• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2006

Five seed samples of carrot were tested to detect Alternaria spp. by blotter method. A. alternata and A. radicina were detected from all the seed samples as high as $25.8-70.5\%$ and $37.5-63.5\%$, respectively. A. dauci was detected from four seed samples as low as $0.5-7.5\%$. The three Alternaria spp. were detected from the pericarp and the seed coat and endosperm of the carrot seeds but not from the embryo by component plating test. A. alternata and A. radicina were much more detected from the pericarp than the seed coat and endosperm. A. dauci was detected from the pericarp and the seed coat and endosperm at similar rate. The seed sample which was most severely infected with A. radicina showed the lowest rate of germination in the test on top of paper (TP). In the TP test, differences in total infection rate of A. radicina and A. dauci of the seed samples were very closely correlated with those in incidence of seedling rot on the seed samples. However, there was no correlation between infection rate of A. alternata and rate of germination or seedling rot of the seed samples. Soil test for seedling growth revealed that there was no correlation between differences in total infection rate of A. radicina and A. dauci and those in rate of normal seedlings of the seed samples.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2005

Demand for the domestic hairy vetch seed production will be increased with the increasing interest of environment-friendly agriculture in Korea. This study was conducted during from 2000 fall to 2003 spring at upland field of National Institute of Crop Science in Suwon, Korea to compare wheat and triticale (TC) as stake crop of hairy vetch (HV), and to know proper seeding rates and ratios between TC and HV for the maximum HV seed production. As supporting crop of HV, TC was superior to wheat at the points of higher HV seed yield, stronger TC stalk for supporting, consistence of ripening stage of two seeds. In seeding method, row seeding was superior to broadcast seeding at the points of less lodging and higher HV seed yield. HV seed yield decreased with the increase of TC seeding rate in mixture cropping (row seeding), particularly at TC seeding rates over 5kg/10a. HV seed yield increased with the increase of HV seeding rate at the condition of TC seeding rates under 5kg/10a in spite of higher lodging of mixed crops at higher HV seeding rate due to higher HV aboveground dry matter. Maximum HV seed yield was obtained at TC seeding rate of $1\~1.5kg/10a$ as indicating HV seed yield 176kg/l0a (CV. Madison) at seeding rate of TC 1kg/10a + HV 2 kg/10a in 2001, and HV seed yield 96kg/10a (CV. Common) at seeding rate of TC 1.5kg/10a + HV 4.5kg/10a in 2003. Use of all-purpose combine harvester for harvesting and appliance for separation of mixed seeds using centrifugal force, which are prerequisite for HV seed production, was excellent in the simultaneous seeds production system of HV and TC.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2004

Transplantings of onion (Allium cepa L.) seedlings are required for higher germinability and uniformity. This study was done to determine effects of various seed treatments (seed cleaning, priming, GA$_3$, prechilling, drying, and light quality during seed drying) on germination and seedling emergence. Nongwoodaego and Changnyungdaego were used as cultivars for checking seed germination, and two cultivars and Cheonjuguhyeonghwang were investigated with seedling production rate. Seed cleaning using water prior to the other treatments greatly increased germination rate. Priming with 200mM Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$ solution somewhat alleviated the germination rate while GA$_3$ did not. Prechilling had the highest rate among the treatments. Seed drying after prechilling enhanced the rate compared to non drying, and during drying the prechilled seeds red light illumination showed the greatest rate in comparison with dark, blue, and far-red ones. Seedling production rate was enhanced in sequential treatments of seed cleaning, prechilling for 3 to 5 days, and red light treatment during 6 hour seed drying.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted over a 3-year period (1990-1992) to evaluate the production and quality of orchardgrass (Potomac)-red clover (Kenland) mixture when orchardgrass + red clover mixture was sown at seed rates of 20+0. 18+2, 16+4, 14+6 and 12+8 kg/ha. Total herbage dry matter, crude protein and digestible organic matter production and organic matter intake were markedly affected by increasing rcd clover seed rate, those increased with increasing red clovcr seed rate due to the cnhancernent of red clover percentage of total herbagc in all 3-year. but significant differences occured between the orchardgrass alone and orchardgrass-red clover mixture with a seed rate of 4,6 and 8 kg/ha red clover (P<0.01). But on the other hand increasing red clover seed rate increased red clover percentage in total herbage, the mean red clover percentage of total herbage at the last cutting ranged from 54 to 65% in first year. 58 to 60% in second year, and 62 to 69% in third year, particularly it was observed that red clover was sown at seed rates of 6 and 8 kg/ha for red clover sown dominated strongly as the cutting times were progressed. Considering the maintenance of good botanical composition balance and the enhancement of production and quality of herbage, the optimized seed rate for orchardgrass-red clover mixtures, 16 kg/ha orchardgrass and 4 kg/ha red clover seems to be considered adequate.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.287-293
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• 1987

To find out the effects of seed maturity and seeding rate of two planting times on the seed emergence and silage and seed yields of rye, a local variety 'Paldanghomir' harvested 30 and 45 days after heading(DAH) were planted at five seeding rates on October(optimum) and November(late) in 1985. At the optimum planting, number of seedlings per unit area and number of tillers per plant were affected by seeding rate, but not by the seed maturities. However, at the late planting, number of seedlings per unit area and number of tillers per plant wer higher in the seed harvested 45 DAH, and they were not correlated with seeding rate in both seeds harvested 30 and 45 DAH. Heading date was 2 or 3 days earlier in the seeds harvested 45 DAH in both planting times. Silage yield was higher at the optimum planting and increased as seeding rate increased in both planting times. Number of spike and 1000~seed weight were higher at the optimum planting than late planting and higher in the seed harvested 45 DAH than 30 DAH in late planting, but were not different among seeding rates. Seed yield at optimum planting showed no difference between seed maturities and among seeding rates, and recommandable seeding rate was 600 seeds per $m^2$. At late planting the seed yield of the seed harvested 45 DAH in the seeding rate over 750 seeds per $m^2$ approached to the yield of the optimum planting. The seed harvested 30 DAH was unstable because of extremely low emergence rate and yield even at the higher seeding rate in late planting. planting.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.723-736
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• 2013

