• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2015

The aim of this work is to compare the vowel formants of the ten adult female speakers in their twenties and thirties from the Seoul corpus[7] with those of corresponding Korean male speakers from the same corpus and of American female speakers from the Buckeye corpus[4]. In addition, various linguistic factors that are expected affect the formant frequencies were examined to account for the distribution of the vowel formants. Formant frequencies extracted from the Seoul corpus were also compared to those from read speech. The results showed that the formant distribution of the spontaneous speech was very different from that of the read speech, while the comparison between the female and male speakers was similar in both languages. To a greater or lesser degree, the potential linguistic factors influenced the formant frequencies of the vowels.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to extract the vowel formants of the ten adult male speakers in their twenties and thirties from the Korean Corpus of Spontaneous Speech [4], also known as the Seoul corpus, and to analyze them by comparing to earlier works on the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech [1] in terms of the various linguistic factors that are expected to affect the formant distribution. The vowels extracted from the Korean corpus were also compared to those of the read Korean. The results showed that the distribution of the vowel formants from the Korean corpus was very different from that of read Korean speech. The comparison with English corpus and read English speech showed similar patterns. The factors affecting the Korean vowel formants were the interviewer sex, the location of the target vowel or the syllable containing it with respect to the phrasal word or utterance and the speech rate of the surrounding words.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2015

This paper describes the development of the Korean corpus of spontaneous speech, also called the Seoul corpus. The corpus contains the audio recording of the interview-style spontaneous speech from the 40 native speakers of Seoul Korean. The talkers are divided into four age groups; talkers in their teens, twenties, thirties and forties. Each age group has ten talkers, five males and five females. The method used to elicit and record the speech is described. The corpus containing around 220,000 phrasal words was phonemically labeled along with information on the boundaries for Korean phrasal words and utterances, which were additionally romanized. According to the test result of labeling consistency, the inter-labeler agreement on phoneme identification was 98.1% and the mean deviation on boundary placement was 9.04 msec. The corpus will be made available for free to the research community in March, 2015.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to extract the first two vowel formant frequencies of the forty speakers from the Seoul corpus[8] and to compare them by the age and sex. The results showed that the vowel formants showed similar patterns between male and female speakers. All the vowels in each age group and all the age groups in each vowel had main effects on either of the formant frequencies. Whereas in English, the vowel space of the older age group moved slightly to the upper right side relative to the younger group, the location of the vowel spaces of the Korean vowels were not as consistent.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.257-262
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• 2015

It is well known that cigarette smoke can cause erectile dysfunction by affecting the penile vascular system. However, the exact effects of nicotine on the corpus cavernosum remains poorly understood. Nicotine has been reported to cause relaxation of the corpus cavernosum; it has also been reported to cause both contraction and relaxation. Therefore, high concentrations of nicotine were studied in strips from the rabbit corpus cavernosum to better understand its effects. The proximal penile corpus cavernosal strips from male rabbits weighing approximately 4 kg were used in organ bath studies. Nicotine in high concentrations ($10^{-5}{\sim}10^{-4}M$) produced dose-dependent contractions of the corpus cavernosal strips. The incubation with $10^{-5}M$ hexamethonium (nicotinic receptor antagonist) significantly inhibited the magnitude of the nicotine associated contractions. The nicotine-induced contractions were not only significantly inhibited by pretreatment with $10^{-5}M$ indomethacin (nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and with $10^{-6}M$ NS-398 (selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor), but also with $10^{-6}M$ Y-27632 (Rho kinase inhibitor). Ozagrel (thromboxane $A_2$ synthase inhibitor) and SQ-29548 (highly selective TP receptor antagonist) pretreatments significantly reduced the nicotine-induced contractile amplitude of the strips. High concentrations of nicotine caused contraction of isolated rabbit corpus cavernosal strips. This contraction appeared to be mediated by activation of nicotinic receptors. Rho-kinase and cyclooxygenase pathways, especially cyclooxygenase-2 and thromboxane $A_2$, might play a pivotal role in the mechanism associated with nicotine-induced contraction of the rabbit corpus cavernosum.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2020

