• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.82-91
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• 1996

Normal balance is defined as state in which the body is equlilibrium. It is complex motor control task, requring integration of sensory information, neural processing, and biomechanical factors. There are major two factors contribute to balance control, the neurological and the musculoskeletal. The neurological factor provides the sensory processing and motor output mechanisms that are the neurophysiological basis for response. The musculoskeletal factor provides the mechanical structure for response. When all components of two factors are operating effectively, the postural response should be appropriate and effective for good balance control. Therfore, balance can be influenced by above all factors. In addition, balance can be also influenced by muscle tone, hearing, physiological factors, and environmental factors. Physical therapists must understand factors of balance control so that we can accurately assess balance. Therefore, physical therapists have to develop useful balance measurement tools to evaluate balance.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Bee Venom Acupuncture Therapy on Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. Methods : The patient was diagnosed as Lumbar Spinal Stenosis through Lumbar spine MRI and treated with Bee Venom Acupuncture Therapy and so on and measured of VAS and ODI score to evaluate treatment effects. Results and Conclusions : ROM of Lumbar, Milgram test and sensory test has improved. VAS and ODI score were also decreased.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.31-41
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• 2015

Objective : Purpose of this study is to develop a Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C) to screen sensory processing problems for children aged 3 to 5, and examine validity of the assessment. Method : A draft version of Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C) has been developed and it was utilized to 138 caregivers of children who are 3 to 5 years old. Rasch analysis was used to test construct validity of SPS-C. Through the Rasch analysis, unidimensionality and adequacy of the rating scale were examined. Results : Based on the Rasch analysis, it was found that six items out of 56 items (10.7%) are misfits. And the results also showed that 3-points rating scale is more adequate than 5-points scale for SPC-C. Conclusion : The construct validity of a newly developed assessment, Sensory Processing Scale for Children (SPS-C), was established through this study. Further studies are needed to examine other psychometric properties of the assessment, using the one modified based on the results in this study.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2003

The suck/swallow/breathe(SSB) synchrony, serving as the earlist primary motor mechanism, is the rhythmical, coordinated pattern of sucking, swallowing and breathing. The development of an intact SSB is an important precursor for further sensorimotor and cognitive development including speech and language development, state regulation, postural control, feeding, eye/hand coordination and social/emotional development. Arousal means a neurological mechanism for preparing one's body to orienting stimulus. Its levels are regulated with an interaction of the reticular formation, the limbic system, the hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system. General strategies such as blowing, sucking, chewing, munching and licking to effectively modulate arousal state are related to SSB. The SSB synchrony is an important treatment principle for children with sensory integration disorder and problems with the modulation of arousal. The purpose of this article is to review concepts of SSB synchrony and the underlying relation between the modulation of arousal and SSB synchrony.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 2012

Sensory integration started as a theory to provide a occupational therapist with a useful frame for explaining and intervening the problems which children have. Most researches on sensory processing disorder (SPD) have been found empirical evidence to support the sensory integration theory by measuring behavioral manifestations of SPD. Recently, researchers who are interested in the diagnosis of SPD have begun to use neurophysiological methods to establish objective evidence for sensory integration. These studies reported the neurophysiological indexes reflecting the maladaptive behaviors as well as the difference between children with SPD and typically developing children in using electrodermal activity, vagal tone, EEG. Future neurophysiological studies on SPD will be expected to prove the efficacy of sensory integration intervention.

• Advances in robotics research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.155-169
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• 2014

Study results in the last decades show that amount and quality of physical exercises, then the active participation, and now the cognitive involvement of patient in rehabilitation training are known of crux to enhance recovery outcome of motor dysfunction patients after stroke. Rehabilitation robots mainly have been developing along this direction to satisfy requirements of recovery therapy, or focusing on one or more of the above three points. Therefore, neuro-machine interaction based active rehabilitation robot has been proposed for assisting paralyzed limb performing designed tasks, which utilizes motor related EEG, UCSDI (Ultrasound Current Source Density Imaging), EMG for rehabilitation robot control and feeds back the multi-sensory interaction information such as visual, auditory, force, haptic sensation to the patient simultaneously. This neuro-controlled and perceptual rehabilitation robot will bring great benefits to post-stroke patients. In order to develop such kind of robot, some key technologies such as noninvasive precise detection of neural signal and realistic sensation feedback need to be solved. There are still some grand challenges in solving the fundamental questions to develop and optimize such kind of neuro-machine interaction based active rehabilitation robot.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influnce of afferent stimuli, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and ultra sound, on the electrdiagnostic study of normal subjects. Electrodiagnostic study was performed before and after the application of afferent stimulation of the right popliteal fossa on 18 healthy female volunteers. After the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, there is no significantly change of latencies and amplitudes of SEP, H-reflex, peroneal nerve F-wave, and sensory nerve conduction. After the ultra sound, there is no significantly change of latencies and amplitudes of SEP, H-reflex, peroneal nerve F-wave, and sensory nerve conduction. Tibial nope F-wave and motor nerve shows prolonged latency after TENS and US (p<0.01). Ultrasound may have a similar mechanism of action compared to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation by having localized inhibitory effects of the peripheral nerve. However, further investigation is needed to assess their mechanism of action and the precise relevance of stimulation modality.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report a case of Brown-Sequard syndrome caused by traumatic cervical fracture, presenting pain in the right upper extremity and back of the left hand, motor weakness in the right side and diminished pain and temperature in the left side. Methods : A patient received Korean medical treatment(acupuncture, electroacupuncture, herbal medicine, cupping, moxibustion, Silver Spike point electrotherapy(SSP)) and rehabilitation treatment. We evaluated pain with the Numeric Rating Scale(NRS), motor grade with a Medical Research Council(MRC) scale, sensory function and Modified Barthel Index(MBI). Results : After treatment, the patient showed considerable improvement in NRS, motor & sensory function, and MBI. Conclusions : Korean medical and rehabilitation treatments could be effective for Brown-Sequard syndrome patients. More extensive studies should be carried out.

• Journal of Electrodiagnosis and Neuromuscular Diseases
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2018

We describe a case of a 71-year-old male patient who experienced progressive bilateral proximal upper limb weakness and atrophy without sensory symptoms and signs over 5 years. Electromyography demonstrated denervation potentials and neuropathic motor unit action potentials on C5-C7 myotome muscles bilaterally. Cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging revealed engorged anterior epidural venous plexus, T2 hyperintensity localized to grey matter ("snake-eye" appearance) at C2-C6 vertebral level, and ventral epidural fluid collection from C6 to T8 vertebral level. This case indicates that bibrachial amyotrophy associated with epidural fluid leak should be suspected in patients presenting with progressive bilateral upper limb weakness and atrophy without sensory involvement.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2024

Purpose: Backward walking has shown positive effects on gait recovery in rehabilitation patients. It is increasingly used as an aerobic training method in rehabilitation populations, inducing more sensory and motor stimulation than forward walking. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of visual stimulation during backward walking. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy adults with a visual acuity of 0.8 or higher participated in the study. To compare the effects of visual stimulation during various walking conditions among healthy individuals, the participants randomly selected cards numbered one to six and walked a distance of 10 meters. Walking ability was measured using Optogait. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in speed, stride, and percentages of single support and contact phase during backward walking. Within eyes-closed conditions during backward walking, significant differences were found in percentages of single support, terminal stance, and contact phase. Moreover, the percentage of terminal swing significantly differed during backward walking with head turn conditions. Conclusion: Gait parameters such as speed, stride, and percentages of single support and contact phase were higher during backward walking than forward walking. These results indicate that backward walking involves multiple sensory systems and varying conditions.