• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2005

The historical changes of seeding work in Japan, the typical slope revegetation method, is possible to divide into five periods as follows; 1) The early period after creation(1927-1948) 2) The spreading period of modern revegetation work with manpower(1947-1958) 3) The spreading period of rapid revegetation technique using exotic grasses with machineries(1959-1985${\dots}$) 4) The spreading period of rapid reforestation technique by fast growing species mainly using leguminous shrub species(1986-1995${\dots}$) 5)The developing period of nature restoration technique using endemic arborous species(1996-) The evaluation basis of vegetated condition after slope seeding has been described to a official guide book, "The Standards of Slope Stabilizing Works" It was mainly revised three times after first edition in 1972, and also the point of evaluation basis changed from the vegetation coverage to the density of woody plant through the 3rd period and the 4th period Recently main purpose of slope seeding has been developing from the erosion protection to the nature restoration in the current of the 5th period, and "The tentative guidelines of slope nature restoration" was announced by The Slope Revegetation Section of Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology in 2004. It was proposed the planning techniques of using suitable seeds/plants based on the preservation level at the real each construction sites Consequently, at present the importance of advanced monitoring methods for vegetation maintenance and plant sociologic survey to evaluate the plant succession is increasing.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 1999

In rice-barley cropping systems, efficient utilization of barley straw is essential, both to improve the soil fertility and to conserve the environment. In order to identify the effects of barley straw mulch rates in rice cultivation, a rice cultivar, 'Gancheogbyeo', was directly seeded on a no-tillage field synchronized with barley harvesting with five barley straw mulch rates, i.e., 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 ton h $a^{-1}$ and agronomic characters of rice and soil nitrogen were determined. The increasing of barley straw mulch rates. Dominant weed species, chestnut, occurred in large amounts in no mulching or lower mulch rates than in higher mulch rates. The content of N $H_4$$_{＋}$-N in soil applied with high barley straw mulch rates was lower during the month after seeding, and then it was higher at heading date, compared with lower mulch rates or no mulch plot. As the barley straw rate increased, maximum tillering stage was delayed, and plant height was reduced. Although the lodging of rice plants was seldom observed in all plots, the breaking strength of the culm was significantly higher in the mulch rate of 10.0 ton h $a^{-1}$ . With an increase of barley straw mulch rate, the effective tillering rate and spikelet number $m^{-2}$ decreased while ripened grain ratio increased. The rice grain yield was slightly decreased with an increase of barley straw mulch rate, although significant differences were not found all barley straw mulch rates. These results suggest that there is no significant yield loss although the total barley straw production, approximately 5.0 ton h $a^{-l}$ in the present study, apply in the paddy for the following rice cultivation by no-tillage direct seeding.ect seeding.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.8-18
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• 1998

This study was to make a effective seed mixture types with Korean native plants by researching te seed timing of suitable woody plants and competitive germination results of various plants for the purpose of cut-slotes revegetation. The results are summarized as follows. 1. In field polystand experiment, comparative among severalcomposition combination for early coverage shows good condition. 2. In combination for early-coverage, mixture of native woody plants only seeded in May and June shows over 90% coverage. It was not inferior to the other mixture types. So mixture of Albizzia Julibrissin, Cymbopogon doeringii, Alnus hirsuta and Indigfera pseudo-tinctoria is able to use to mixture type. 3.In case of combination for scenic beauty, Rhus chinensis shows low germination in the mixture for scenic beauty. But 90 days after seeded in May, it recorded maximum 44 cm height, seeded in June recorede 18 cm height. 4. Lespedeza crytobotrya shows good elongation in the combination for early coverage and scenic beauty, but that effects on elongation of other plants. So, it demands close investigation about suitable mixing rate of plants. 5. Alnus hirsuta, Pinus thunbergii, Betula platyphylla, Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora have been rarely germinated. So, the mixture of these plants wasn't adequate to use for revegatation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.57-57
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• 2022

