• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.189-203
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• 2007

Objectives The prognosis, recurrence rate and treatment of febrile seizure were studied through the research of recent western medicine and Chinese oriental medicine paper. Methods Recent western medicine paper of internal and external and chinese oriental medicine paper from 1999 to 2007 were investigated. Results and Conclusions The prognosis of febrile seizure was good in most cases, but children with febrile seizure who developed epilepsy range between 2 and 10%. The risk factors developed epilepsy including complex febrile seizure, focal and prolonged seizure, pre-existing neurodevelopmental abnormalities and recurrent febrile seizure. Recurrence rate of febrile seizure ranges between 30 and 50% was high. The risk factors can be predicted by their age at first febrile seizure happened, family medical history of febrile seizure and epilepsy, complex febrile seizure, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. However, the most important factor of those is the age when they have first febrile seizure. Diazepam or Lorazepam was administrated for a child with prolonged seizure but only Diazepam was used for reducing recurrence of febrile seizurein febrile illness. However, there were some side effects such as lethargy, ataxia, and irritability. The study of chinese oriental medicine demonstrates that the acupuncture and venesection were used for seizure attack and reduced of recurrences and second attack. To reduce recurrence of febrile seizure, herbal medicine was also used for febrile illness or after seizure attack within a certain period of time, so reduce the recurrence, frequency of seizure and febrile illness. The most of herbs in prescription were used for removing heat and toxic meterials(淸熱解毒), extinguishing wind and to stopping the convulsion(熄風止痙)

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.60-63
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• 2011

Seizure is a foreseeable risk in patients with brain lesion. However, seizure during treating non-brain lesion is not a familiar situation to neurosurgeon. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a relatively common situation after systemic chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to make neurosurgeons aware of this potential medical problem. A 52-year-old woman with advanced gastric cancer, presented with low back pain due to spinal metastasis at the 4th lumbar vertebra. Ten cycles of chemotherapy with FOLFOX (5-Fluoruracil/Oxaliplatin) had been completed 23 days ago. Two days before the planned operation, a generalized tonic clonic seizure occurred. She did not have a history of hypertension or seizure. The seizure was stopped with lorazepam 4mg. The brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed high signal changes in both parieto-occipital lobes on the T2-weighted images, and these were partially enhanced, suggesting PRES. The surgery was preceded by treatment with an antiepileptic drug. The MR images, taken 1.5 months after the seizure, showed that the lesion was no longer present. At 3 month follow-up, no additional seizure attack occurred without any seizure medication. The possibility of a seizure attack should be considered if the patient has a history of chemotherapy.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.162-171
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• 1995

The application of reciprocating engine crankshaft bearings is of particular importance and interest among the plain bearing, not only because the sheer volume of intemal combustion engines now produced, but because the severe operating conditions they are subjected to. Demands for better performances of crankshaft bearings have provide an important impetus in the development of bearings and bearing materials. As engine design progresses toward higher outpt and higher efficiency, crankshaft bearings must perform under more seveve operating conditions. Higher load, temperature, and speed as well as lower viscosity oil are applied to the bearing sysem, resulting in a smaller minimum oil film thickness. This means more solid-solid contact between the shaft and bearing, and the bearing is exposed to more danger of seizure. Some engines may experience bearing seizure problems. However, understanding about the seizure behavior and mechanism is far from being enough. Seizure resistance of a bearing-shaft system will be affected by the properties of the shaft and bearing, especially their materials and surface texture. Commonly used engine bearing materials include Al-Pb-Si, Al-Sn-Si, Al-Sn, and Cu-Pb with Pb-Sn-Cu overlay. These materials have very different properties. They showed different behaviors dering seizure tests and seizure may occur with different mechanism for different bearing material. Shaft materials also affect the seizure resistance of the system. Surface texture of the bearing and shaft have apparent effects on the lubrication and solid-solid contact pattern, and therefore will affect the seizure behavior of the system. Bearings and shafts which are made of different materials and have different surface textures have been tested and analyzed. Their effects on seizure resistance are discussed and possible seizure mechanisms for different beatings are presented in this paper.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2002

Background and Objective : Epileptic seizures are frequent complication of lobar hemorrhage. We investigated the factors affecting development of epilepsy following spontaneous lobar ICH. Methods : From January 1986 to July 1999, 114 patients were admitted to Chungnam National University Hospital with spontaneous lobar ICH. We analyzed 75 patients. Excluded were no follow-up(8 patients) and patients died within few days(31 patients). All the patient was followed up at least two years aside from two patients who underwent epileptic seizure and died five and eight months later each. Medical history was obtained through medical record and by telephone interview. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square test, Student's t - test, Fisher's exact test. Results : Seizure occurred in 19 patients. As three patients had previous history of seizures, 16 patients(22.2%) showed first onset early- and late-seizures. Early seizure occurred in 14 patients(19.4%). Three out of 14 were heavy alcoholics. Five patients developed late recurrent seizure 61 days to 800 days after the early seizure. Late seizure with no acute seizure occurred in two patients. The types of seizure were diverse as generalized tonic clonic seizure(10), partial seizure with secondary generalization(5), and complex partial seizure(1). The common risk factors for lobar ICH were hypertension(HT), arteriovenous malformation(AVM), and excessive use of alcohol. We could not find any causes in 23 patients. Although size of hematoma, age of onset, sex, incidence of HT or AVM were not different between patients with seizure and without seizure, the history of excessive alcohol drinking was more frequent in patients with seizure. Five patients with late recurrent seizure had ICH involving temporal area. Conclusions : This study suggests that the risk of seizure in patients with lobar ICH was increase in chronic alcoholics and patient with late recurrent seizure had ICH frequently involving temporal area.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2009

