• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.75-82
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• 2008

As a basic study for establishing a countermeasure for an oxygen deficient water mass (ODW), we investigated the variation of ODW volume according to the enforced total pollution load management in Jinhae Bay. This study estimated the inflowing pollutant loads into Jinhae Bay and predicted the reduction in ODW by using a sediment-water ecological model (SWEM). The result obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1) The daily average pollutant loads of COD, SS, TN, TP, DIN, and DIP inflowing into Jinhae bay in 2005 were estimated to be about 12,218 kg-COD/day, 91,884 kg-SS/day, 5,292 kg-TN/day, 182 kg-TP/day, 4,236 kg-DIN/day, and 130 kg-DIP/day. 2) The calculated results of the tidal current by the hydrodynamic model showed good agreement with the observed currents. Also, an ecological model well reproduced the spatial distribution of the water quality in the bay. 3) This study defined the ODWDI (ODW decreasing index) in order to estimate the ODW decreasing volume caused by a reduction in the inflowing pollutant loads. As a result, the ODWDI was predicted to be about 0.91 (COD 30% reduction), 0.87 (COD 50% reduction), 0.79 (COD 70% reduction), 0.85 (ALL 30% reduction), 0.66 (ALL 50% reduction), and 0.45 (ALL 70% reduction). The ODW volume was decreased 1.5 $\sim$ 2.6 times with a reduction in the COD, TN, and TP inflowing pollutant loads compared to a reduction in just the COD inflowing pollutant load. Therefore, it is necessary to enforce total pollution load management, not only for COD, but also fm TN and TP.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.196-203
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• 2005

To describe dinoflagellate cyst distribution from Busan Harbor, eleven surface sediment samples and a vertical sediment sample were collected in 2003. Dinoflagellate cysts were identified 12 genera 22 species, and the total cyst concentrations varied from $210\~869\;cysts/g$. The proportion of heterotrophic dinoflagellate cysts was higher in inner parts than in outer parts of the harbor, which reflects that water quality is worse in inner harborthan that in outer harbor. On the basis of the sedimentation rate of 2.0 mm/yr, total depth of the vertical core reflects marine environment far the past 260 years, where dinoflagellate cysts were identified 9 genera 18 species and the total cyst concentrations were $79\~446\;cysts/g$. The cyst concentrations were low and the proportion of heterotrophic dinoflagellate cysts were incerased in the upper part from $14\~15cm$ depth$(1928\~1933)$, which shows industrialization and urbanization in this study area.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.281-288
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• 2013

In this study we estimated the carrying capacity of the southern intertidal zone of Kanghwa Island to evaluate the habitat quality for Curlews(Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis and Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata). Biomass of the macroinvertebrate(Macrophthalmus japonicus) was estimated by based on the spatial distribution of the sediment grain size using GIS tools. According to our analysis the southern intertidal zone of Kanghwa Island was able to support 11,767 individuals for 153 days in the Spring 2012 and 16,275 individuals for 122 days in the Autumn 2012. The proportion of mean population to the carrying capacity in the Spring and Autumn was 9.4% and 5.9%, respectively. These values are 2.8-6.3% smaller than those of the previous study held in 1993-94. For the conservation of the study area, more research and management is needed. And in further studies, diverse characteristics of the intertidal habitat should be considered in spatial analysis to have a precise estimate of the carrying capacity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2015

In this study, physico-chemical properties and heavy metal contents of sediment samples were determined to characterize the current pollution levels of the sediments. Ignition loss of the samples obtained from outside of the harbor was relatively lower than that from the samples obtained inside of the harbor. Heavy metal pollution was not serious except Ni. Concentrations of Ni for J1, J3, and J4 exceeded 16 mg/kg. Thus, these areas were classified as lowest effect level according to Ontario sediment quality guidelines. Evaluation of sediments pollution using $I_{geo}$ and R resulted as non-pollution for all considered metals, which indicated that no outer pollutants entered in the Jeju outport harbor. However, drastic increase of Cu concentrations was observed. Its concentration obviously increased toward the inside of the outport harbor. Therefore, careful attention and plan for the protection and remediation of sediments is required to maintain the cleanness of the Jeju outport harbor.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.105-119
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• 2005

