• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제2권
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• pp.75-94
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• 1996

This survey study was aimed at identifying the degree of educational need of the KNOU(Korea National Open University) nursing students defined as admission purposes, satisfaction of distance learning education, learning methods, and courses after graduation. Among randomly assigned 1000 students, 320 KNOU nursing students who allowed to participate in the study completed the questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test, Results of this study were as follows : 1. The admission purposes of the KNOU nursing students were 'in order to get a bachelor's degree(83.8%)', 'to acquire knowledge for task(61.3%)', or 'to be admitted for the graduate school (53.1%)' etc. Comparing the admission purposes by age, tow items- 'to explore new possibilities for myself' and 'excellent curriculum' showed statistically significant differences. These two items were also found to show significant differences by marital status. 2. For the media maintenance, the results showed that students use their own cassett radios(96.3%), VTR(49.4%), TV only for the study (44.1%), personal computer (3.31%), or joining Hitel (6.3%). 3. Listening rates of the radio lecture were 'over 80%(9.1%)', '50-80%(9.1%)', '20-50%(18.1%)', 'below 20%(30%)' and 'never(33.1%)', And record lecture showed listening rates as follows : 'over80%(17.2%)', '50-80%(15.9%)', '20-50%(24.4%)', 'below 20%(27,2%)' and 'never(14.4%)'. 4. The difficulties with KNOU life were 'listening radio lectures(38.8%)', studying by following teaching schedules (37.8%)', 'isolated self-study(10.3%)', and 'appearance in the attending classes(8.1%)'. 5. As for satisfaction with teaching methods, the data showed that 81.2% of the respondents were satisfied (or very satisfied) with 'attending classes' and 75%, with 'paper lectures'. On the other hand some of respondents were very dissatisfied with 'recorded lecture(12.8%)' and 'radio lecture(10.9%)' 6. The results also showed that the students want to have 'video conferencing lecture(77.2%)', 'cable TV(64.1%)' and 'CD ROM program' to improve learning effects. 7. Concerning learning attitudes, 48.8% of the students reported 'study mainly for examnination', and only 4.1% answered 'study every day with plan'. The learning attitude showed significant differences by marital status and age. The students also evaluated themelves as 'study very hard(5.9%)', 'study hard in general(41.6%)', 'study a little(40.3%)' and 'study little(11.9%)'. 8. The students responded the most effective learning material was the 'textbook (92.2%)'. 9. For the purposes of using the local center, the results showed 'for the attending classes(76.3%)', 'for the use of references(14.7%)', and 'for the study group(66.7%)'. 10. The results revealed that 20.3% of the respondents had ever experienced unregistration or temporary withdrawal, and 53.4% among them did not register more than one time. The most common reason for the unregistration was 'due to family affairs or their job (70.8%)'. 11. 88.1% of the respondents answered 'they will graduate without fail'. 12. Regarding the benefits from the KNOU graduation, respondents indicated 'graduate school admission(38.1%)', 'self-confidence in social life(17.5%)', and understanding social problems (10.9%)'. 13. 64.4% of the students showed that they have intention to enter the graduate school. The item 'changing work place' showed statistically significant differences by marital status and age.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.17-32
