• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.80-88
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• 2013

Carrot (Daucus carota L. var. sativa) is one of the most extensively used vegetable crops in the world and a significant source of nutrient because of its high content of ${\beta}$-carotene, well known as the precursor of vitamin A carotenoid. However, seed-hairs generated and elongated from the epidermal cell of seeds inhibit absorption and germination by various factors such as carotol and so on. Accordingly, mechanical hair removal process is essential before commercialization of carrot seeds. Because of this process, producers will have additional losses such as time consuming, manpower, capital and so on. Furthermore, physical damage of seeds causes irregular germination rate. To overcome such cumbersome weaknesses, new breeding program for developing hairless-seed carrot cultivar has been needed and studies for molecular markers related to seed-hair characteristic is needed for a new breeding program. Therefore, in this study, cDNA libraries from seeds of short-hair seed phenotype CT-SMR 616 OP 659-1 line, hairy-seed phenotype CT-SMR 616 OP 677-14 line and short-hair seed phenotype CT-ATR 615 OP 666-13 line, hairy-seed phenotype CT-ATR 615 OP 671-9 were constructed, respectively. Furthermore, 1,248 ESTs in each line, total 4,992 ESTs were sequenced. As a result, 19 SNP sites and 14 SNP sites in each of 2 combinations were confirmed by analyzing these EST sequences from short-hair and hairy-seed lines. Then we designed SNP primer sets from EST sequences of SNP sites for high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Designed HRM primers were analyzed using hairy seed phenotype CT-SMR 616 OP 1040 line and short-hair seed phenotype CT-SMR 616 OP 1024, 1025, 1026 lines. One set of HRM primers showed specific difference between the melting curves of hairy and short-hair seed phenotype lines. Based on this result, allele-specific (AS) PCR primers were designed for easier selection between hairy-seed carrot and hairless seed carrot. These results of HRM and AS-PCR are expected to be useful in breeding of hairless seed carrot cultivar as a molecular marker.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2003

This experiment were conducted to select cheaper and more favorable compost among several kinds of composts which were produced by companies, farmers etc. instead of Yakto. Yakto was similar to Standard Yakto in the content of inorganic salts, but PL and HJ composts contained more P$_2$O$\_$5/, K$_2$O, CaO and MgO content compared with Standard Yakto and EC in Yakto was also higher than Standard Yakto did, but the phosphorus, magnesium content and EC of Mushroom compost was higher than that of Standard Yakto. On the other hands, Rice straw compost contained higher contents of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium than Yakto did. Germination rate and early growth of lettuce and C/N ratio were tested for checking decomposed degree. The compost of HJ, Mushroom and Rice straw revealed higher C/N ratio, lower germination rate and shorter shoot length than Yakto showed. It was guessed that these composts were not decomposed enough. Emergence and survival rate of ginseng seeds in Yakto were the highest, but its germination in the composts of Mushroom, PL, HJ and Rice straw, in order, was decreased, and its survival rate in the composts of PL, Mushroom, HJ and Rice straw, in order, was decreased. It was concluded that fully decomposed manure should be used and it needs to Investigate perfect decomposed composts of PL and Mushroom instead of Yakto.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.393-401
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• 2016

Anaerobic digestion is a collection of naturally occurring processes that convert organic matter and liquid residue, so-called digestate. The use of digestate biofertilizers is one of the important components of integrated nutrient management, as they are renewable sources of plant nutrients for sustainable agriculture. Seeds of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) were germinated in different concentration of Chlorella in order to investigate it's the effect of Chlorella on growth parameters, seed germination and early growth. The experiment using plug tray was conducted at the green house placed in the Sangji University. The experiment consisted of nine treatments including different concentrations of Chlorella sp. culture solution and non-treated control. The germination percentage at the treatment with 25% Chlorella sp. culture solution was greater than that of control. The 50% concentration of Chlorella sp. culture solution was found to promote a better seedling growth in terms of shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight compared to the anaerobic digestate. Results showed that the best concentration of Chlorella culture solution was achieved by the 50% concentration of Chlorella culture solution treatment. As a conclusion, the application of Chlorella culture solution was found to be able to promote the germination and shoots growth of Italian ryegrass.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.344-348
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• 1999

