• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제83권5호
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• pp.627-644
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• 2022

In past major earthquakes (1994 Northridge, 1995 Kobe, Chi-Chi 1999, Kocaeli 1999), significant damages occurred in the liquid storage tanks. The basic failure patterns were observed to be the buckling of the tank wall and uplift of the anchorage system. The damages in the industrial facilities and nuclear power plants have caused the spread of toxic substances to the environment and significant fires. Seismic isolation can be used in liquid storage tanks to decouple the structure and decrease the structural demand in the superstructure in case of ground shaking. Previous studies on the use of seismic isolation systems on liquid storage tanks show that an isolation system reduces the impulsive response but might slightly increase the convective one. There is still a lack of understanding of the seismic response of seismically isolated liquid storage tanks considering the fluid-structure interaction. In this study, one broad tank, one medium tank, and one slender tank are selected and designed. Two- and three-dimensional elastomeric bearings are used as seismic isolation systems. The seismic performance of the tanks is then investigated through nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses. The effectiveness of each seismic isolation system on tanks' performance was investigated. Isolator tension forces, modal analysis results, hydrodynamic stresses, strains, sloshing heights and base shear forces of the tanks are compared. The results show that the total base shear is lower in 3D-isolators compared to 2D-isolators. Even though the tank wall stresses, and strains are slightly higher in 3D-isolators, they are more efficient to prevent the tension problem.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권4A호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2011

적층고무받침은 지진격리 교량에서 면진장치로 주로 사용되고 있으며, 지진격리 설계시 적층고무받침의 성능 및 거동특성을 파악하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 적층고무받침의 주요 평가요소로는 압축 및 전단특성 그리고 인장특성으로 구분된다. 이 요소 중 압축특성 및 전단특성에 대한 특성실험 결과는 많으나, 인장특성에 대한 자료는 충분하지 않다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 인장하중을 받는 적층형 고무받침의 특성에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 적층고무받침의 인장시험은 형상계수 및 전단변형 변화에 따른 기계적 특성에 대하여 검토하였다. 실험결과 인장변형이 증가 할수록 인장이력곡선은 비선형 특성을 보이며, 단순인장시험결과 300%이상 인장변형 후 파괴되었다. 반면에 전단변형된 상태에서 인장파괴는 약 40%이상의 인장변형 후 파괴되었다. 또한 형상계수가 낮을수록 극한인장 파괴성능이 저하되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 명확하지는 않지만 고무 층이 3축 인장 받을 경우 내부공극에 의해 균열이 확장되어 파괴가 발생하는 것으로 추측된다. 본 연구결과는 지진격리 구조물 설계시 인장하중에 대한 기초자료로 충분히 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.701-723
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• 2015

Friction isolators are one of the most important types of bearings used to mitigate damages of earthquakes. The adaptive behavior of these isolators allows them to achieve multiple levels of performances and predictable seismic behavior during different earthquake hazard levels. There are three main types of friction isolators. The first generation with one sliding surface is known as Friction Pendulum System (FPS) isolators. The double concave friction pendulum (DCFP) with two sliding surfaces is an advanced form of FPS, and the third one, with fully adaptive behavior, is named as triple concave friction pendulum (TCFP). The current study has been conducted to investigate and compare seismic responses of these three types of isolators. The structure is idealized as a two-dimensional single degree of freedom (SDOF) resting on isolators. The coupled differential equations of motion are derived and solved using state space formulation. Seismic responses of isolated structures using each one of these isolators are investigated under seven near fault earthquake motions. The peak values of bearing displacement and base shear are studied employing the variation of essential parameters such as superstructure period, effective isolation period and effective damping of isolator. The results demonstrate a more efficient seismic behavior of TCFP isolator comparing to the other types of isolators. This efficiency depends on the selected effective isolation period as well as effective isolation damping. The investigation shows that increasing the effective isolation period or decreasing the effective isolation damping improves the seismic behavior of TCFP compared to the other isolators. The maximum difference in seismic responses, the base shear and the bearing displacement, for the TCFP isolator are calculated 26.8 and 13.4 percent less than the DCFP and FPS in effective isolation damping equal to10%, respectively.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.969-999
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• 2014

Aim of the paper is the definition of optimal design parameters characterizing the isolation system of a bridge, both in the case of elastomeric (VI) and sliding bearings (SI), having viscoelastic or rigid-plastic behavior, respectively, installed between the piers and the deck. The problem is treated by means of an analytical approach. Using the frequency response analysis, a simple procedure is proposed to determine the optimal value of the viscous coefficient or the yield displacement of the isolators. The adequacy of the proposed procedure is finally verified through time-history analyses performed on a practical case under natural earthquakes.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2001년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Fall 2001
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• pp.320-328
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• 2001

Base Isolation system is an effective design strategy that provides a practical substitute for the seismic design of bridge. In this study, the dynamic tests were performed on two kinds of aseismic bridge bearings : Hydampot (hysteretic damping bearing) and Dynapot . Then, the dynamic analysis was carried out far a bridge using the experimental results to estimate the seismic performance of the bearings. Analysis was performed for four types oi earthquake loadings. The results of the dynamic test and theoretical analysis indicate that the performance of both bridge bearings is appropriate fur the earthquake loading.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2017