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to improve upon school health by understanding the present status of school health and escpecially to investigate the performance rate of regular health instruction. 261 schools, including middle and high schools enrolled in the Busan Educational Association, were sent Questionnaires. Data was collected from the 25th of January to the 10th of April, 1994. 229 subjects who responded to the Questionnaires were finally analyzed as samples. Among them, 127 were school nurses and 102 were teachers acting in a school health capacity. The results of this study are summerized as follows: Of the teachers holding additional school health responsibilities, $85.6\%$ worked in private schools. Many of them $(74.5\%)$ were formally dissatisfied with their ability to provide care because $85.3\%$ of them had never studied any school health. Some of them$(30.4\%)$ didn't know about the annual school nursing budget and $23.5\%$ of them hadn't taught any health education to students. In spite of this fact, they were placed in charge of a school health activity against their own will. There were statistically significant differences in the performance of school health affairs between nurses and teachers holding additional school health (p<0.001) as follows: annual school nursing budget, Health Program Planning and Evaluation, annual purchase price for medicines, average students cared for per day, average students who held at least one consultation per month and extra. Surely, the self-confidence of school nurses was higher than that of teachers with school health as an assigned responsibility. This was demonstrated by a significant statistical difference (p<0.01) in the responses by the two groups. $88.2\%$ of the school nurses and $73.5\%$ of teachers for school health thought that regular health instruction was necessary. But regular health education had been performed only by $32.8\%$ of respondents. Among them, 84% were school nurses and $16\%$ were teachers holding additional school health. Of the persons who performed regular health education, $69.3\%$ used less than $60\%$ of the health content of the athletic textbook. And $64\%$ of them said teaching materials were insufficient. Most of them $(69.4\%)$used home made lesson plans. which they compiled from various sources. There was a significant difference in the formality of the health lesson according to the concern of the school principal (p<0.01) and there was a significant difference in performing health education between school nurses and teachers holding additional school health (p<0.001) It appears that there are a lot of problems with providing school health care using people who are untrained. In a word, school health nurses with professional training are needed in order to perform the qualitative management for the health of the students. These days, regular health education is an indispensable part in making students improve their self-care abilities. Therefore a more effective and better defined program should be prepared for regular systematic health education. To resolve these problems, present laws and regulations related to school health should be revised considering the specialist's request for the improvement of school health. In addition, the concern and financial support of the government are essential.

• 고전문학과교육
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• 제33호
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• pp.211-253
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• 2016