To investigate hormetic effect of low dose ${\gamma}$-ray on the uptake of mineral nutrients in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var. Hekjinju var. Surim and) and radish (Raphanus sativas var. Chung-un), seeds of these plants were irradiated with the dose of 1 to 10 Gy. Germination rate and dry weight were examined at pot experiment in greenhouse. Samples for analysis of mineral nutrient were harvested at 17 days and at 59 days after seedling and were analyzed by ICP. Brassica campestris varieties showed higher germination rate and dry weight production with increasing ${\gamma}$ ray dose. Dry weight of Hekjinju Surim and were 143% and 138% at 10Gy dose. respectively. There was no tendency in germination rate and dry weight production for Raphanus sativas var. Chung-un with ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation. The pattern of mineral nutrient content of these plants showed ${\gamma}$ or ${\delta}$ type of dose-reaction curve with no siginificant. This investigation suggests that the more results can be required to understand the hormetic effect of low dose ${\gamma}$ ray on the uptake of mineral nutrient for these plants.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2020

This experiment was conducted to set ideal harvest time for itallian ryegrass (IRG) seed in reclaimed land. For IRG 'Kowinearly' variety sown in both autumn and spring, the peak growth in reclaimed land occurred in 20-30 days after heading. Plant height of IRG seedings in the spring was 90.4% of the fall-sown's plants. The yield of IRG seeds in reclaimed land was generally lower than that of farm land due to poor growth conditions. After heading, the lodging and shattering increased gradually with time. The highest yield of seed in the fall-sown trial treatment was 238 kg/10a. However, in the spring-sown treatment, the highest yield reached 169 kg/10a, which was 71% that of the fall-sown treatment. To set optimum harvesting time for IRG seed, morphological changes in the plant, moisture content of seed, and germination rate were analyzed according to time series after heading. After heading, IRG stem color had turned pink in 18 days and seed color also changed after 20 days. Following 20-25 days after heading, the seed moisture content decreased to below 55% and germination rate increased to over 90%. Therefore optimum harvesting time for IRG 'Kowinearly' variety in reclaimed land was 20-30 days after heading because germination rate and yields were high and shattering percentage was low.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.196-201
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• 2015

This study was conducted to seek optimum sowing time and pinching height for tender shoots production of moloheiya (Corchorus olitorius L.), which is a subtropical leaf vegetables, under an unheated greenhouse in the south of Korea. Seeds of moloheiya did not germinate at all at $10^{\circ}C$, but germinated well at $18{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ with 95.5~98.5% germination rate. Germination rate was 75.0% at $15^{\circ}C$, but germination speed was very low. The pods of moloheiya sown before April 28 was matured after late-August, but those sown after May 7 was not matured in that year. In tender shoot production and harvest frequency, treatment sown on April 14 was most plentiful among sowing time treatments, and showed marketable yield increase by 14~42% compared to other sowing times. Mean-while, pinching at 100cm high from soil surface was more effective than other heights for increment of branches and tender shoot. All above suggest that it was suitable to sow seed on mid-April and to pinch at 100cm high from soil surface for increment of tender shoots in the south of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 2005

Effects of neutron beam irradiation on seed germination, growth and RAPD pattern of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv.; N. plumbaginifolia) and rice (Orya sativa L. cv.) plants were estimated. Seed germination rate was not significantly changed by the neutron beam treatment in both tobacco and rice seeds. And there was no significant differance in growth of the plants by the neutron beam treatment. Interestingly, however, some of morphological changes, including leaf shape (about $36\%$), stem color and leaf color were observed in neutron beam treated tobacco plants. In addition, abnormal flower in petal was observed in the neutron beam treated plant. This results indicate that neutron beam is able to use as an effective mutagen in plant mutations. Scorable products from 20 primers were obtained by RAPD analysis in the leaves of the beam irradiated tobacco plants and most of the plants showed the similar band patterns.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 2009