To examine the quality characteristics of bread made of different amounts of chia seed powder, a functional food ingredient, this study made bread by adding chia seed powder by 1%, 3%, and 5% of the flour weight. When bread dough properties were determined using mixograph, all doughs were appropriate for bread-making. In the evaluation of fermentation rate, the dough with 3% of chia seed powder CS 3 showed the most favorable fermentation rate during the first 60-min fermentation of the bread. According to CrumbScan, the fineness of bread pores were higher in control group than bread loaves containing chia seed powder. The volume of bread in control group was significantly lower than those of other experimental groups. The volume and specific volume were highest when chia seed powder was added by 3%. According to preference analysis, appearance and taste was best in CS 3, showing the highest overall score in preference. Therefore, the optimum amount of chia seed powder is identified to be 3% in bread-making.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1303-1308
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper and lead) on the seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana, and examinated the removal effects of biostone and green tea on the heavy metal toxicity. Cadmium and chromium among the four heavy metals had no effect on the seed germination even in the concentration fifty times higher than in the official standard concentration of pollutant exhaust notified by the Ministry of Environment. However, seeds were not germinated in the concentration of copper ten times higher and in the concentration of lead fifty times higher than the official standard concentration. When seeds were sown in the solutions of lead (15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/L) and copper(15 and 20 mg/L), the seed germination rates were 0％ and less than 10％, respectively. However, when biostone(3 g/30 $m\ell$) was added, the seed germination rate was 100％ in all the concentrations. The germination rate was 100％ in distilled water and copper solution (5 mg/L). However, green tea (0.2 g/30 $m\ell$) was added, the seed germination rate was 0％ in both. The results show that cadmiun and chromium had no effect on the seed germination, but lead and copper decreased the rate of seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana, Biostone removed heavy metal toxicity, but green tea did not removed heavy metal toxicity during germination.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.186-193
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• 2014

A thin Cu seed layer for electroplating has been employed for decades in the miniaturization and integration of printed circuit board (PCB), however many problems are still caused by the thin Cu seed layer, e.g., open circuit faults in PCB, dimple defects, low conductivity, and etc. Here, we studied the effect of heat treatment of the thin Cu seed layer on the deposition rate of electroplated Cu. We investigated the heat-treatment effect on the crystallite size, morphology, electrical properties, and electrodeposition thickness by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), four point probe (FPP), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements, respectively. The results showed that post heat treatment of the thin Cu seed layer could improve surface roughness as well as electrical conductivity. Moreover, the deposition rate of electroplated Cu was improved about 148% by heat treatment of the Cu seed layer, indicating that the enhanced electrical conductivity and surface roughness accelerated the formation of Cu nuclei during electroplating. We also confirmed that the electrodeposition rate in the via filling process was also accelerated by heat-treating the Cu seed layer.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 2001

Seed coat of sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) is very thick and hard, it is difficult to absorb water during germination and it requires much time that cotyledon come out from seed coat since seminal root appearanced. Therefore this experiment was carried out to increase the germination rate by easing water absorption through mechanical scarification on seed coat. Non-scarification seed did not germinated at 7 days after treatment but scarification seed showed germination rate of 98%. Therefore mechanical scarification of seed coat was increased germination rate. Non-scarification seed absorbed less than 10% water of dry weight at 8 hours after treatment but scarification seed absorbed about 90% water at 7 hours after treatment and more than 150% water at 8 hours and swelled about 1.4-1.5 times in length and width of seed. Germination rate of scarification seed was high under high temperature and it was 96% and 93% at $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The rate of cotyledon emergence on clay loam soil was the highest among bed soils. Soaked seed after mechanical scarification in distilled water was germinated faster than non-soaked seed on early in bed soil. The rate of cotyledon emergence was more than 92% at 9 days after sowing but non-scarification and soaked seed was germinated late and showed very low germination rate as 67%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.363-369
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the variation of Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.; CMV) seed quality after flowering. We tagged individual open flowers of CMV at the day of maximum flowering(11 May) in Seoul, Korea. Seed samples were harvested serially at 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after flowering(DAF). To compare with dried seeds, non-dried seeds were tested immediately after harvest and the remaining seeds were placed at room temperature for 4 weeks. Seed length, 1000 seed weight, moisture content, germination rate(GR), mean germination time(MGT), germination speed(GS), germination performance index(GPI) and physical dormancy rate(PDR) were investigated. Seed length increased to 2.6 mm and 1000 seed weight reached up to 2.2 g until 25 DAF. Seed moisture content dramatically decreased from 20 to 25 DAF. Moisture content of non-dried seed(7.5%) was similar to that of dried seed(5.5%) at 25 DAF. The rate of seed viability reached up to 94% at 25 DAF. In case of dried seed, GR increased up to 39% at 25 DAF whereas GR of non-dried seed varied from 5 to 10%. GS and GPI of dried seed were significantly higher than those of non-dried seed since 25 DAF. PDR of dried seed has decreased since 20 DAF, whereas PDR of non-dried seed has increased. GR, GS and GPI increased as PDR decreased. Our results evidenced that PDR might be one of major factor in variation of seed quality, of which development was completed at 25 DAF.