문학 작품은 그것을 향유하는 계층에 따라 향유 방식과 텍스트 등에서 다양한 모습을 보여주고 있다. 동시에 문학 작품의 향유 방식도 시간의 흐름에 따라 변화되었다. 그런데 현재처럼 언제 어디서든 자유롭게 문학 작품을 향유할 수 있는 것과 달리 20세기 중반 즉 1950~1960년, 1970년대까지 문학 작품은 누구나 다 향유할 수 있었던 것은 아니었다. 그것을 아는 방법은 실제 그 시대를 살았던 사람을 만나서 확인하는 것밖에 없을 것이다. 본고에서는 경북 북부 내륙 지역, 영덕과 울진의 사례 조사에 이어 청송지역에서는 고전소설이 어떻게 향유되었는지를 2015년 3월부터 2016년 7월까지 청송에서의 현지 조사를 통해 살펴보았다. 그 결과 청송 지역은 고전소설 향유 양상에 있어 북부권과 남부권이 다소 차이를 보이고 있었다. 북부권이 반가의 양반이라는 나름의 자부심을 가지고 있으면서 가사나 고전소설의 향유층을 형성한 반면, 남부권에서는 반가나 동성의 집성촌이라는 의식을 찾을 수 없었을 뿐만 아니라 고전소설을 향유한 계층도 거의 없었다. 이는 사회 문화적인 문제와 경제적 이유가 어느 정도 작용한 것이 아닐까 한다. 그리고 청송 지역도 경북 북부의 다른 지역과 마찬가지로 고전소설과 가사에 대한 장르 인식에 따른 이중성을 엿볼 수 있었다. 그러나 경북 북부의타 지역과 달리 고전소설에 대한 거부감이나 가사에 대한 무조건적 자긍심 등이 눈에 띄게 드러나지는 않는다. 그 예로 청송 지역에서는 고전소설을 주로 향유한 계층에서는 고전소설 작품이 비교적 다양하게 읽히고 있었는데 비해 가사를 주로 향유한 계층에서는 작품의 다양성이 없었다는 점을 들수 있겠다. 가사는 겨우 <한양가> 정도만 거론되고 있었다. 고전소설의 향유에 있어서 송소고택과 찰방공종택은 같은 가문이고 동시에 이웃해 있으면서도 고전소설에 대한 인식을 달리 하고 있었다. 송소고택에서는 어른들이 고전소설을 비교적 자유롭게 향유할 수 있었기에 소설에 대해 부정적 시각은 가지고 있지 않았다. 그런데 찰방공종택의 경우 시어른들이 고전소설은 전혀 읽지 않았지만 가사는 직접 지어 읽을 정도로 적극적으로 향유했다. 이 두 사례는 같은 집안이면서도 고전소설에 대해 어떻게 다르게 인식하고 있는지를 보여주는 것이라 하겠다. 청송 지역의 고전소설 향유 양상에 대한 실증적 조사는 20세기 중반 고전소설이 어떻게 향유되고 있었는가를 아는 소중한 자료가 될 것이다. 아울러 현장 조사에서 일부 제보자들이 타계했거나, 혹은 나이가 많아서 기억을 잘 하지 못하는 점들을 고려해본다면 이러한 실증적 조사는 좀 더 일찍 이루어졌다면 하는 개인적 아쉬움도 없지 않다. 이제 고전소설의 향유 양상에 대해 기억할 수 있는 더 이상의 제보자들을 찾을 수 없다는 점에서 이 논문이 고전소설을 다양하게 연구할 수 있는 좋은 자료가 될 수 있기를 바란다.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.113-129
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• 2020

본 연구는 2020년 한농대 입학생의 비정형 텍스트인 자소서에서 의미 있는 정보 혹은 규칙을 추출하기 위하여 고교 재학 중 '학업 및 학습경험'과 '교내 활동'을 기술한 두 개 문항에 대하여 텍스트 마이닝에 의한 토픽 분석과 연관성 분석을 하였다. 모집 전형을 구분하지 않은 텍스트 마이닝 분석 결과에서 '학업 및 학습 경험' 항목과 관련된 주요 키워드는 '공부', '생각', '노력', '문제', '친구' 등의 순으로 많이 나타났으며, '교내 활동' 항목과 관련된 주요 키워드는 '활동', '생각', '친구', '동아리', '학교' 등의 순으로 빈도가 높게 나타났다. 그러나 도시 인재 전형과 농수산 인재 전형 신입생들의 키워드 빈도 순위는 두 항목 모두 전형 특성에 따른 약간의 차이를 나타냈다. 빈도 분석에 결과는 빈도수 상위 50위까지의 키워드를 워드 클라우드로 시각화하여 키워드를 알기 쉽게 표현하였다. 연관 분석은 apriori() 함수를 사용하였으며 적정한 계산을 위하여 support(지지도)와 confidence(신뢰도)의 기준값을 항목별로 설정하였다. 먼저 '학업' 항목에 대한 연관 규칙은 46개를 추출하였으며, 그 가운데 {공부} => {생각}, {성적} => {공부} 및 {과목} => {공부} 등의 규칙에서 높은 연관성을 볼 수 있었다. 이 규칙을 바탕으로 매개체 역할의 키워드를 평가하는 관계 중심성 평가와 노드에 연결된 edge의 수에 따라 중요도를 파악하는 연결 중심성 평가에서는 '생각', '공부', '노력', '시간' 등의 키워드가 중심적인 역할을 하는 정보를 획득하였다. 다음으로 '교내 활동' 항목에서는 45개의 연관 규칙을 생성하여 {활동} => {생각}, {동아리} => {활동} 등의 규칙에서 높은 연관성을 볼 수 있었으며, 관계 중심성 평가와 연결 중심성 평가에서는 '생각', '활동', '학교', '시간', '친구' 등의 키워드가 중심 키워드라는 결과를 얻었다. 다음 연구에서는 자소서의 나머지 두 개의 문항 '배려·나눔·협력·갈등관리' 항목과 한농대 '지원동기와 향후 진로계획' 항목을 분석한다. 분석에는 '키워드의 빈도'에 '문서 빈도의 역수'를 곱하여 주로 다량의 문서에서 핵심어를 추출하는 TF-IDF(Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) 분석을 추가한다.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.99-114
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• 2020

본 연구는 2020년 한농대 입학생의 자소서에 서술된 학생들의 다양한 교내외 활동, 대학 지원 동기, 학업계획 및 향후 영농·영어계획 등의 텍스트 데이터를 대상으로 텍스트 마이닝에 의한 토픽 분석과 연관성 분석을 하였다. 텍스트 마이닝 결과에서 문항 3의 동아리 활동을 비롯한 다양한 활동 사례와 그 과정에서 배우고 느낀 점에 대한 키워드는 '친구' 빈도가 압도적으로 높았으며, '생각', '시간', '의견', '활동', '사람', '학교', '선생님', '학생', '동아리' 등의 키워드 순으로 많이 사용되었다. 문항 4의 대학 지원동기 및 졸업 후 진로계획에 대한 서술 데이터에는 '생각', '농업', '한농대', '농장', '지식', '공부', '사람', '관심', '전문', '아버지' 등의 키워드 빈도가 높게 나타났으며, 이 가운데 '아버지', '한농대', '전문', '농장' 등의 키워드는 다른 질문에 비하여 상위에 나타나는 특징을 보였다. 연관규칙 분석 결과에서 키워드 간 규칙의 발생 빈도이자 중요성을 나타내는 지지도는 문항 3에서 {친구} <=> {생각}, 문항 4에서 {생각} <=> {한국농수산대학} 규칙에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 두 단어 사이 연관성을 나타내는 신뢰도는 문항 3에서 {선생님} => {친구}, 문항 4에서 {농업, 한국농수산대학} => {생각}에서 높게 나타났다. 두 단어 간 밀접성을 나타내는 향상도는 문항 3에서 {친구} <=> {선생님}, 문항 4에서 {지식} <=> {전문}에서 높게 나타났다. 즉 두 단어는 우연히 함께 사용되지 않고 한 단어가 나타나면 뒤에 반드시 나머지 단어가 사용되었다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 키워드 간의 매개체 역할의 분석, 즉 키워드들 사이에 최단 경로를 파악하는 관계 중심성 분석과 연결 edge 수를 평가하는 연결 중심성 분석에서 문항 3은 '친구', '생각', '학교', '시간' 및 '사람', 문항 4는 '생각', '한국농수산대학', '지식' 및 '지원' 등의 키워드의 중심성이 매우 높은 결과를 나타냈다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2021

