• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.565-570
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• 2010

Purpose: Due to the closed and humid condition of the perineal area, wound problems occurring at this site are sometimes complicated, especially following postoperative radiation therapy. Moreover, the anal sphincter is a very important functional structure but reconstruction of the anal sphincter after severe trauma poses a challenging problem to plastic surgeons. In this article, we demonstrate the usefulness of the pedicled gracilis flap in the reconstruction of the perineal area. Methods: From September 2008 to November 2009, 6 patients, 4 males and 2 females, underwent surgery of the perineal area. The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 62 years (mean age was 48). The mean follow up period was 14 months. In 4 cases, the patient presented with wound problems after postoperative radiation therapy for anal cancer. In 2 cases, the patient presented with traumatic sphincter damage. Only the gracilis muscle was used in the 4 cases and a musculocutaneous flap was used in the 2 cases involving skin defects, respectively. Results: Among the 6 patients, 1 patient underwent hematoma evacuation of the donor site, and 1 patient presented with prolapse of the vaginal mucosa which recovered spontaneously. There were no report of other complications and there were no wound recurrences. Minimal incontinence was observed in all patients who underwent sphincter reconstruction, but all were satisfied with the overall results. Conclusion: The gracilis flap is useful in the reconstruction of the perineal area, such as in cases of radiotherapy induced wound problems and sphincter damage following severe trauma, due to its easy accessibility, rich vascularity, and minimal donor site morbidity.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.12 s.161
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• pp.1009-1020
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• 2005

In this paper, impervious area ratios for 11 land cover types of Seoul city were estimated and corresponding CNs were calculated. And linear regression equations were derived to predict impervious area ratios based on five major urban land cover types including the residential, industrial, transportation, commercial, and commercial-residential mixed areas. From the comparative analysis of impervious area ratios for the US SCS CNs and the CNs derived in this study for Seoul city, it is revealed that residential areas show the biggest difference followed by industrial and commercial ones. And in turn, these increased impervious area ratios resulted in Increased CNs for Seoul city including increases by 13 for residential, 12 for industrial and 5 for commercial areas. Therefore, it is suggested that applying the US SCS CNs to Korean urbanized areas may underestimate the flood runoff potential.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2013

Energy consumption is closely related to our lives. As Korea has four seasons, heating and cooling system is considered as essential facilities for the residential buildings. Accordingly, the government has continuously strengthened the design criteria to improve energy for new and existing building to save energy. The most important factor in the energy efficiency analysis for apartment is the heat transmission coefficient, and the value is significantly different as the heating energy amount is greatly different according to the window area ratio versus facade area ratio. Therefore, it is time to conduct continuous set-up for goal to enhance efficiency and restriction on window area ratio versus facade area ratio.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.500-503
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• 2006

To adjust the discrepancy between Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) strips, previous researches generally have been conducted using conjugate features, which are called feature-based approaches. However, irrespective of the type of features used, the adjustment process relies upon the existence of suitable conjugate features within the overlapping area and the ability of employed methods to detect and extract the features. These limitations make the process complex and sometimes limit the applicability of developed methodologies because of a lack of suitable features in overlapping areas. To address these drawbacks, this paper presents a methodology using area-based algorithms. This approach is based on the scheme that discrepancies make complex the local height variations of LIDAR data whithin overlapping area. This scheme can be helpful to determine an appropriate transformation for adjustment in the way that minimizes the geographical complexity. During the process, the contour tree (CT) was used to represent the geological characteristics of LIDAR points in overlapping area and the Iterative Closest Points (ICP) algorithm was applied to automatically determine parameters of transformation. After transformation, discrepancies were measured again and the results were evaluated statistically. This research provides a robust methodology without restrictions involved in methods that employ conjugate features. Our method also makes the overall adjustment process generally applicable and automated.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.1 no.6
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• pp.604-612
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• 2017

An effective and precise method using a scanning white-light interferometer (SWLI) for three-dimensional surface measurements, in particular for roughness measurements, has been proposed. The measurement of a microscopically sloped area using an interferometer has limitations, due to the numerical aperture of the lens. In particular, for roughness measurements, it is challenging to obtain accurate height data for a sloped area using the interferometer, due to diffraction of the light. Owing to these optical limitations of the interferometer for roughness measurements, the Ra measurements performed using an interferometer contain errors. To overcome the limitations, we propose a method consisting of the following two steps. First, we evaluate the height data and set the invalid height area to be blank, using the characteristics of the modulus peak, which has a low peak value for signals that have low reliability in the interferogram. Next, we interpolate the blank area using the adjacent reliable area. Rubert roughness standards are used to verify the proposed method. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared to those obtained with a stylus profilometer. For the considered sinusoidal samples, Ra ranges from $0.053{\mu}m$ to $6.303{\mu}m$, and we show that the interpolation method is effective. In addition, the method can be applied to a random surface where Ra ranges from $0.011{\mu}m$ to $0.164{\mu}m$. We show that the roughness results obtained using the proposed method agree well with profilometer results. The $R^2$ values for both sinusoidal and random samples are greater than 0.995.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.209-225
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to research the actual condition of environment and management of outdoor play at child care centers in Seoul, and to present a planning guideline for outdoor play environment. For this purpose, data were collected by a structured questionnaire and subjects were 164 directors of child care centers located in Seoul. The contents of the questionnaire were composed of general facts about the respondent and facility, environmental condition, managerial condition, and director's understanding about outdoor play. The data were then analyzed using the frequency, percentage, mean and crosstab. The major results have shown the following: 1) Most child care centers in Seoul had some space for outdoor play. 62% of them used front yard and 11 % a rooftop. 2) The space usually included fixed play instruments such as slide and complex unit structures, sand play area, and open area. It also had many natural elements as shrubs and earth. 3) 78% of the centers had a schedule for outdoor play. The schedule operates flexibly according to each center's own day schedule. Generally, a time for outdoor play was 21 to 30 minutes. 4) The directors of child care centers thought highly of outdoor play for it contributes to the balanced development of children. They answered that equipments and spaces, program devices, and teacher's understanding are some of the important factors for active outdoor play. 5) Most of them wanted wood-working area (construction activity area), water play area, and cages.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

