• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to present a plan to distinguish 229 local governments nationwide by taking into account various characteristics such as population, employment, housing, and industry of the region for customized urban policies in the era of metropolitan areas. The National Statistical Portal (KOSIS) collected and standardized data related to population, housing, industry, and finance by region from 2000 to 2015 for the classification of regional types necessary for customized urban policies, and this was used to classify them into regional types that considered population, employment, housing and industry. The summary of the analysis results is as follows. First, as a result of the regional type classification, 10 key employment sites (4.4%), 5 employment centers (2.2%), 38 residential centers (16.6%), 20 growth areas (8.7%), 26 industrial cities (11.4%), 35 low-fertile farming and fishing villages (15.3%) and 95 stagnant areas (41.5%). Second, the Seoul metropolitan area is the most diverse type of metropolitan area in the country, with most of its core employment sites inside Seoul, residential centers inside and outside Seoul, and growth areas in the southeastern part of the country (Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongsangnam-do) are mixed with industrial and growth areas centered around Busan, Ulsan and surrounding areas, while the rest of the local governments are found to be low-fertile farming villages or stagnant areas. Daegu (Daegu, Gyeongbuk) is an industrial city in Daegu, and the rest of the local governments are either low-density farming and fishing villages or stagnant areas. The Honam region (Gwangju and Jeolla) was found to be a low-mill farming and fishing village or stagnant area except for Gwangju, while the Chungcheong region (Daejeon, Sejong, and Chungcheong) was seen as a growth area with areas adjacent to Daejeon, Sejong, and the Seoul metropolitan area, and some industrial cities were included. Finally, the Gangwon area was mostly classified as low-density farming and fishing villages and stagnant areas.

• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze the relations among greenbelt, urban land surface temperature empirically in order to assess the environmental effects of the greenbelt in the Seoul metropolitan area, objectively. For this purpose, this study conducts an empirical analysis of impacts of greenbelt on urban land surface temperature using a multiple-regression model. The main data employed in the analysis include real-time air pollution data, Landsat 8-OLI Landsat imagery data, KLIS data and Jip-gye-gu data. The major findings are summarized as follows. NDVI has a negative (-) correlation with the land surface temperature, and the urban temperature is high in areas with poor vegetation. The land surface temperature is low in residential or commercial areas, while the temperature is high in industrial areas. The temperature is low in green fields, open spaces, and river areas. it is found that the urban land surface temperature is low in the greenbelt zone. In the greenbelt zone, there is an effect that reduces the land surface temperature by 1% on average, as compared to that at the center of the Seoul metropolitan area. Especially, the center of the Seoul metropolitan area, in a range from 0.6% to 1.9% of the average temperature, the temperature gets lower up to approximately 3km from the greenbelt boundary.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.21-42
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• 1998