본 논문은 구어 말뭉치를 기반으로 한국어 /ㅗ/가 /ㅜ/로 고모음화되는 현상(예, '별로' [별루])에 대해 문법 항목별로 차이를 살펴보는 데 연구 목적이 있다. 한국어의 /ㅗ/와 /ㅜ/는 [+원순성] 자질을 공유하지만, 혀 높이 차이로 변별된다. 그러나 최근 /ㅗ/와 /ㅜ/의 두 모음의 음성적 구분이 모호해지는 병합 현상이 진행 중이라고 여러 논문에서 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 어말 위치의 /ㅗ/가 한국어 자연언어 구어 말뭉치(The Korean Corpus of Spontaneous Speech)에서 음성적으로 [o] 또는 [u]로 실현되는 현상을 연결어미, 조사, 부사, 체언의 문법 항목별로 출현빈도 및 출현비율에 대해 살펴보았다. 실험 결과 연결어미, 조사, 부사에서 /ㅗ/는 약 50%의 비율로 /ㅜ/로 대체되는 것을 확인했고, 체언에서만 상당히 낮은 비율인 5% 미만으로 대체가 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 고빈도 형태소 중에서 가장 높은 /ㅜ/ 대체율을 보인 형태소는 '-도 [두]' (59.6%)였고, 연결어미에서는 '-고 [구]' (43.5%)로 나타났다. 구어 말뭉치를 통하여 실제 발음형과 표준발음의 차이를 살펴보았다는 데 연구 의의가 있다.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.19-36
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• 2015

The aim of this paper is to investigate the usage of Korean markers -(n)un and -i/ka in editorial texts focusing on information structure. Noun phrases ending with the markers -(n)un and -i/ka were annotated semi-automatically using a corpus obtained from an online newspaper. Two important factors to determine the choice of markers were examined with the annotated data: referential givenness/newness and position in a sentence. Referential givenness and newness were adopted as indicators of information structure, topic and focus respectively. In addition to quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis was conducted on the selected data. The results suggest that both the marker -(n)un and -i/ka could carry a topic and a focus reading. Sentence position also played a crucial role in determining the marker, and the marker -i/ka was used more frequently in a later position of a sentence than the marker -(n)un.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2015

This paper investigates the status of the merger between the mid front unrounded vowels ㅔ[e] and ㅐ[${\varepsilon}$] in contemporary Korean. Our analysis is based on a balanced corpus of production and perception data from young subjects from three dialectal areas (Seoul, Daegu and Gwangju). Except for expected gender differences, the production data display no difference in the realization of these vowels, in any of the dialects. The perception data, while mostly in line with the production results, show that Seoul females tend to better discriminate the two vowels in terms of perceived height: vowels with a lower F1 are more likely to be categorized as ㅔ by this group. We then investigate the possible causes of this merger: based on an empirical study of transcribed spoken Korean, we show that the pair of vowels ㅔ/ㅐ has a very low functional load. We argue that this factor, together with the phonetic similarity of the two vowels, may have been responsible for the observed merger.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.114-116
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• 2015

A 21-month-old girl with cri-du-chat syndrome in conjunction with developmental delay underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI showed hypoplasia of the brain stem, a normal cerebellum, thinning of the corpus callosum, and a lack of myelination in both anterior limbs of the internal capsule. She also had neonatal bilateral subependymal cysts. We believe that the symmetrical lack of myelination in both anterior limbs of the internal capsule could be a diagnostic clue of cri-du-chat syndrome.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2015

지상의 모든 물체는 고유의 분광 반사율을 갖고 있으며, 이러한 특성을 이용하여 지상 물체의 분류와 목표물 탐지 등이 가능하다. 정확한 분석을 위해서는 취득된 원격탐사 자료를 분광 반사율로 변환해야 한다. 이를 위한 절대복사보정 기법으로는 자료 제공 기관에서 명시한 변환 수식을 이용하는 방법, 지상에서 측정한 분광 반사율만으로 단순 경험적 회귀 분석을 이용하는 방법, ATCOR/FLAASH 같은 수학적 모델을 이용하는 방법 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 CASI 초분광 영상의 분광 반사율 자료를 이용하여 RapidEye 위성영상의 대리복사보정을 수행하고, 그 결과를 다른 복사보정 기법 결과 및 지상 자료와 비교하였다. 실험 결과 제안 기법이 ATCOR 및 New Kurucz 2005 기법보다 높은 유사성을 보였으며, 일반적으로 활용되는 ELM 기법과 유사한 결과를 도출하였다.