최근 코로나19의 대유행과 재확산에 따른 사회적 거리두기 조치가 강화되고 있다. 이에 영업시간 제한 등 특히 자영업의 급격한 매출 감소로 폐업으로 내몰린 연속 기업가들이 급증하고 있다. 실패에서 배우는 것은 성공의 과정으로 설명할 수 있지만, 사업 실패는 연속 기업가의 심리적, 경제적 손실의 발생과 함께 부정적 감정으로 표출될 수 있다. 이러한 시점에서 연속 기업가들의 사업실패에 따른 부정적 감정의 회복방안을 모색하는 것은 매우 중요한 문제이다. 최근 창업학 관점에서 연속 기업가들의 사업 실패로 인한 슬픔의 부정적 감정을 처리하는 전략적 모델이 부각되고 있다. 본 연구는 연속 기업가의 사업 실패에 대한 슬픔에서 회복요인을 규명하기 위해, Shepherd(2003)의 상실 지향성, 복원 지향성, 이중적 프로세스의 3개 영역으로 설명하였다. 이를 위해 재창업에 도전한 소상공인 연속 기업가 12명을 대상으로 개별 심층 인터뷰를 진행하여 양적 데이터로 규명되지 않는 회복요인에 대한 속성들을 파악하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 회복요인은 개인 지향성, 가족 지향성, 네트워크 지향성 3개 영역으로 나타났다. 자존감, 끈기, 개인 역량, 취미, 자신감, 가족 지지, 네트워크, 종교, 사회적 지원 등 9개의 범주에서 회복 향상에 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 회복장애요인은 심리적, 경제적, 환경적 요인의 3개 영역으로 나타났다. 가족, 건강, 사회적 네트워크, 동업자, 경쟁자, 협력업체, 자금, 외부환경, 정부 정책 등 9개 범주에서 부정적인 감정을 지속하게 하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 슬픔에 대한 감정처리 과정은 상실 지향성, 복원 지향성, 이중적 프로세스의 3개 영역으로 확인하였다. 가족, 협력업체 지원, 사회 구성원 지지, 정부 지원, 취미, 네트워크, 업종 변경, 이사, 제3자 시각, 심리학 공부 등 10개의 범주는 슬픔에 대한 감정 처리 과정에서 회복을 강화하는 것을 확인하였다. 연구의 시사점은 다음과 같다. 연속 기업가들의 사업 실패에 따른 슬픔에서 회복하는 과정을 질적 연구로 시도하였다. 특히, Shepherd(2003)의 이론을 적용하여 회복 연구에 도움이 될 수 있는 기초 자료와 향후 실증 연구를 위한 개념적 모델 및 명제를 제시하였으며 이는 향후 학술적으로 다양하게 논의하고 확장할 수 있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.153-173
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• 1990

One of the important tasks for new parents. especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the healthy development of the child and the wellbeing of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. This study examined the relationships between primiparas pereptions of their delivery experience and their maternal infant interaction. It compared to delivery experience of mothers having a normal vaginal delivery with those having a casearean section. The purpose was to explore the relationships between the mother's perceptions of her delivery experience with her maternal infant interaction. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical understanding on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal-infant interaction. Data were collected directly by the investigator and a trained associate from Dec. 1, 1987 to March 8, 1988. Subjects were 3 random sample of 62 mothers, 32 who had a normal vaginal delivery and 30 who had a non-elective cesarean section (but without other perinatal complications) at three general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent -infant Interaction Scale(1981) and the Marut and Mercer Perception of Birth Scale(1979). The first observations were made in the delivery room (for vaginally delivered mothers only), followed by day 1, day 2, day 3, and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after birth, for a total of 7-8 contacts(Cesarean section mothers were observed on days 4 and 5 but the data not used for analysis). Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was done by computer using as SPSS program and indulded X² test, paired t-test, t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery tended to perceive the delivery experience more positively than cesarean section mothers(p＝0.002). The finding supported the hypothesis I that perception of delivery would vary according to the method of delivery. Mothers' perceptions of birth were classified into three dimensions, labor, delivery and the bady. There was a significantly different and positive perception by the vaginally delivered mothers to the delivery experience(p＝0.000) but no differences for labor or the bady according to the delivery method(p＝0.096, p＝0.389), 2. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery had higher average maternal-infant interaction scores(p＝0.029) than mothers who had a cesarean section. There were similar higher scores for the 1st day(p＝0.042), 2nd day (p＝0.009), and the 3rd day(p＝0.006) after delivery but not for later times. The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅱ that there would be differences in maternal-infant interaction for mothers having vaginal and cesarean section deliveries. However these differences deccreased section deliveries. However these differences decreased over time . by eight weeks the scores for vaginal delivery mothers averaged 8.1 and for cesarean section mothers, 7.9. 3. The more highly positive the pereption of the delivery experience, the higher the maternal-infant interaction score for all subjects(F＝.3206, p＝.006). The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅲ that there would be correlations between perceptions of delivery and maternal-infant interaction. The maternal infant interaction was highest when the perception of the bady and deliery was positive(r＝.4363, p＝.000, r＝.2881, p＝.012). No correlations between perceptions of labor and maternal-infant interaction were found(p＝0.062). 4. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact after birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.20 and the highest 7.98(in a range of 0-10). This subjects group of mothers needed nursing intervention to promote their maternal- infant interaction. The daily scores for the maternal-infant over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day(p＝0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks after birth(P＝0.000). 5. When the eight items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated separately, “Expresses feelings about her role as mother” had the highest average score, 1.64(ina range of 0-3)and “Speaks to baby” the lowest, 0.9. All items, with the possible exception of “Expresses feelings about her role as mother”, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction. 6. There were positive correlations between certain general charateristis, namely, both a higher economic status(p＝0.002) and breast feeding(p＝0.202) and maternal - infant interaction. There were positive correlations between a mother's confidence in her role as a mother and the perception of the birth experience(p＝0.004). For mothers who had a cesarean section, a positive perception of the birth experience was related to the duration of her marriage(p＝0.010), a wanted pregnancy (P＝0.030) and her confidence in her role as a mother(p＝0.000). Pereptions of birth for mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery were positive than those for mothers who had a cesarean section. The level of maternalinfant interaction for mothers delivered vaginally was higher than for cesarean section mothers. The relationship between perception of birth and materanalinfant interaction was confirmed. Cesarean section has an impact on the mother's perceived experience of birth which, in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant interaction. Nursing intervention to enhance maternal-infant interaction should begin in prenatal classes with an exploration of the potential impact of cesarean section on the perceptions of the birth experience and continue throughout the perinatal and post-natal periods to promote the mother's ability to control with this crisis experience and to mobilize social support. Nursing should help transform a relatively negatively perceived experience into an accepted, positively perceived and self affirming experience which enhances the maternal-infant relationship.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2009

The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.