Recently, the rabies cases have been reported in Paju- and Yangju-gun, Gyeonggj province near Seoul metropolitan area. The Pukhansan national park, nearly located from the cities, is suspected to be a high risk area for incidence and spread of the rabies to metropolitan area. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence rate for rabies antibody of dogs near the Pukhansan national park and in some other districts in Seoul metropolitan city. From march to october 2001, a total of 306 serum samples were taken from dogs for breeding(189) md pet dogs(117) in 4 districts near the Pukhansan national park and other districts of Seoul. Rabies virus antibodies in sera were detected by neutralizing peroxidase - linked as say (NPLA). Of the 306 sera of dogs tested, 74 (24.2%) were positive to rabies virus antibody. The prevalence rates of rabies antibody in Pukhansan national park area and in the other districts of Seoul city were 23.7% and 25.3%, respectively There was no significant difference in the prevalence rate between these two districts. The prevalence rates of rabies antibody in pet dogs and dogs for breeding were 40.2% and 14.3% respectively. The prevalence rates of rabies antibodies in less than 1 year, 1∼<2 years, 2∼<3 years, and over 3 years old dogs were 14.5%, 22.4%, 32.6%, and 27.1%, respectively, and overall 24.2% in the dog population. In addition, we found that dogs less than 1 year old had lower antibody prevalence than those over 1 year old. It was concluded that enhancement of vaccination is important in the prevention of the rabies, and that rabies vaccines should not be less supplied than the population of the dog.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.354-359
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• 2009

Land cover types of Hustai National Park (HNP) in Mongolia, a hotspot area with rare species, were classified and their temporal changes were evaluated using Landsat MSS TM/ETM data between 1994 and 2000. Maximum likelihood classification analysis showed an overall accuracy of 88.0% and 85.0% for the 1994 and 2000 images, respectively. Kappa coefficients associated with the classification were resulted to 0.85 for 1994 and 0.82 for 2000 image. Land cover types revealed significant temporal changes in the classification maps between 1994 and 2000. The area has increased considerably by $166.5km^2$ for mountain steppe. By contrast, agricultural areas and degraded areas affected by human being activity were decreased by $46.1km^2$ and $194.8km^2$ over the six year span, respectively. These areas were replaced by mountain steppe area. Specifically, forest area was noticeably fragmented, accompanied by the decrease of $\sim400$ ha. The forest area revealed a pattern with systematic gain and loss associated with the specific phenomenon called as forest free-south slope. We discussed the potential environmental conditions responsible for the systematic pattern and addressed other biological impacts by outbreaks of forest pests and ungulates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.98-105
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to develop numerical simulation model for analysing the wind speed reduction effect by coastal forest belts. The horizontally homogeneous turbulent flow equations, which are derived from the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes method, both above the tree canopy and within the canopy were first formulated, and a first-order closure scheme with the capability of accounting the bulk momentum transport term within the canopy was employed. The averaged equations were solved numerically by finite difference method, FTCS (forward time centered space) scheme. The proposed model was also used to numerically investigate the effects of structural characteristic of forest belt on the wind speed. The effects of maximum leaf area density were evaluated, with the leaf area density of $1.0m^2/m^3$, $2.0m^2/m^3$, $3.0m^2/m^3$, and $4.0m^2/m^3$. Vertical distributions of leaf area, both uniform and varied distribution with a height, were also considered. A comparison of wind profile indicated that there was in good agreements between simulated and measured wind speed. Also, the results showed horizontal wind speed decreased under a height of the tree with increasing maximum leaf area density. In conclusion, in applications where computational efficiency and simplicity are desirable, the proposed numerical model has of great capability to determine the vertical turbulent momentum transport and wind profile in the costal forest belt.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between tooth wear and age by quantitatively measuring maxillary first molar wear in children. A total of 150 maxillary dental models were analyzed in 30 subjects (male, 11; female, 19) with an age range of 6-14 years. Maxillary first molar wear were assessed based on area, volume and the shortest distance from the buccal occlusal plane to the central pit point (BCPH). The area and volume of the tooth cusps were measured at four different offset-plane heights (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm). Relationship between age and the amount of wear or BCPH were statistically analyzed. Correlation and regression analyses were also performed, and age estimation was obtained with linear regression analysis. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences between age and the amount of wear based on area, volume, and offset-plane height. Except age of 8 and 10, 12 and 14's 0.2-mm offset-plane-measured volume, all area and volume measurement of all ages and offset-plane height showed a significant amount of increase. Wear speeds were calculated using the BCPH. Among age and measurement variables, the correlation coefficient was strongest when the volume was measured from the 0.4-mm offset-plane. As age increases, the amount of wear, as quantified by area and volume measurements, also increases. According to this study, a regression equation that can be used for age estimation is follows: Age $(y)=0.16{\times}0.4V+0.85$ ($R^2=0.490$) using volume.