The surface sediments inside Songsanpo and Seogwipo Harbors, major harbors of Jeju Island, were collected three times (June, September and December, 2001) and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) recommended by US-EPA as priority pollutants to assess their distribution levels and their biological effects on the marine organisms, and to suggest their possible origins. The concentrations of total PAHs inside Songsanpo and Seogwipo Harbors ranged from 41 to 288 ng/g on a dry weight basis with a mean value of 121 ng/g and from 14 to 268 ng/g with a mean value of 119 ng/g, respectively, and the levels were low as compared with those in other areas of the world. The sedimentary PAHs may be correlated with organic carbon and mud content to some extent. Based on comparisons of individual and total concentrations with effects-based sediment quality guidelines, the potential for the biological effects on the marine organisms were expected to be very low. From the examinations of the four PAH origin indices, such as LMW /HMW (low molecular weight 2-3 ring PAHs over high molecular weight 4-6 ring PAHs), phenanthrene/anthracene ratio, fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, chrysene/benzo[a]anthracene ratio, it can be concluded that the sediment PAH contaminations were ascribed to both of pyrolytic and petrogenic origins.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 2017

This study aims to evaluate the effect of capping materials on blocking pollutant elution from contaminated sediment to water body. Experiments were carried out under conditions in which the elution rate was intensified artificially using compost with high concentration of organic compound and nutrient salts instead of sediments. Activated carbon (AC), modified activated carbon (MAC), P. putida immobilized activated carbon (PBAC) and effective microorganisms immobilized activated carbon (EBAC) were used as capping materials. Zeolite (ZT) and two kinds of commercially available microorganisms immobilized zeolite products (ZC, ZN) were used for comparison experiment. The elution rate of organic compound, nitrogen and phosphorus were compared with that of control experiment. The experiments were conducted for 56 days. Concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were measured to use the comparison of release rate of organic compound, nitrogen and phosphorus. From the experimental results, AC based materials showed better performance to block the elution of organic compound and nitrogen than ZT based materials. Although ZT based materials were more effective than AC and PBAC to block phosphorus, MAC and EBAC showed the best performance of phosphorus elution blocking among the all candidate materials. In conclusion, EBAC is considered as the most effective capping materials, because organic compound, nitrogen and phosphorus will be degraded continuously by EM in the long term.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.1291-1298
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• 2002

To utilize coastal aquaculture ground bottom sediment in which concentrations of harmful pollutants are low and organic content is high as an organic fertilizer alkaline stabilizers such as CaO, Oyster shell, Mg(OH)$_2$ were added to the bottom sediment organic additives of livestock or food wastes. Nutritive qualities of crude fertilizers were measured to examine effects of alkaline stabilizers and organic waste additions. The Mg(OH)$_2$-added crude fertilizer had significantly lower total carbon(T-C) and nitrogen(T-N) content, reflecting the dilution effect due to great amount of Mg(OH)$_2$ addition. However, the addition of oyster shell had no significant effect on the T-C and T-N content of the fertilizer. $P_2O_5$ and $K_2$O content was considerably higher in the mixed sample of aquaculture ground bottom sediments and livestock wastes than in the mixture of the sediments and food wastes, resulting from higher $P_2O_5$ and $K_2$O content in livestock wastes. Addition of Mg(OH)$_2$ increased the content of MgO In the crude fertilizer but significantly reduced the content of other nutritive elements such as $P_2O_5$, $K_2$O and CaO. Addition of oyster shell as an alkaline stabilizer seemed to have the advantage of saving time and expenses far dryness due to its role as a modulator of water content. Moreover, additions of effect Mg(OH)$_2$ decreased the concentrations of heavy metals in the fertilizer by the dilution while additions of oyster shell had no influence on heavy metal concentrations in the fertilizer.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.191-191
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• 2011