• 물과 미래
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 1976

Because of differences in thoughts and ideology, our country, Korea has been deprived of national unity for some thirty years of time and tide. To achieve peaceful unification, the cultivation of national strength is of paramount importance. This national strength is also essential if Korea is to take rightful place in the international societies and to have the confidence of these societies. However, national strength can never be achieved in a short time. The fundamental elements in economic development that are directly conducive to the cultivation of national strength can be said to lie in -a stable political system, -exertion of powerful leadership, -cultivation of a spirit of diligence, self-help and cooperation, -modernization of human brain power, and -establishment of a scientific and well planned economic policy and strong enforcement of this policy. Our country, Korea, has attained brilliant economic development in the past 15 years under the strong leadership of president Park Chung Hee. However, there are still many problems to be solved. A few of them are: -housing and home problems, -increasing demand for employment, -increasing demand for staple food and -the need to improve international balance of payment. Solution of the above mentioned problems requires step by step scientific development of each sector and region of our contry. As a spearhead project in regional development, the Saemaul Campaign or new village movement can be cited. The campaign is now spreading throughout the country like a grass fire. However, such campaigns need considerable encouragement and support and the means for the desired development must be provided if the regional and sectoral development program is to sucdceed. The construction of large multipurpose dams in major river basin plays significant role in all aspects of national, regional and sectoral development. It ensures that the water resource, for which there is no substitute, is retained and utilized for irrigation of agricultural areas, production of power for industry, provision of water for domestic and industrial uses and control of river water. Water is the very essence of life and we must conserve and utilize what we have for the betterment of our peoples and their heir. The regional and social impact of construction of a large dam is enormous. It is intended to, and does, dras tically improve the "without-project" socio-economic conditions. A good example of this is the Soyanggang multipurpose dam. This project will significantly contribute to our national strength by utilizing the stored water for the benefit of human life and relief of flood and drought damages. Annual average precipitation in Korea is 1160mm, a comparatively abundant amount. The catchment areas of the Han River, Keum River, and Youngsan River are $62,755\textrm{km}^2$, accounting for 64% of the national total. Approximately 62% of the national population inhabits in this area, and 67% of the national gross product comes from the area. The annual population growth rate of the country is currently estimated at 1.7%, and every year the population growth in urban area increases at a rising rate. The population of Seoul, Pusan, and Taegu, the three major cities in Korea, is equal to one third of our national total. According to the census conducted on October 1, 1975, the population in the urban areas has increased by 384,000, whereas that in rural areas has decreased by 59,000,000 in the past five years. The composition of population between urban and rural areas varied from 41%~59% in 1959 to 48%~52% in 1975. To mitigate this treand towards concentration of population in urban areas, employment opportunities must be provided in regional and rural areas. However, heavy and chemical industries, which mitigate production and employment problems at the same time, must have abundant water and energy. Also increase in staple food production cannot be attained without water. At this point in time, when water demand is rapidly growing, it is essential for