This paper aims at examining the regional comparison of the business organization of retailing in the Seoul and Taegu metropolitan areas, as an attempt to understand regional structure of retailing within metropolitan areas which represents the suburbanization. On the national level, retail sales have concentrated on larger metropolitan area, the Seoul metroplitan area, the first largest metropolitan area, having higher sales for population scale. While the Taegu metropolitan area, the third largest metropolitan area, appears to lower retail sales for population scale. In order to confirm such phenomenon, this paper is to analyze and to compare the industrial composition of retailing by industry in 1991 of Seoul with that of Taegu. And this paper is to analyze the regional comparison of business organization of retailing: the percents of establishments under four employees, of juridical establishments, of employees of ordinary times, the annual sales per establishment of retailing. And the characteristics of business organization of retailing by industry are analyzed by principal components analysis, and the explanation of the types with component in each district(city, county, ward) is analyzed by cluster analysis(Ward method). The data of 1991 were obtained from the statistics in the Report on Establishment Census(Vol.3 Wholesale and Retail Trade) published by the National Statistics Office. The results are as follows: 1. The composition of retailing by industry in Seoul metropolitan area by annual sales in 1991 is characterized as appeared very higher composition rates of retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessaries', ‘retailing of furniture, home furnishings and equipment’, retailing of jewellery and watches’, ‘retailing of printed matter and stationery’, ‘retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations’, and ‘general merchandise stores’. But in Taegu metropolitan area, ‘retailing of food, beverages and tobacco’, ‘retailing of drugs, cosmetics and other chemical goods’, 'retailing household fuel’, and ‘genernal retail trade, n.e.c.’appears very high. Therefore Seoul metropolitan area has larger business scale and retailing of shopping goods has developed than Taegu metropolitan area.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to compare the regional difference of death from intentional self-harm. The analysis was based on data of intentional self-harm deaths (31,450) from the 2010-2011 vital statistics of Korea. The suicide rate (per 100,000 population) was 46.2 in male and 22.3 in female. Gender ratio (male / female) of suicide rate was 2.07, and Jeju province had the lowest gender ratio (1.82), and Chungbuk province had the highest gender ratio (2.42). In the age-gender standardized death rate (per 100,000) of self-harm by region, the highest suicide rate was observed in Gangwon province (44.8) and Chungnam province (44.3), and the lowest in Seoul metropolitan city (28.9) and Ulsan metropolitan city (29.2). There was a significant increase in the rate of suicide in city areas (odds ratio: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.08-1.13), county areas (1.62, 1.56-1.67) as compared with the rate of suicide in metropolitan areas. The commonest methods of suicide were hanging (53.7 percent), self-poisoning by pesticides (16.8 percent) and jumping from a height (14.3 percent). The methods used for suicide differed between rural (county) and urban areas (metropolitan city and city). In county areas, 43 percent of suicides used pesticides as compared to only 7-18 percent of those in urban areas. In urban areas, jumping was more common (13-17 percent vs. 6 percent). There were no difference in hanging between urban and rural areas. The odds ratio of death by pesticides was 9.86 in rural areas compared with death rate of metropolitan areas. The odds ratio of death by jumping was 0.59 in rural compared with death rate of metropolitan areas.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.177-189
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• 2020

We analyzed the recent characteristics of Particulate Matter (PM) including PM₁₀ (PM with diameter of less than 10 ㎛) and PM_2.5 (PM with diameter of less than 2.5 ㎛) observed in Busan metropolitan area, and compared them with those measured in Seoul metropolitan area. This analysis includes the monthly, seasonal, and annual variations and differences, in emissions and chemical compositions observed in both Busan and Seoul areas. Synoptic meteorological conditions were investigated at the time when high PM concentrations occurred in each of the two areas. The results showed clearly decreasing trends of annual mean concentrations with strong seasonal variations: lower in summer and higher in winter in both areas. In comparison with Seoul, the seasonal variation in Busan demonstrated relatively lower, but showed greater summer fluctuations than in Seoul metropolitan area. This is implying the importance of secondary generation of PM in summer via active photochemical reaction in Busan area. In high concentration days, Busan's chemical composition of sulfate was higher than that of nitrate in summer, whereas nitrate was higher than sulfate in Seoul. The ratios of NO₃^- to SO₄^2-(N/S ratio) showed lower in Busan approximately by a factor of 1/2(half of N/S ratio) in Busan compared with that in Seoul. Others such as synoptic characteristics and emission differences were also discussed in this study.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2012