In many areas of the world, salt damage and drought have had a negative impact on human survival due to a decrease in agricultural productivity. For instance, about 50% of agricultural land will be affected by salt damage by 2050. Biostimulants such as plant extracts can not only increase the nutrient utilization efficiency of plants, but also promote plant growth and increase resistance to abiotic or biotic stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how selected plant extracts might reduce levels of stress caused by drought and salt and to better understand the physiological response mechanisms of rice plants. In this study, we used Soybean leaves, Soybean stems and Allium tuberosum, Allium cepa, Hizikia fusiforme, and Gracilaria verrucosa extracts were used. These extracts had been used in previous studies and were found to be effective. The materials were dried in a dry oven at 50℃ for 5 days and ground using a blender. Each 50 g of materials was put in 1 L of distilled water, stirred for 24 hours, filtered using 4 layers of mirocloth, and then concentrated using a concentrator. Rice (cv. Hopumbyeo) seeds were immersed and germinated, and then sown in seedbeds filled with commercial soil. In drought experiments, three rice seedlings at 1 week after seeding was transplanted into 100 ml cups filled with commercial soils and grown until the 4-leaf stage. For this experiment, the soil weight in a cup was equalized, and water was allowed to become 100% saturated and then drained for 24 hours. Thereafter, plant extracts at 3% concentrations were applied to the soils. For NaCl treatments, rice plants at 17 days after seeding were treated with either 100 mM NaCl or plant extracts at 1%+ 100 mM NaCl combinations in the growth chamber. Leaf injury, relative water content, photosynthetic efficiency, and chlorophyll contents were measured at 3, 5, and 6 days after treatments. Shoot fresh weight of rice under drought conditions increased 28-37% in response to treatments of Soybean leaf, Soybean stem, Allium tuberosum, Allium cepa, Hizikia fusiforme, and Gracilaria verrucosa extracts at 3% when compared with control plants. Shoot fresh weight of rice subjected to 100 mM NaCl treatments also increased by 6-24% in response to Soybean leaf, Soybean stem, Allium tuberosum, Allium cepa, Hizikia fusiforme, and Gracilaria verrucosa extracts at 3% when compared with control plants. Compared to the control, rice plants treated with these six extracts and subjected to drought conditions had significantly higher relative water content, Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids than control plants. With the exception of relative water contents, rice plants treated with the six extracts and subjected to salt stress (100 mM NaCl treatments) had significantly higher Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids than control plants. However, the type of extract used did not produce significant difference in these parameters. Thus, all the plant extracts used in this study could mitigate drought and NaCl stresses and could also contribute substantially to sustainable crop production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 1986

There are differences in recommendations in the USA as to whether nitrogen fertilizer should be applied when establishing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). The reason for not applying nitrogen is because some researchers found the addition of nitrogen reduced nodulation of alfalfa plants. A replicated experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions at the University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA, to determine the effects of nitrogen application on seedling growth and nodulation of alfalfa when grown in a cool environment. A sterile sand was used in the growing media to which a complete nutrient solution minus nitrogen was applied volumetrically to each pot daily. Half of the pots received $NH_4NO_3$, at the rate of 11.2 kg/ha, at seeding and two and four weeks after planting, giving a total nitrogen application rate of 33.6 kg/ha. Rhizobia inoculant (R-12) consisted of a mixture of strains 171-15a. 1682c and 80 PI 265 of Rhizobium meliloti. Inoculant was applied to the seeds prior to planting and to the sand media at two and four weeks after seeding. Twenty seeds were planted in pots 14.0 cm in diameter and 11.5 cm deep. Seedlings were thinned after emergence to ten plants per pot. They were grown in a controlled environment chamber with a 16-hour light period. Soil temperatures at 6 cm depth ranged from $5.7^{\circ}C\;to\;21.5^{\circ}C$ and had a daily mean of $16.2^{\circ}C$ Plants were harvested at weekly intervals for seven weeks at which time root, shoot and total length, dry weight, volume and number of nodules per plant were determined. Root, shoot and total length were not affected by nitrogen fertilizer. However, application of nitrogen increased the size of the seedlings as determined by dry weight and volume when compared to plants which were not fertilized. This indicates that rhizobia did not fix enough atmospheric nitrogen to promote good growth. Nitrogen application resulted in significantly more nodules per plant. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer became more apparent as the plant became older. Results of this experiment show there are benefits from applying nitrogen at a low rate when establishing alfalfa under a cool environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-54
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• 2006