Seed germination is the important stage to express many genes for regulation of energy metabolism, starch degradation and cell division from seed dormancy state. For the functional analysis of seed germination mechanisms, we were analyzed the rice cDNA clones (Oryzasativa cultivar Ilpum) obtained from seed imbibition during 48 hours. Total number of 18,101 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) were clustered using SeqMan program. Among them, 8,836 clones were identified as unique clones. We identified the chitinase gene specifically expressed in seed germination and amylase gene involved to starch degradation from the full length cDNA analysis, and several genes were registered to NCBI GeneBank. To analyzed the commonly expressed genes between inmature seed and germinated seed, 25,66 inmature ESTs and 18,101 germinated ESTs were clustered using SeqMan program and identified 2,514 clones as commonly expressed unigene. Among them, alpha-glubulin and alcohol dehydrogenase I were supposed to LEA genes only expressed in the immature and germinated seed stages. For the clustering of orthologous group genes, we further analyzed the 8,836 EST clones from germinating seeds using NCBI clusters of orthologous groups database. Among the clones, 5,076 clones were categorized into information storage and processing, cellular processes and signaling, metabolism and poorly characterized genes, proportioning 783 (14.29%), 1,484 (27%), 1,363 (24.8%) and 1,869 (34%) clones to the previous four categories, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2003

Rice seeds of 4 cultivars including Whachung-giant embryonic rice and Nampung-giant embryonic rice, as a group of the non-waxy rice cultivars, and Shinsunchal-giant embryonic rice and Whachungchal-giant embryonic rice, as that of the waxy rice cultivars, were germinated at $27^{\circ}C$ for 3 days to compare the changes in some physicochemical properties of the starch granules and the starch-hydrolysing enzyme activities during germination, respectively. ${\alpha}-Amylase$ activity of rices germinated for 3 days found to be higher than that of malt. Especially, Whachung-giant embryonic rice and Shinsunchal-giant embryonic rice were greater in activity than other rice cultivars and possessed the activities double that of malt. In contrast, ${\beta}-amylase$ of germinated rice found to be considerably less active than malt, although the giant embryonic rice group showed prevalent activity as compared o the normal rice group. With the starch granules, the amount of long glucose chains from amylose molecules were reduced in the non-waxy type giant embryonic rices, while the chain length increase was found in the waxy type giant embryonic rices. For the distribution profile of the glucose chain length from amylopectin molecules, we could observed that the chain length with DP (degree of polymerization) ranged 33 to 66 and 14 to 32 increased with the decreasing rate of that above 67 and below 13 regardless of starch waxiness. With non-waxy type of giant embryonic rices, susceptibility for glucoamylase were found to reduce along with germination, however, increase in susceptibility was observed with waxy rice types. In addition, we found the reduction in both initiation and termination temperature, and enthalpy for gelatinization.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 1995

The herbicidal activity of thiocarbamate herbicides and its effect on cell division and elongation were determined. The herbicides studied were molinate(S-ethyl-N,N-hexamethylenethiocarbamate), dimepiperate [S-(${\alpha}$,${\alpha}$-di methylbenzyle)piperidine-1-carbothioate], esprocarb [S-benzyl-N-ethyl-N-(1,2-dimethylpropyl) thiocarbamate], and thiobencarb [S-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N, N-diethylthiocarbamate]. The herbicides applied at the rates ranged from $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-5}M$ did not affect germination and post-germination root growth of rice(Oryza sativa L.) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P. Beauv.], but inhibited the post-germination shoot growth. There was no inhibition of gibberellin-induced ${\alpha}$-amylase biosynthesis in de-embryonated rice seeds by the herbicides at $10^{-5}M$, but about 50-60% inhibition occurred at $10^{-4}M$. When the herbicides were applied 7 days after seeding, the rates required to 50% growth inhibition of barnyardgrass were 146g, 91g, 96g, and 102g ai/10a for molinate, dimepiperate, esprocarb, and thiobencarb, respectively. No effect of the herbicides on cell division was found at $10^{-4}M$, but about 31 to 47% inhibition as compared with the untreated check was obtained by treatment of the herbicides at $10^{-3}M$. However, about 33 to 38% inhibition of cell elongation occurred at $10^{-5}M$ of the herbicides. They also inhibited IAA-induced cell elongation.