To establish area specific control strategy for ambient ozone in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), the maximum ozone concentration in each local government district in the SMA were estimated by using the OZone Isopleth Plotting Package for Research (OZIPR) model. The modeling period was June 2000 and the emission inventory data used were from National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). Except the islands of Incheon, whole Seoul and Incheon areas were volatile organic compounds (VOCs) limited, i.e., decreasing the oxides of nitrogen ($NO_X$) emission alone may increase the maximum ozone concentration upto certain point. In Gyeonggi, 12 areas were VOCs limited while 12 areas were in between VOCs limited and $NO_X$ limited, i.e., decreasing both $NO_X$ and VOCs emission may decrease the maximum ozone concentration. Majority of the estimated ozone values were lower than the measured values. The reason could be inaccuracy in emission inventories and/or transport from other areas. The same calculation was carried out for June 2004 and it was found that Seoul was still in the VOCs limited condition.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.91-98
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the Pollution of heavy metals in Soil, collected from the 50 sampling sites in 1986. The results were as follows; 1. In the average contents of Cd, the highest value was 0.33mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lowest value was 0.06 mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 0.10-0.22mg/kg in the other areas. 2. In the average contents of Cu, the highest value was 33.46mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lawest value was 3.79mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 4.69-12.21mg/kg in the other areas. 3. In the average contents of As, the highest value was 1.80mg kg in the Residential area, the lowest value was 0.43mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 0.64-1.65mg/kg in the other areas. 4. In the average contents of Zn, the highest value was 29.84mg/kg in the out wall of Seoul, the lowest value was 17.32mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 19.62-26.71mg/kg in the other areas. 5. In the average contents of Pb, the highest value was 17.09mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lowest value was 5.21mg/kg in the Reclamated waste and 5.67 -14.10mg/kg in the other areas. 6. Distribution of Heavy metals was Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Cd and the relations of Zn-Cd, Pb-Cd, Pb-Cu, Pb-Zn were shown the correlation significantly (P< 0.01).

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.398-415
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to grasp levels of cost burden in pollution treatment by measuring efficiencies and shadow prices by pollutants in Korean cities. The efficiencies and shadow prices of pollutants will be compared for cities divided by Seoul metropolitan area and non-Seoul metropolitan area. Annual shadow prices of NOx, SOx, and PM10 emissions in the cities of Seoul metropolitan area are 0.846, 0.318, 0.816, respectively for 1999-2005. The annual shadow prices in the cities of Non-Seoul metropolitan area are 0.848, 0.272, and 0.789, respectively over the same periods. The shadow prices of SOx showed similar levels between two areas but those of NOx and PM10 of cities in Seoul metropolitan area were higher. NOx emission quantities of both areas have similar increasing patterns because the NOx has mainly increased with augmentation of transportation regardless of Seoul metropolitan and non-Seoul metropolitan areas. It seems that the reason the shadow prices of two pollutants for the cities of Seoul metropolitan area are higher, is because environmental regulation is stronger in the cities of Seoul metropolitan area, the cities of Seoul metropolitan relatively show higher quantities of pollution reduction under given desirable outputs, and generally have industrial sectors with small pollution emission. In the future we need to reduce pollutants in the various respects such as adjustment of overall industry structure, energy consumption pattern, and reviews of arrangement of living space for the cities located on the downward-sloping segment of production frontier.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.4 s.91
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• pp.249-253
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• 2006

This survey study was performed to evaluate the pollution level of playgrounds for children at 49 different sampling sites in Seoul metropolitan. Results were as follows. 1. Soil pH ranged from 6.0 to 9.2. 2. Average concentrations of heavy metals were 0.101 mg/kg of Cd, 4.470 mg/kg of Cu, 0.10 mg/kg of As, 5.35 mg/kg of Pb, 0.017 mg/kg of $Cr^{6+}$ 0.0051 mg/kg of Hg, which were lower than Korean soil precaution level. 3. The SPCs of all areas were below 100, which is 1st grade. In conclusion, the pollution level of playgrounds for children was safe.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 1998

Histological damage and growth inhibition of Pinus densiflora were analysed in different areas around the Metropolitan area of Seoul urban (heavily polluted), suburban (lightly polluted), and rural(unpolluted) areas. Soil properties of each area were also investigated. Contact angles of water droplet on needle leaves growing in polluted areas were lower than that in unpolluted area. Transpiration rates of needle leaves growing in polluted areas were more rapid than that in unpolluted area. These results represented that needle leaves growing in polluted areas were more susceptible to water deficit than that growing in unpolluted area was. Growths of annual ring of Pinus densiflora growing in polluted areas were lower than that in unpolluted area. On the other hand, soil pH in polluted areas was lower than that in unpolluted area. That is, the former was more acidified than that the latter was. Ca and Mg contents in polluted areas were lower than that in unpolluted area, while Al contents in polluted areas were higher than that in unpolluted area. These soil properties revealed that the effects of acid precipitates in urban and suburban areas were severer than that in rural area.