• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.14-17
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• 2005

Purpose: Authors have performed free tissue transplantation in the upper and lower extremities with sensory flaps and evaluated the sensory function recovery. Materials and methods: Between 1992 through 2004, sensory free flap articles published in the journal of the Korean microsurgical society, were reviewed and recovery of sensory function was assessed by static two-point discrimination test. Results: Static two point discrimination test showed average 6.7 mm in the thumb, average 12 mm in the hand and 7 cm of the dorsalis pedis flap, 20.5 mm of the lateral arm flap and over 8 cm of the forearm flap in the foot. Conclusion: Sensory flaps provide the protective and useful coverage in the upper and lower extremities and have benefit for activities for daily life in free tissue transferred patients.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2011

Purpose: Sensory impairment in infraorbital nerve is common symptom following mid-facial fractures. The purpose of this study is to document the incidence of sensory impairment in infraorbital nerve following midfacial fractures and its recovery. Methods: Three hundreds fourteen patients with midfacial fracture were included involving emergence areas of infraorbital nerve. Fractures were classified into zygoma fracture, maxilla fracture, complex comminuted fracture and pure blow out fracture. Neurosensory function was assessed with clinical symptoms and light touch test in infraorbital nerve regions. Patients were followed and sensory function was evaluated immediately, 1, 3 and 6 months after trauma. Results: The total series consisted of 198 zygoma fractures, 19 maxilla fractures, 30 complex comminuted fractures and 67 pure blow out fractures. The incidence of sensory impairment was 60% (63% in zygoma fractures, 84% in maxilla fractures, 93% in complex comminuted fractures, 31% in pure blow out fractures). Persistent sensory impairments were remained in 32% (33% in zygoma fractures, 47% in maxilla fractures, 73% in complex comminuted fractures, 6% in pure blow out fractures) 6 months after trauma. Younger patients had better prognosis than older patients in recovery of infraorbital nerve function ($p$ <0.05, $x^2$-test). Mean recovery time was 11 weeks. Conclusion: The incidence of post-traumatic sensory impairment was different according to fracture types. Age of patients and fracture type were important factors that influence to recovery of sensory impairment. Complex comminuted fracture had poor prognosis, and pure blow out fractures had better prognosis than other fractures.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.427-439
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• 2022

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) often present with variable symptoms, making them difficult to diagnose, treat, and monitor. When neurologic compromise is inadequately assessed, suboptimal treatment decisions can result in lasting functional deficits. There are many available tools for evaluating pain and functional status of peripheral nerves. However, the literature lacks a detailed, comprehensive view of the data comparing the clinical utility of these modalities, and there is no consensus on the optimal algorithm for sensory and pain assessment in PNIs. We performed a systematic review of the literature focused on clinical data, evaluating pain and sensory assessment methods in peripheral nerves. We searched through multiple databases, including PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar, to identify studies that assessed assessment tools and explored their advantages and disadvantages. A total of 66 studies were selected that assessed various tools used to assess patient's pain and sensory recovery after a PNI. This review may serve as a guide to select the most appropriate assessment tools for monitoring nerve pain and/or sensory function both pre- and postoperatively. As the surgeons work to improve treatments for PNI and dysfunction, identifying the most appropriate existing measures of success and future directions for improved algorithms could lead to improved patient outcomes.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.22-36
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• 1997

Functional recovery of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) patients were studied by examining functional independence measure (FIM) to evaluate the functional state of the patients at admission to and at discharge from the hospital and its relationship with the family support. Study subjects consisted of 129 CVA patients, who were admitted and received rehabilitation treatment at K Medical Center of Oriental Medicine from August 3 to December 18, 1997. The results were as follows: 1) Total FIM score was $72.37{\pm}25.16$ at admission and $101.67{\pm}22.13$ at discharge. The difference of average score was 29.30, which was statistically significant by paired t-test. 2) The largest difference between FIM scores at admission and at clischarge was observed in items of walking and wheel-chair riding, and the smallest clifference in items of social interaction. 3) The recovery was faster with motor function than with cognitive function, because the difference of FIM scores at admission and at discharge was much larger with motor function. 4) Recovery was better in groups under age 49 than in groups above age 70. Functional recorvery was prominent especially in groups with normal sensory state and speech functions, and groups without urinary incontinence. Recovery was less significantly in patients with paraplegic patients hospitalized longer than 2 months, patients with family all the time, and patients with CVA over 11 days. 5) We could not find any relationship between functional recovery and family support. FIM scores were lower in groups of old age(r=-0.325), long stayed in hospital (r=-0.426), and long period of time after the onset of disease(r= -0.339) with a reciprocal correlation between FIM scores and these parameters. 6) Stepwise multiple regression analysis was done to evaluate factors to affect the recovery from CVA. FIM score at admission could explain 51.2 % of the functional recovery. Important factors were periods of hospitalization, state of sensory function, age, and education (listed in decreasing order of importance). In total, they could explain 64.89% of the functional recovery. These results indicate that functional recovery of CVA patients, who were admitted to oriental medicine hospital for rehabilitation treatment, could be estimated by measuring FIM scores. Recovery was significantly better at discharge from the hospital than at admission and motor function recovery rate was much faster than that of cognitive function. 2. Recommendation Based on these results, we recommend following further studies. 1) Comparative study of recovery of motor function and of sensory function would be necessary by measuring FIM scores once a week to evaluate the recovery of CVA patients. 2) It would be interesting to see whether there is any difference of functional recovery between patients treated with either western medicine or oriental medicine. 3) Psychological factors affecting the recovery of CVA patients need to be studied.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.41
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• pp.61.1-61.8
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• 2019