우리나라의 수질 관리는 점오염원 관리에 집중되어 왔다. 수계의 수질이 크게 향상되지 않는 이유는 점오염원의 관리가 엄격히 수행되고 있는 가운데 비점오염원의 영향이 큰 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서는 수문수질 모의가 가능한 SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모형을 이용하여, 비점오염원 저감을 위한 BMP (Best Management Practice) 시나리오를 작성하여 비점오염 부하량의 저감효과를 모의하였다. SWAT 모형의 적용성 평가를 위해 충주댐 유역 ($6,585.1km^2$)을 대상으로 민감도 분석을 통해 최적의 유출 및 유사관련 매개 변수를 선정하였으며, 1998년 부터 2003년까지의 기간 동안 일별 유출, 월별 수질자료에 대한 보정 및 검증을 실시하였다. 전체 17개 소유역에 대한 검보정에 의해 산정된 수질자료인 TN (Total Nitrogen), TP (Total Phosphorus) 그리고 sediment의 부하량을 파악하여 소유역별 TN, TP, Sediment 오염부하특성을 파악하였고, 이에 대하여 선정한 7개의 BMP 시나리오를 소유역의 오염 특성에 맞게 적용하였다. 선정한 BMP 시나리오로는 Streambank stabilization, Porous gully plugs, Recharge structures, Conservation tillage, Terrace, Contour farming 그리고 Manure incorporation이 있고 각 시나리오는 흐름에서의 침전물 감소, 단기간의 토양침식 저감, 지하수양의 증가, 경작지의 침식감소, 지표유출 저하, 흐름에서의 영양물질 감소를 목적으로 최적의 매개변수를 설정하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합적으로 고찰해 볼 때 SWAT 모형은 실측자료를 바탕으로 비점오염에 의한 하천수질 모의가 가능하며, 이 결과를 가지고 BMP시나리오를 적용하여 비점오염 저감에 따른 하천수질 개선을 기대할 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2003

Lake Texoma is located on the border of southern Oklahoma and northern Texas. It has 93,000 surface acres, and is a focus of the recreation, and farming industries in the region. There are potential stressors around the Lake Texoma watershed that may cause adverse ecological effects in the lake. System assimilative capacity (SAC) is the ability of abiotic and biotic processes to atteuniate the stressors. SAC Exceeded indicates potential of occuring adverse eco-effects. A number of representative chemical release sites and stressor sources in the surrounding watershed were characterized, and several impact sites having stressors sources, such as being near agriculture, landfills, housing areas, oil production fields and heavy use recreational activity, were selected for surface water, sediment, and groundwater monitoring. A paired reference site, having similar physical characteristics as its impact site, was also chosen based on its proximity to the impact site. Lake water samples were collected at locations identified as marina entrance, gasoline filling station, and boat dock at five marinas selected on Lake Texoma from September 1999 to December 2001. Paired water and sediment samples were also collected. Groundwater samples were collected at about 70 producing monitoring wells. Water quality parameters measured were inorganics (nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, ammonia, sulfate, and chloride), dissolved methane, total organic carbon (TOC) (or DOC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and BTEX, and a suite of metals. Biotic communities were evaluated at impact and reference sites. Five basic components were measured; two terrestirial components (plants and bird comminitires) and three aquatic components (benthic inverbrates, litteral-zone fishes, ecosystem attribures). Potential impacts to these comminites were evaluated.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.644-652
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• 2015

In this study the releasing of nutrients from sediments of Nak-dong River were investigated. We perfomed lab-scale simulation experiments using field sediment and ware. Nutrients, orgarni matter, particle size of the sediments and nutrients of released water were analyzed. Analyzed results of the sediments, mainly composed of mS(muddy Sand) sedimentary facies and IL were 2.46~6.83%, T-N were 1.189~2.492 mg/kg, and T-P were 333~726 mg/kg in the study area. Analyzed results of the nutrients of released water, pH and TOC were each 7.8~9.2% and 31.7~40.8% decreased after 20 days. T-N increased steadily, and NH₃-N increased steadily then decreased, at this time NO₃-N increase. Also NH₃-N increased steadily, then decreased at this time. Furthermore release of phosphorus were mostly decreased.