Near-fault ground motions are characterized by high values of the ratio between the peak of vertical and horizontal ground accelerations, which can significantly affect the nonlinear response of a base-isolated structure. To check the effectiveness of different base-isolation systems for retrofitting a r.c. framed structure located in a near-fault area, a numerical investigation is carried out analyzing the nonlinear dynamic response of the fixed-base and isolated structures. For this purpose, a six-storey r.c. framed building is supposed to be retrofitted by insertion of an isolation system at the base for attaining performance levels imposed by current Italian code in a high-risk seismic zone. In particular, elastomeric (e.g., high-damping-laminated-rubber bearings, HDLRBs) and friction (e.g., steel-PTFE sliding bearings, SBs, or friction pendulum bearings, FPBs) isolators are considered, with reference to three cases of base isolation: HDLRBs acting alone (i.e., EBI structures); in-parallel combination of HDLRBs and SBs (i.e., EFBI structures); FPBs acting alone (i.e., FPBI structures). Different values of the stiffness ratio, defined as the ratio between the vertical and horizontal stiffnesses of the HDLRBs, sliding ratio, defined as the global sliding force divided by the maximum sliding force of the SBs, and in-plan distribution of friction coefficient for the FPs are investigated. The EBI, EFBI and FPBI base-isolation systems are designed assuming the same values of the fundamental vibration period and equivalent viscous damping ratio. The nonlinear dynamic analysis is carried out with reference to near-fault earthquakes, selected and scaled on the design hypotheses adopted for the test structures.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.13-18
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• 1993

본 논문의 목적은 LRB 기초분리장치가 설치된 교량의 내진효과를 해석하는 것이다. 기초분리방법은 지진력이 구조물에 전달되기 전에 그 영향을 최소화시키는 방법으로 현재 건물, 발전소, 교량 등의 구조물에 실용화되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 대표적인 기초분리장치인 Lead Rubber Bearing이 설치된 교량의 단순화된 모델을 개발하고 여러 크기의 LRB에 대하여 지진의 영향을 해석하였다. 단순화된 교량모델의 운동방정식을 Newmark ${\beta}$ 방법에 의해 시간이력해석을 수행하였다. 기초분리장치의 모델로는 이중선형성을 갖는 스프링을, 교각모델로는 비선형성 및 강성저하를 고려한 Q-HYST모델을 사용하였다. 해석예로 미국 네바다주에 소재한 Rose Creek 교량에 대한 남북방향 El Centro지진(1940)의 영향을 해석하였다. 상부구조 횡방향처짐, 교각연성 및 교각 밑면 전단력을 구하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.195-213
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• 2012

This paper presents the investigation of the stochastic responses of seismically isolated bridges subjected to spatially varying earthquake ground motions including incoherence, wave-passage and site-response effects. The incoherence effect is examined by considering Harichandran and Vanmarcke coherency model. The effect of the wave-passage is dealt with various wave velocities in the response analysis. Homogeneous firm, medium and soft soil conditions are selected for considering the site-response effect where the bridge supports are constructed. The ground motion is described by filtered white noise and applied to each support points. For seismic isolation of the bridge, single and double concave friction pendulum bearings are used. Due to presence of friction on the concave surfaces of the isolation systems, the equation of motion of is non-linear. The non-linear equation of motion is solved by using equivalent linearization technique of non-linear stochastic analyses. Solutions obtained from the stochastic analyses of non-isolated and isolated bridges to spatially varying earthquake ground motions compared with each other for the special cases of the ground motion model. It is concluded that friction pendulum systems having single and double concave surfaces have important effects on the stochastic responses of bridges to spatially varying earthquake ground motions.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.129-144
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• 2020

In this study, the idea of damping force linearly proportional to horizontal isolation displacement is implemented into sloped rolling-type bearings in order to meet different seismic performance goals. In addition to experimentally demonstrating its practical feasibility, the previously developed analytical model is further modified to be capable of accurately predicting its hysteretic behavior. The numerical predictions by using the modified analytical model present a good match of the shaking table test results. Afterward, several sloped rolling-type bearings designed with linearly variable damping force are numerically compared with a bearing designed with conventional constant damping force. The initial friction damping force adopted in the former is designed to be smaller than the constant one adopted in the latter. The numerical comparison results indicate that when the horizontal isolation displacement does not exceed the designed turning point (or practically when subjected to minor or frequent earthquakes that seldom have a great displacement demand for seismic isolation), the linearly variable damping force design can exhibit a better acceleration control performance than the constant damping force design. In addition, the former, in general, advantages the re-centering performance over the latter. However, the maximum horizontal displacement response of the linearly variable damping force design, in general, is larger than that of the constant damping force design. It is particularly true when undergoing a horizontal isolation displacement response smaller than the designed turning point and designing a smaller value of initial friction damping force.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1998

Experimental work undertaken to investigate the behaviour of lead-rubber bearings under compression and a combination of compression and shear or rotation has been reported on elsewhere. However, it is difficult to determine the state of stress within the bearings in terms of the applied forces and the interaction between the lead plug and the steel shims and elastomeric layers. In order to supply some of the missing information about the stress-strain state within the bearings, an analytical study using the finite element method was carried out. The available experimental results were used to validate the model and although agreement was not as good as expected (on account of difficulties in modelling the lead plug), the analyses did provide some information about the state of the stress within the bearing.