Purpose: In highly doses, endosulfan lowers the seizure threshold and elicits central nervous system stimulation, which can result in seizures, respiratory failure, and death. Management of seizure control is essential for survival and prognosis of intoxicated patients. This study assessed whether seizure time was an independent predictor mortality in patients with endosulfan poisoning. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled patients with endosulfan poisoning presenting to Masan Samsung Hospital and Gyeongsang National University Hospital from January 2003 to December 2008. The data were collected from clinical records and laboratory files. Using a multivariate logistic analysis, data on the total population was retrospectively analyzed for association with mortality. Results: Of the 24 patients with endosulfan poisoning, nineteen (79.1%) experienced seizure. The patients in the seizure group showed significantly lower Glasgow coma scale score, base excess, bicarbonate, and significant existence of mechanical ventilation, as compared to the non seizure group (n=5). Seizure, Glasgow coma scale score, systolic blood pressure, bicarbonate level, need for respiratory support, pulse rate, respiratory rate, pH, base excess, and seizure time were associated with mortality. The fatality rate of endosulfan poisoning was 54.1% with higher mortality among patients experiencing. Longer seizure time was associated with higher mortality. Conclusion: Seizure time can be a significant independent predictor of mortality in patients with acute endosulfan poisoning. Physicians should aggressively treat for seizure control in patients with acute endosulfan poisoning.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2019

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is the major cause of intractable focal epilepsy in childhood leading to epilepsy surgery. The overall seizure freedom after surgery ranges between 50-75% at 2 years after surgery and the long-term seizure freedom remain relatively stable. Seizure outcome after surgery depends on a various factors such as pathologic etiologies, extent of lesion, and types of surgery. Therefore, seizure outcome after surgery for FCD should be analyzed carefully considering cohorts' characteristics. Studies of pediatric epilepsy surgery emphasize the early surgical intervention for a better cognition. Early surgical intervention and cessation of seizure activity are important for children with intractable epilepsy. However, there are limited data on the cognitive outcome after surgery in pediatric FCD, requiring further investigation. This paper reviews the seizure and cognitive outcomes of epilepsy surgery for FCD in children. Several prognostic factors influencing seizure outcome after surgery will be discussed in detail.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.505-514
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• 2002

생쥐에서 최근 합성된 4가지 종류의 tropinone유도체들의 항경련 효과를 조사하기 위하여 pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 및 Maximal Electroshock (MES)로 유발된 경련에 tropinone 유도체들이 경련상태에 미치는 효과를 관찰하였다. Troponine 유도체로는 화학구조가 다른 4가지 종류를 사용하였다(T-1:2,4-dipywolylmethenylnortropinone, T-2:2,L di phenylme thenylnortropinone, T-3 : 2,Ldifurfurylmetheny- Inortropinone, 74 : 2,4-dimetho xyphenylmethenylnortro- pinone). nZ 25 mg/kg을 복강 내로 투여 후 전신성 경련을 유발하였으며 tropinone 유도체를 전처치한 후 PTZ에 의한 경련의 변화를 관찰하였다. 대조군에 비하여 T-1과 T-2는 경련정도에 변화가 없었으나 T-3과 T-4는 유의하게 경련정도를 약화시켰다. PTZ에 의한 경련의 시작 시간은 T-4에서 유의하게 지연되어 T-4가 PTZ에 의한 경련에 항경련 효과가 있음을 나타내었다. MES로 경련을 유발한 경우에 있어서는 T-1이 경련정도를 유의하게 약화시켰으며 경련 후 회복시간도 T-1에서 가장 빨리 회복되는 특성을 보였다. 따라서 T-1이 MES에 의한 경련유발에 항경련 효과가 있음을 나타내었다. Troponine 유도체에 의한 경련 억제 효과와 경련과 동반되어 증가한다고 알려진 neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) 발현과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 조직 단백질에서 Western blot을 하였다. 대조군에 비하여 PTZ 및 MES에 의해 경련을 유발한 생쥐에서 모두 해마부 및 전뇌피질부에서 nNOS가 증가하였다. Tropinone 유도체를 투여하지 않고 경련을 유발시킨 대조군에 비하여 tropinone 유도체를 투여한 군에서도 모두 nNOS의 발현이 해마부 및 전뇌피질부에서 증가되었다. MES로 경련을 유발한 생쥐에서 대조군에 비하여 T-1 및 T-4는 피질부에서 nNOS가 감소했으나 나머지군에서는 감소가 없었다. 이 상의 결과를 토대로 tropinone 유도체들은 경련유발의 자극 조건에 따라 항경련 효과가 다르게 나타났으며, PTZ유 발경련에서 2,4-dimethoxyphenylmethenylnortropinone의 항경련 효과가 가장 크고, MES 유발경련에서는 2,4-dipyrrolylmethenylnortropinone의 항경련 효과가 가장 크게 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2007