In case of leaving artificial slopes resulting from large-scale constructions, there may be secondary damage caused by soil loss due to erosion and collapse. Furthermore, slope-restoring constructions have a few problems such as monotonous landscape and difficult succession of secondary vegetation due to reckless use of exotic grass, despite attaining the initial purpose of revegetation. To settle this problem, selected plants deemed to be proper for revegetation were used on one of thin vegetation base methods, CODRA SYSTEM, and made seeding mixture experimental plots considering germination rates differing in each season. Native herbs, native shrubs and exotic herbs contents were increased by 30% and 50% respectively, centered on seeding quantity(30g/$m^2$) used as design standard in the seed spray method, in order to figure out proper quantity for revegetation in each season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.67-75
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to pelletize to calendula and salvia seeds with peat moss as basic material for the efficient greening and vegetating of slopes and damaged areas. Also the pelletizing was compressed by spherical types that mixed basic fertilizer of N.;300 mg/l, P.;200 mg/l, K.;400 mg/g and plant growth regulator of A and NAA each 300PPM. Soil and soil surface seeding methods were researched to find the growing state of germination percent, germination date, germination force, length of leaf, number of leaf, width of leaf, length of plant, and etc. Comparing with controlled pelletizing, peat moss and +GA pelletizing treatments resulted in higher from two to three times as following growing states : length of leaves, number of leaves, width of leaves, length of plants, length of roots, fresh weights, and ratio of germination. Especially the two treatments above showed four more times effects than the +NNA treatment. Also their germinating date germinating force were earlier and stronger. The surface seeding method was superior to soil seeding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.12-19
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the draft data for the habitat environment and massive propagation method of Miscanthus changii, which is classified as rare species. The in-site analysis of the native soil give a indication of pH 5.24~5.48, electric conductivity (EC)0.03~0.02 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, organic matter (OM) 1.13~1.15%, Ca 3.4 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, K 0.25 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, Mg 0.53 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, N 0.23%, P 2.15 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ showed low and 0.33~9.12 $cmol{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ CEC. Growth and tiller number in rhizome propagation of Miscanthus changii showed that horticulture media (perlite 1+vermiculate 1+peat moss 1) is the most suitable soil to habitat. As for seed propagation, germination percentage is 0% (0/20) at first seeding, 2% (1/50) at second seeding and 2.1% (6/280) at third seeding. The average germination percentage was below 2%. This is the reason why Miscanthus changi disappear at habitat of poor soil environment and low germination. We gained 61 plants that 60 rhizome propagation and 1 by seed propagation, renatural to habitat.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 1996

To investigate the effect of seeding date, seeding rate, and sprouted seeds on seedling establishment, yield and its components of rice in barley /rice reley cropping as a minimum tillage, Gancheokbyeo rice seeds sowed by hand broadcast in various overlapped days befer barley harvest. The highest rice seedling stand was at sowed on the day just before barley harvest and l00kg per hectare of seeding rate with sprouted seeds. Also number of tiller and panicle showed the similar tendency. Delayed rice heading dates were found 2 days at l0-day overlap, 2 days at 5-day overlap, and 4 days at 0-day overlap before barley harvest compared with machine transplanting rice at just after barley harvest using l0-days old seedling. The culm length of broadcast rice shortened 2∼4cm compared with the transplanting rice. The rice plants lodged slightly at seeding rate l00kg per hectare and at sowed on the day of barley harvest. The rice panicle number increased with later date sowing and higher seeding rate. Number of spikelets per panicle and ripened grains decreased at higher seeding rates. Sprouted seeds and higher seeding rates showed higher rice yield at later sowing dates.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 1996

The method of direct seeding on flooded paddy surface in rice is known to be the most labor saving cultural practice in rice. However, this method has a problem in practical use such as severe lodging occurring at the reproductive growth stage. The objectives of this study were observated degree of field lodging and variation of lodging-related characteristics with different seeding dates. The number of seedlings per m$^2$ were from 91 to 144 plants, and seedling ratios were from ranged from 61.7% to 91.8%. Days from seeding to flowering were shortened from 5 to 15 days by the later seeding dates. Heading dates of Ilpumbyeo, Seoanbyeo, Daecheongbyeo and Donjinbyeo on June 9 showed slightly elapsed on the critical stable heading time from, August 28 to 29. The culm length was effective in longer clum varieties than semidwarf varieties. The degree field lodging (degree of lodging: 0~9< 9 : complete lodging) in Obongbyeo and S101 with semidwarf varieties were 0.17, whereas 1.25 in Dongjinbyeo with long culm. The lodging resistant varieties and later seeding dates shortened the length of fibrous in the clum, and thickened fibrous in the clum, respectively. Obongbyeo and Sl0l showed stronger resistance to field lodging. The lodging resistant varieties, Obongbyeo and Sl0l, showed lower values of lodging index from 1.03 to 1.15 than those of lodging susceptible varieties, Daecheongbyeo and Palgongbyeo ranged from 1.42 to 1.70. Bending moment with leaf sheath were greater in lodging resistant varieties (Obongbyeo and Sl0l),1510.0~1930.4g.cm, than those in the lodging susceptible varieties (Daecheongbyeo and Palgongbyeo), 1127.2~1287.6g.cm.