Background: The prognosis of recovery following microneurosurgery for injured lingual nerves varies among individual cases. This study aimed to investigate if recovery ratios of sensory and taste functions are improved by the microneurosurgery within 6 months after lingual nerve injury. Methods: We retrospectively assessed 70 patients who underwent microneurosurgery at the Wakayama Medical University Hospital for lingual nerve injuries between July 2004 and December 2016. Sensory and taste functions in lingual nerves were preoperatively evaluated using a static two-point discrimination test, an intact superficial pain/tactile sensation test, and a taste discrimination test. They were evaluated again at 12 and at 24 months postoperatively. The abundance ratio of Schwann cells in the excised traumatic neuromas was analyzed with ImageJ software following immunohistochemistry with anti S-100β antibody. Results: In early cases (microneurosurgery within 6 months after the injury), recovery ratios of sensory and taste functions were not significantly different at 24 months after microneurosurgery compared with later cases (microneurosurgery more than 6 months after the injury). Meanwhile, the ratio of patients with taste recovery within 12 months after microneurosurgery was significantly decreased in late cases compared with early cases. The abundance ratio of Schwann cells in traumatic neuroma was also significantly lower in later cases. Conclusion: Microneurosurgery more than 6 months after lingual nerve injury did not lead to decreased recovery ratio of sensory and taste functions, but it did lead to prolonged recovery of taste. This delay may be associated with a decrease in the abundance ratio of Schwann cells in traumatic neuromas.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.244-248
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• 2020

The infraorbital nerve is a branch of the trigeminal nerve. Injury to the infraorbital nerve can be caused by trauma, including various facial fractures. Due to this nerve injury, patients complain of numbness and pain in the entire cheek, the ala of nose, and upper lip. In general, spontaneous sensory recovery is expected after decompressive surgery. If nerve transection is confirmed, however, neurorrhaphy is typically performed. Here, we present a case in which microsurgery was not performed in a patient with Sunderland grade V avulsion injury of the infraorbital nerve due to a facial bone fracture. Gradual nerve function recovery was confirmed to be possible with conservative treatment and rehabilitation alone. These findings suggest that the nerve function recovery can be expected with conservative treatment, even for severe nerve injury for which microsurgery cannot be considered.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.675-679
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• 2008

Purpose: In the orbital floor fracture, sensory impairment due to the damage of the infraorbital nerve is one of the most common symptom and complication. In this report, we have the assumption that tailoring of $medpor^{(R)}$ for decompression may have correlations to the damage and regeneration of the nerve. Methods: Among patients who had open reduction for pure orbital floor fracture in our hospital from March 2005 to March 2008, we selected 80 cases. In 40 cases, we inserted tailored $medpor^{(R)}$, and in other 40 cases, non-tailored $medpor^{(R)}$ was inserted. Patient's reports were obtained and analyzed, and the pin-prick test and the 2-point discrimination test on the infraorbital nerve regions were done for testing the sensory impairments. Results: The results show that the patients who adopted sculpture of $medpor^{(R)}$ showed higher tendency of recovery of sensory impairments in the patient's subjective report, static touch sensation, static two point discrimination using. And in postoperative 3 months, there are statistically significant recovery of sensory symptoms, signs and the result of sensory tests. Conclusion: From these results, tailored $medpor^{(R)}$ in reconstruction of orbital wall fracture may improve recovery of sensory impairments for decreasing of compression of infraorbital nerve.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2002

In this study, rice candy was produced with mulberry leaf and its effect on the lowering blood glucose level was assessed. The results were as follows: The recovery rate of mulberry leaf powder was 32.7%. The contents of crude protein, lipid, ash and crude fiber of mulberry leaf were 19.54%, 4.82%, 12.80%, and 11.27%, respectively. The sensory evaluation revealed that the rice candy added with 1% mulberry leaf powder showed slightly hi인or palatability score than that of 2%, but we decided that 2% addition of mulberry leaf powder would be preferred over 1% if considering both the physiological function and the sensory acceptability. The blood glucose level after ingesting the rice candy with mulberry leaf lowered by 31%, more than that of control.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.339-344
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate neurosensory disturbance associated with implant surgery performed by implant practitioner (n=47) composed of trained oral surgeon, periodontist, prosthodontist. The incidence, type and duration of sensory disorder were investigated. Anatomical factor of the patient and experience of operator were also evaluated. The result revealed high incidence of inferior alveolar nerve damage (45%) regardless of experience of implant practitioner. The sensory disturbance sustained within 6 months for 61% of cases, which revealed almost normal recovery of nerve function. Initial neurologic sign after nerve damage was not coincide with their consequence of recovery. Half of the practitioners tried surgical intervention to the implants such as removing the fixture, partial unscrewing or re-implant shorter fixture, of which trial regarded as effective measure for 53% of cases. The result indicates that the objective method of sensory nerve evaluation should be introduced to the implant practitioners and the importance of informed consent for possibility of nerve damage in mandibular implant fixation.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 1991

Partial recovery in auxin transport capacity from inhibition by N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) was observed when corn coleoptile segments were subjected to a prolonged NPA treatment. Kinetic data indicated that the recovery time is a function of the concentration of NPA applied. Desensitization to NPA was also seen in tissue slices where NPA increased net uptake of auxin, indicating that the apparant adaptation in the auxin transport system did not results possibly from auxin accumulated during transport inhibition. Studies on in vitro binding of NPA to membrane vesicles isolated from the coleoptile indicated that preincubation of the tissue with NPA resulted in the reduced binding activity. Scatchard analysis of the data indicated that this was due to decreases in the number of NPA binding sites. The possibility of causal relationship of modified NPA receptors to the sensory adaptation in auxin transport observed in coleoptile segments will be discussed.