Objective : This study was designed to analyze seizure outcome and to investigate the prognostic factors for predicting seizure outcome according to the preoperative evaluations, surgical procedures, topectomy sites and histopathological findings in patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy [ETLE]. Methods : This study comprised 63 patients with ETLE who underwent surgery. Preoperative evaluations included semiologic analysis, chronic video-EEG monitoring, and neuroimaging studies. Surgical procedures consisted of topectomy in 51 patients, corpus callosotomy in 9, functional hemispherectomy in 2, and vagus nerve stimulation [VNS] in 1. Histopathological findings were reviewed. Postoperative seizure outcomes were assessed by Engel's classification at the average follow up period of 66.8 months. Chi-square test was used for statistics. Results : Total postoperative seizure outcomes were class I in 51 [80%] patients, class II in 6 [10%], class III in 6 [10%]. Patients with structural abnormalities on neuroimaging study showed class I in 49 [88%] patients [p<0.05]. Patients with focal and regional ictal EEG onset revealed class I in 47 [90%] patients [p<0.05]. Semiologic findings, surgical procedures, topectomy sites and histopathological findings did not show statistical correlation with seizure outcome [p<0.05]. Conclusion : A good seizure outcome was obtained in patients with ETLE. The factors for favorable seizure outcome are related to the presence of structural abnormalities on neuroimaging study, and focal and regional ictal EEG onset.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2016

Purpose: Febrile seizure, the most common type of pediatric convulsive disorder, is a benign seizure syndrome distinct from epilepsy. However, as epilepsy is also common during childhood, we aimed to identify the prognostic factors that can predict epilepsy in children with febrile seizures. Methods: The study comprised 249 children at the Korea University Ansan Hospital who presented with febrile seizures. The relationship between the subsequent occurrence of epilepsy and clinical factors including seizure and fever-related variables were analyzed by multivariate analysis. Results: Twenty-five patients (10.0%) had additional afebrile seizures later and were diagnosed with epilepsy. The subsequent occurrence of epilepsy in patients with a history of febrile seizures was associated with a seizure frequency of more than 10 times during the first 2 years after seizure onset (P<0.001). Factors that were associated with subsequent occurrence of epilepsy were developmental delay (P<0.001), preterm birth (P =0.001), multiple seizures during a febrile seizure attack (P =0.005), and epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography (EEG) (P =0.008). Other factors such as the age at onset of first seizure, seizure duration, and family history of epilepsy were not associated with subsequent occurrence of epilepsy in this study. Conclusion: Febrile seizures are common and mostly benign. However, careful observation is needed, particularly for prediction of subsequent epileptic episodes in patients with frequent febrile seizures with known risk factors, such as developmental delay, history of preterm birth, several attacks during a febrile episode, and epileptiform discharges on EEG.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1650-1656
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• 2000

Objective : Little consensus exists concerning which temporal lobe structures need to be resected or how much resection should be done during hippocampal resection. The purpose of this study is to identify whether the extent of hippocampal resection influences seizure after anterior temporal lobectomy. Materials and Methods : The extent of hippocampal resection was assessed in 96 patients who underwent temporal lobectomy for medically intractable complex partial seizures originating from a unilateral seizure focus in the anteromesial temporal lobe. Patients who had structural lesion were excluded from the study. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in the coronal and saggital planes were used to quantify the extent of the hippocampal and lateral cortical resection. The patients were divided into two groups. Patients who underwent hippocampal resection to the level of the cerebral peduncle were included in the partial resection group, and those who had resection to the level of the colliculus were assigned to total resection group. Seizure outcomes were defined according to the Engel classification and compared between the two groups. Neuropsychologic outcomes in the selected cases were reviewed. Results : The over-all seizure-free outcome(Engel classification 1) was accomplished in 75%(72/96) of the patients (mean duration of follow-up, 36.8 months). The total hippocampectomy group had a statistically superior seizure outcome than the partial hippocampectomy group(87.3% versus 58.5% seizure-free, p-value=0.001). Also, younger patients had a more favorable outcome. Other variables such as laterality, the extent of lateral cortical resection, age at onset and gender were not significant. The pre- and postoperative memory functions were evaluated in 24 patients. A worse postoperative memory outcome was associated with partial hippocampectomy. However this was not acceptable due to a former bias. Conclusion : The result of this study conforms that aggressive hippocampectomy resulted in a better seizure outcome.