• Journal of Digital Contents Society
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.203-210
• /
• 2016

Korean is free of omission of sentence elements and modifying scope, so managing it on morphological analyzer is better than parser. In this paper, we propose functional expansion methods of the morphological analyzer to ease the burden of parsing. This method is a longest phrase matching method. When the series of several morpheme have one syntax category by processing of Unknown-words, Compound verbs, Compound nouns, Numbers and Symbols, our method combines them into a syntactic unit. And then, it is to treat by giving them a semantic features as syntax unit. The proposed morphological analysis method removes unnecessary morphological ambiguities and deceases results of morphological analysis, so improves accuracy of tagger and parser. By empirical results, we found that our method deceases 73.4% of Parsing tree and 52.4% of parsing time on average.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.11-23
• /
• 2002

Computational models up to now for Korean morphology have been linear in that it deal with only segmentation of morphemes rather than formation of the internal structure of a word. When integrating a linear computational model with syntax analysis, it requires an additional interface component between this model and the syntax to bind morphemes into sentence constituents. Furthermore the linear model is not semantically intuitive. In this paper, based on word-syntactical viewpoint, we propose an integrated computational model that deals with morpheme segmentation, formation of syntactic element (sentence constituent), and even internal structure of word. Formalism of two-level morphology is employed to cope with morpheme segmentation and alternation problems, and functional diacritics are proposed to incorporate categorial context into the two-level formalism. A modified GLR-based algorithm is also proposed to check syntactical constraint of morphemes.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.505-515
• /
• 2004

In a newspaper, 5W1H information is the most fundamental and important element for writing and understanding articles. Focusing on such a relation between a newspaper article and the 5W1H, we propose a summarization method based on the activation degree of 5W1H. To overcome problems of the lead-based and the title-based methods, both of which are known to be the most effective in newspaper summarization, sufficient 5W1H information is extracted from both a title and a lead sentence. Moreover, for each sentence, its weight is computed by considering various factors, such as activation degree of 5W1H, the number of 5W1H categories, and its length and position. These factors make a great contribution to the selection of more important sentences, and thus to the improvement of readability of the summarized texts. In an experimental evaluation, the proposed method achieved a precision of 74.7% outperforming the lead-based method. In sum, our 5W1H approach was shown to be promising for automatic summarization of newspaper articles.

• Language and Information
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.1-25
• /
• 2004

This paper examines two different approaches to resolving a theoretical problem which the bottom-up approach version of Discourse Representation Theory of Kamp et al. (2003) faces in dealing with anaphoric relations between pronouns and their potential antecedents in conditional sentences where consequent clauses precede their corresponding conditional clauses. In one of the approaches, every element is processed in the order of occurrence and conditional operators in a non-sentence-initial position cause the ongoing DR to split in two with the same index. The definition of accessibility is accordingly modified so that the right DR can be accessible from the left DR. In the other approach, a different type of discourse representation structure, K ${\Leftarrow}$ K, is introduced, which allows us to resolve the target problem without modifying accessibility proposed in Kamp et al. (2003). Compatibility of these two approaches with the bottom-up version of DRT is evaluated by examining their applicability to the analysis of quantified sentences where pronominal expressions precede generalized quantifiers.

• Language and Information
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.1-26
• /
• 2008

This paper proposes a dynamic approach to anaphoric resolution in conjunction phrases, in terms of Discourse Representation Theory. Unlike Kamp, van Genabith, and Reyle (forthcomming)'s analysis, it proposes two different types of discourse representation structures for conjunction phrases; one for coordinate phrases such as and conjunction phrases and the other one for subordination conjunction phrases such as when subordination phrases. Following Chung (1992), Chung (2004), every element is processed in the order of occurrence and conjunction operators in a non-sentence-initial position cause the ongoing DR to split in two with the same index. DRS conditions and accessibility are accordingly modified so that DRs for conjunction clauses can be accessible from DRs for main clauses.

• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.89-104
• /
• 2004

This paper investigates previous theories on English focus realization and attempts to find out the overall acoustic characteristics of English focus. It has been argued in previous studies that English focus can be defined as a new information that is not recoverable from the context (Halliday 1967), a complementary element of presupposition (Jackendoff 1972), and what is predicated about the topic in a sentence (Sgall 1973, Gundel 1974). The phonetic realization of English focus in an utterance has been said to be either L+H*/H*, or falling accent. Yet it is a more or less simplified pattern not based on real data obtained from native speakers of English, and it does not consider the various pragmatic and contextual situations. In our experiments we found that native speakers uttered English focus sentences in different ways according to the different focus structure. Another notable result is that Korean speakers, when provided with the same experimental material, are neither able to distinguish different focus types nor deaccent the elements that are not focused in an utterance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.276-285
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the pattern and characteristics of elementary school teaching and learning processes in science based classes. The study participants' class was recorded in video and instructional conversation transcription. The pattern of the observed class was analyzed using the classification frame suggested by Mogan &Saxton(2006). In result, the questioning for elicit information was most frequent and questioning for shape understanding and the questioning for press for reflection in its priority. In result, the presence of elicited questioning for the attainment of knowledge and understanding is more prominent in science-based classrooms. It was revealed that the participating teachers used the questioning sentence pattern more frequently and the self-sustained inquiry that accelerates creative thinking of the student was lacking. It was discovered that teaching elicited questioning, which accelerates creative thinking, as well as fact confirmation pattern is a necessary element of training for teachers.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.279-285
• /
• 2002