the country to provide as much a reservoir capacity as possible to capture the monsoon rainfall, which concentarated in the rainy seaon from June to Septesmber, and conserve the water for year round use. The floods, which at one time we called "the devil" have now become a source of immense benefit to Korea. Let me explain the topographic condition in Korea. In northern and eastern areas we have high mountains and rugged country. Our rivers originate in these mountains and flow in a general southerly or westerly direction throught ancient plains. These plains were formed by progressive deposition of sediments from the mountains and provide our country with large areas of fertile land, emminently suited to settlement and irrigated agricultural development. It is, therefore, quite natural that these areas should become the polar point for our regional development program. Hower, we are fortunate in that we have an additional area or areas, which can be used for agricultural production and settlement of our peoples, particularly those peoples who may be displaced by the formation of our reservoirs. I am speaking of the tidelands along the western and southern coasts. The other day the Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery informed the public of a tideland reclamation of which 400,000 hectares will be used for growing rice as part of our national food self-sufficiency programme. Now, again, we arrive at the need for water, as without it we cannot realize this ambitious programme. And again we need those dams to provide it. As I mentioned before, dams not only provide us with essential water for agriculture, domestic and industrial use, but provide us with electrical energy, as it is generally extremely economical to use the water being release for the former purposes to drive turbines and generators. At the present time we have 13 hydro-electric power plants with an installed capacity of 711,000 kilowatts equal to 16% of our national total. There are about 110 potential dams ites in the country, which could yield about 2,300,000 kilowatts of hydro-electric power. There are about 54 sites suitable for pumped storage which could produce a further 38,600,000 kilowatts of power. All available if we carefully develop our water resources. To summarize, water resource development is essential to the regional development program and the welfare of our people, it must proceed hand-in-hand with other aspects of regional development such as land impovement, high way extension, development of our forests, erosion control, and develop ment of heavy and chemical industries. Through the successful implementation of such an integrated regional development program, we can look forward to a period of national strength, and due recognition of our country by the worlds societies.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2012

비판적 사고는 치위생 교육과 실무에서 요구되는 핵심역량으로 인식되고 있다. 본 연구는 비판적 사고 능력 중 비판적 사고 성향이 학업성적에 따라 차이가 나타나는지를 알기 위해 2개교의 치위생(학)과 재학생 252명을 대상으로 비판적 사고 성향과 학업성적을 조사하여 다변량 공분산분석에 의해 비교한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 조사대상자의 비판적 사고 성향 평균은 3.46이었으며, 학업성적 상위권 집단의 비판적 사고 성향 전체 평균은 3.63로서 중위권(3.46), 하위권(3.41) 집단에 비해 유의하게 높았다(p=009). Scheffe 방법에 의한 사후검정 결과 상위권과 하위권 집단 사이에 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p=0.009). 2. 비판적 사고 성향의 하위요인인 지적열정/호기심, 자신감, 객관성, 건전회의성, 지적공정성, 신중성 등 6개 요인을 종속변수로 선택하고, 연령을 공변량으로 입력한 다변량 공분산 분석 결과 다변량 검정 결과 학업성적 집단에 따라 다변량 통계량이 유의한 차이가 나타났으며(p=0.001), 지적열정/호기심에서 학업성적 상,중,하 집단 사이에 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p=0.036). 3. 학업성적 집단 사이의 지적 열정/호기심에 대한 차이를 Scheffe의 방법에 의해 사후검정한 결과 상위권집단과 중위권 집단 사이(p=0.027)와 상위권 집단과 하위권 집단 사이(p=0.002)에 유의한 차이가 나타났으나, 중위권 집단과 하위권 집단 사이에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 치위생(학)과 학생들의 학업성적에 따른 비판적 사고성향을 분석한 결과, 성적에 따라 비판적 사고능력에는 지적 열정/ 호기심에서 차이가 있었으나, 그 차이는 크지 않았다(Wilks의 람다=0.914, F(6, 24)=1.869, p=0.001, 부분 에타제곱=0.044). 치과위생사의 비판적 사고능력은 업무범위 안에서 해결해야 하는 대상자의 '문제'와 '원인'의 관계를 진술하는 '치위생진단문'과 치과위생사가 제공해야할 예방, 치료, 교육에 관한 '중재 계획'으로 비판적 사고 과정의 결과이다. 따라서 치위생(학)과 학생들의 임상적 판단과 의사결정을 위한 비판적 사고 능력이 증진할 수 있는 교육체계가 마련되어야 한다고 사료된다.