL$의 serotonin이 생성되었다. GABA 코팅 쌀의 지속적인 섭취로 인해 melatonin과 serotonin은 유의적인 증가는 있었지만, 누적효과는 없었다. 기능성 식품으로 개발된 GABA 코팅 쌀을 지속적으로 섭취하면 일반미에서 섭취하여 얻을 수 있는 melatonin과 serotonin의 유도효과를 얻을 수 있고, GABA 25 mg/mL를 섭취하는 것과 비슷한 효과를 나타낼 수 있다고 사료된다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.64-69
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• 2022

When blood vessels are damaged, a rapid hemostatic response should occur in order to lower blood loss and keep normal circulation, and platelet activation and aggregation are essential. Nevertheless, abnormal or excessive platelet aggregation can be a reason of cardiovascular diseases including thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Therefore, the screening for a substance which can regulate platelet activation and suppress aggregation reaction is very important for treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Artemether is a methyl ether derivative of artemisinin, which is isolated from the antimalarial plant Artemisia annua, but research on platelet aggregation or its mechanisms is still insufficient. This study identified the effects of artemether on U46619-induced human platelet aggregation and their granule secretion (ATP and serotonin release). In addition, the effects of artemether on the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt or MAPK, which are related to signal transduction in platelet aggregation, were studied. As the results, artemether significantly lowered PI3K/Akt and MAPK phosphorylation, which inhibited platelet aggregation through granule secretion (ATP and serotonin release) dose-dependently. Therefore, we suggest that artemether is an antiplatelet substance that regulates PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathway and is of value as a therapeutic and preventive agent for platelet-derived cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2020

When blood vessels are damaged, a fast hemostatic response should occur to minimize blood loss and maintain normal circulation. Platelet activation and aggregation are essential in this process. However, excessive platelet aggregation or abnormal platelet aggregation may be the cause of cardiovascular diseases such as thrombosis, stroke, and atherosclerosis. Therefore, finding a substance capable of regulating platelet activation and suppressing agglutination reaction is important for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. 6,7-Dimethoxy-2H-chromen-2-one (Scoparone), found primarily in the roots of Artemisia or Scopolia plants, has been reported to have a pharmacological effect on immunosuppression and vasodilation, but studies of platelet aggregation and its mechanisms are still insufficient. This study confirmed the effect of scoparone on collagen-induced human platelet aggregation, TXA₂ production, and major regulation of intracellular granule secretion (ATP and serotonin release). In addition, the effect of scoparone on the phosphorylation of the phosphoproteins PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) involved in signal transduction in platelet aggregation was studied. As a result, scoparone significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK, which significantly inhibited platelet aggregation through TXA₂ production and intracellular granule secretion (ATP and serotonin release). Therefore, we suggest that scoparone is an antiplatelet substance that regulates the phosphorylation of phosphoproteins such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK and is of value as a preventive and therapeutic agent for platelet-derived cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 1986

The pepsinogen secretion was stimulated by the cholecystokinin, caerulein, isoproterenol, and carbachol, respectively. But it was increased slightly and returned to control level by the combiantions of total saponin with each above the agents. Even though the atropine had the inhibition effect, the pepsinogen secretion was recovered to normal level from depressed condition by the combination of the atropine with total saponin. Propranolol showed the same pattern as atropine, too. On the other hand, the pepsinogen secretion was stimulated by the DBcAMP alone, but decreased to control level by the combination with the total saponin. In the case of DBcGMP, the pepsinogen secretion was decreased by itself, but stimulated the above control level by the combination with total saponin. Histamine alone had little effect on the pepsinogen secretion, but when combinated with total saponin, the pepsinogen secretion was increased. Serotonin alone and with total saponin, had no effect respectively, From the above results, the total saponin may have the normalization action stimulating or decreasing the pepsinogen secretion to the control level.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.123-123
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• 2018

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder affecting the emotional and physical health of women during certain periods of the menstrual cycle. Many researchers who have previously studied PMS have believed that PMS is associated with changes in sex hormones and serotonin levels at the beginning of the menstrual cycle. However, recent studies suggest that progesterone/estrogen imbalance and elevation of prolactin-induced by dopamine low-secretion play a crucial role in increasing PMS symptoms. Because of this, we have focused on mitigating PMS symptoms through the mechanism of prolactin secretion inhibition by dopamine receptor activation. The inhibition of prolactin secretion by 61-kinds of medicinal herb extracts was investigated in GH3 pituitary cells. Among them, Inula heleniun L. root extract (IHE) showed excellent prolactin secretion inhibitory effect. IHEs were prepared using 30, 50, and 70% ethanol. And the yield, cytotoxicity, dopamine receptor activity and inhibition of prolactin secretion of each extract were measured. Through a series of experiments, we found that prolactin secretion was significantly reduced (P<0.01) by the components present in IHE and that dopamine receptor regulation was possible (P<0.05). Considering yield and safety, we suggest the use of 30% ethanol IHE in the development of PMS symptom relief products.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1993

간흡충에 감염되었을 때 나타나는 조직병리학적 소견의 변화로는 담관 직경이 확장되고 담관벽이 비후되며, 담관 상피층에 선종성 증식과 배세포 화생이 관찰되었다. 치료 후에는 이러한 변화 중에서 화생이 소실되나 선종성 증식은 상당히 완화되어 잔존하고 담관벽의 비후는 지속된다. 이러한 형태학적인 변화는 선종성인 특징이 있어 어떠한 분비기능이 예상되었다. 이 연구에서는 특히 소장의 분비물이 담관 점막층에서 분비되는가를 확인하고자 하였다. 간흡충 피낭유충을 300개씩 8마리의 토끼에 감염시킨 후, 14주에 프라지관텔로 치료하여 구층 후 6개월 및 1년에 간을 적출하고, 파라핀 포매하여 절편을 만들어 분비물에 대하여 면역조직화학법을 시행하였다. Gastrln과 secretin은 정상토기의 간내 담관 및 감염된 담관에서 나타나지 않았다. Serotonin은 비감염 간 내 담관에서는 관찰되지 않았으나, 감염 대조군의 담관상퍼층에서 몇 개의 양성 세포가 관찰되었다. 그러나 치료 후 6개월에는 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 휜쥐에 100개씩 간흡충 피낭유충을 감염시키고 증식된 상피 층에서 소장 미소응모막 효소의 활성을 관찰한 바, alkalinephosphatase의 활성이 감염군에서 대조군과 같은 정도로 관찰되 었으나 sucrose, trehalase, lactate, leucine annnopeptidase의 활성은 나타나지 않았다. 이 결과를 통하여 간흡충 감염시에 증식된 담관상피에 소수의 serotonin 분비세포가 있음을 관찰하였고 다른 소장의 분비기능은 생기지 않음을 확인하였다. 이 serotonin을 포함한 세포는 비만세포로 추정된다.