English allows conjoined wh-questions to have two different readings. The English sentence Which person does John like and Mary admire\ulcorner involves ATB movement and is understood either as single questions requiring one set of individuals that are liked by John and admired by Mary (which person x, likes (j,x) & admires (m,x)) or as coordinated wh-questions, allowing distinct individuals that John likes and Mary admires (which person x, likes (j,x) & which person y, admires (m,y)). I argue this ambiguity is explained by the two key assumptions about wh-movement in Chomsky (1995): (1) Movement is copying. (2) wh-phrases consist of a wh-element and a nominal restrictor. This yields two possible LFs for English depending on whether [Wh+nominal] or wh alone is interpreted as a variable. It is therefore natural for me to propose that number of questions understood corresponds to the number of nominal segments at LF.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
• /
• v.116
• /
• pp.257-280
• /
• 2010

I try to formalize the system of modal logic and interpret it in view of constructivism through this study. As to the meaning of a sentence, as we saw, Frege endorsed extensions in view of the fact that they are enough to provide for a compositional account for truth, in particular that (1) the assignment of extensions to expressions is compositional ; (2) the assignment of extensions to sentences coincides with the assignment of truth values. But nobody would be willing to admit that a truth value is what a sentence means and that consequently all true sentences are synonymous. So, if what we are after is meaning in the intuitive sense, then extensions would not do. This consideration has later become the point of departure of modal and intensional semantics. So, it is clear that the language of modal logic do not allow for an extensional interpretation. ${\square}$ is syntactically on a par with ${\vdash}$, hence within the extensional framework it would have to denote a unary truth function. This means that if modal logic is to be interpreted, we need a semantics which is not extensional. The first attempt to build a feasible intensional semantics was presented by Saul Kripke. He came to the conclusion that we must let sentences denote not truth values, but rather subsets of a given set. He called elements of the underlying set possible world. Hence each sentence is taken to denote the set of those possible world in which it is true. This lets us explicate necessity as 'truth in every possible world' and possibility as 'truth in at least one possible world'. But it is clear that the system of modal logic is not only an enlargement of propositional logic, as long as the former contains the new symbols, but that it is of an other nature. In fact, the modal logic is intensional, in that the operators do not determine the functions of truth any more. But this new element is not given a priori, but a posteriori from construction by logicist.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
• /
• 1996.10a
• /
• pp.246-246
• /
• 1996

Purpose: Some of the properties of the prosodic phrasing and some acoustic and phonological effects of contrastive focus on the tonal pattern of Seoul Korean is explored based on a brief experiment of analyzing the fundamental frequency(=FO) contour of the speech of the author. Data Base and Analysis Procedures: The examples were chosen to contain mostly nasal and liquid consonants, since it is difficult to track down the formants in stops and fricatives during their corresponding consonantal intervals and stops may yield an effect of unwanted increase in the FO value due to their burst into the following vowel. All examples were recorded three times and the spectrum of the most stable repetition was generated, from which the FO contour of each sentence was obtained, the peaks with a value higher than 250Hz being interpreted as a high tone (=H). The result is then discussed within the prosodic hierarchy framework of Selkirk (1986) and compared with the tonal pattern of the Northern Kyungsang dialect of Korean reported in Kenstowicz & Sohn (1996). Prosodic Phrasing: In N.K. Korean, H never appears both on the object and on the verb in a neutral sentence, which indicates the object and the verb form a single Phonological Phrase ($={\phi}$), given that there is only one pitch peak for each $={\phi}$. However, Seoul Korean shows that both the object and the verb have H of their own, indicating that they are not contained in one $={\phi}$. This violates the Optimality constraint of Wrap-XP (=Enclose a lexical head and its arguments in one $={\phi}$), while N.K. Korean obeys the constraint by grouping a VP in a single $={\phi}$. This asymmetry can be resolved through a constraint that favors the separate grouping of each lexical category and is ranked higher than Wrap-XP in Seoul Korean but vice versa in N.K. Korean; $Align-x^{lex}$ (=Align the left edge of a lexical category with that of a $={\phi}$). (1) nuna-ka manll-ll mEk-nIn-ta ('sister-NOM garlic-ACC eat-PRES-DECL') a. (LLH) (LLH) (HLL) ----Seoul Korean b. (LLH) (LLL LHL) ----N.K. Korean Focus and Phrasing: Two major effects of contrastive focus on phonological phrasing are found in Seoul Korean: (a) the peak of an Intonatioanl Phrase (=IP) falls on the focused element; and (b) focus has the effect of deleting all the following prosodic structures. A focused element always attracts the peak of IP, showing an increase of approximately 30Hz compared with the peak of a non-focused IP. When a subject is focused, no H appears either on the object or on the verb and a focused object is never followed by a verb with H. The post-focus deletion of prosodic boundaries is forced through the interaction of StressFocus (=If F is a focus and DF is its semantic domain, the highest prominence in DF will be within F) and Rightmost-IP (=The peak of an IP projects from the rightmost $={\phi}$). First Stress-F requires the peak of IP to fall on the focused element. Then to avoid violating Rightmost-IP, all the boundaries after the focused element should delete, minimizing the number of $={\phi}$'s intervening from the right edge of IP. (2) (omitted) Conclusion: In general, there seems to be no direct alignment constraints between the syntactically focused element and the edge of $={\phi}$ determined in phonology; all the alignment effects come from a single requirement that the peak of IP projects from the rightmost $={\phi}$ as proposed in Truckenbrodt (1995).