• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.47-85
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• 1989

The Fundamental purpose of the Warsaw Convention was to establish uniform rules applicable to international air transportation. The emphasis on the benefits of uniformity was considered important in the beginning and continues to be important to the present. If the desire for uniformity is indeed the mortar which holds the Warsaw system together then it should be possible to agree on a worldwide liability limit. This liability limit would not be so unreasonable, that it would be impossible for nations to adhere to it. It would preclude any national supplemental compensation plan or Montreal Agreement type of requirement in any jurisdiction. The differentiation of liability limits by national requirement seems to be what is occurring. There is a plethora of mandated limits and Montreal Agreement type 'voluntary' limits. It is becoming difficult to find more than a few major States where an unmodified Warsaw Convention or Hague Protocol limitation is still in effect. If this is the real world in the 1980's, then let the treaty so reflect it. Upon reviewing the Warsaw Convention, its history and the several attempts to amend it, strengths become apparent. Hijackings of international flights have given rise to a number of lawsuits by passengers to recover damages for injuries suffered. This comment is concerned with the liability of an airline for injuries to its passengers resulting from aviation terrorism. In addition, analysis is focused on current airline security measures, particularly the pre-boarding screening system, and the duty of air carriers to prevent weapons from penetrating that system. An airline has a duty to exercise a high degree of care to protect its passengers from the threat of aviation terrorism. This duty would seemingly require the airline to exercise a high degree of care to prevent any passenger from smuggling a weapon or explosive device aboard its aircraft. In the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescene to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. A finding of willful misconduct on the part of an air carrier, which is a prerequisite to imposing unlimited liability, remains a question to be determined by a jury using the definition or standard of willful misconduct prevailing in the jurisdiction of the forum court. Through the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention, air carrier face the possibility of unlimited liability for failure to implement proper preventive precautions against terrorist. Courts, therefore, should broadly construe the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention in order to find unlimited liability for passenger injuries whenever air carrier security precautions are lacking. In this way, the courts can help ensure air carrier safety and prevention against terrorist attack. Air carriers, therefore, would have an incentive to increase, impose and maintain security precautions designed to thwart such potential terrorist attacks as in the case of Korean Air Lines Flight No.858 incident having a tremendous impact on the civil aviation community. The crash of a commercial airliner, with the attending tragic loss of life and massive destruction of property, always gives rise to shock and indignation. The general opinion is that the legal system could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. I would like to remind all passengers that every discovery of the human spirit may be used for opposite ends; thus, aircraft can be used for air travel but also as targets of terrorism. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the soverign rights of the states, and the human rights of the individuals. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co-ordinated measures. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.135-152
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• 2016

모바일 포렌식은 스마트폰의 대중화와 다양한 모바일 기기의 증가로 인해 그 중요성 및 필요성이 급격히 증가하고 있다. 하지만 그 방안 및 절차는 아직 모바일 포렌식의 특성에 충분히 맞게 적용되고 있지 않다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 현재 모바일 포렌식이 직면한 문제점을 파악하기 위해 법 제도 기술적 관점에서의 분석을 수행하였으며 이를 통해 모바일 기기에 대해서는 현재 디지털 포렌식 수사과정에서 큰 이슈가 되고 있는 선별압수에 있어서 제약사항이 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 모바일 포렌식에서 디지털 증거 수집 방안에 대한 분석 및 실사용 도구의 무결성 연구를 진행함으로써 현재 기술의 적합성 검증 및 추후 발생될 문제점에 대해 분석하였으며 결과적으로 모바일 포렌식에서 수집된 데이터가 증거능력을 확보할 수 있는 방안을 위해 전반적인 고려사항을 제시하였다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.887-905
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• 2003

이 논문에서, 우리는 우선 제국주의의 개념을 하비(Harvey)가 제안한 바와 같이 '권력의 영토적 논리와 자본주의적 논리 간의 변증법적 관계'로 이해하고, 그 역사를 3단계로 구분하여 마지막 단계가 바로 신제국주의 단계로 정의한다. 두 번째로 우리는 '미국의 신안보전략'을 신보수주의적 부시 행정부의 신제국주의를 반영한 것으로 이해하고. 아프카니스탄과 이라크의 전쟁을 이러한 신제국주의의 수행으로 설명하고자 한다. 그리고 우리는 부시 행정부의 신제국주의적 해외정책이라는 점에서 동아시아. 특히 북한과 남한, 일본 그리고 중국의 현재적 지정학적 상황에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 끝으로 우리는 미국의 이러한 신제국주의가 내재하고 있는 한계들과 전지구적으로 부상하고 있는 반제국주의 운동의 의의를 고찰한다.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2023

As the computerization of hospitals becomes more advanced, security issues regarding data generated from various medical devices within hospitals are gradually increasing. For example, because hospital data contains a variety of personal information, attempts to attack it have been continuously made. In order to safely protect data from external attacks, each hospital has formed an internal team to continuously monitor whether the computer network is safely protected. However, there are limits to how humans can monitor attacks that occur on networks within hospitals in real time. Recently, artificial intelligence models have shown excellent performance in detecting outliers. In this paper, an experiment was conducted to verify how well an artificial intelligence model classifies normal and abnormal data in network traffic data generated from medical devices. There are several models used for outlier detection, but among them, Random Forest and Tabnet were used. Tabnet is a deep learning algorithm related to receive and classify structured data. Two algorithms were trained using open traffic network data, and the classification accuracy of the model was measured using test data. As a result, the random forest algorithm showed a classification accuracy of 93%, and Tapnet showed a classification accuracy of 99%. Therefore, it is expected that most outliers that may occur in a hospital network can be detected using an excellent algorithm such as Tabnet.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.298-303
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• 2024

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate drug prescription indicators in outpatient services provided at Iran Social Security Organization (SSO) healthcare facilities. Methods: Data on all prescribed drugs for outpatient visits from 2017 to 2018 were extracted from the SSO database. The data were categorized into 4 main subgroups: patient characteristics, provider characteristics, service characteristics, and type of healthcare facility. Logistic regression models were used to detect risk factors for inappropriate drug prescriptions. SPSS and IBM Modeler software were utilized for data analysis. Results: In 2017, approximately 150 981 752 drug items were issued to outpatients referred to SSO healthcare facilities in Iran. The average number of drug items per outpatient prescription was estimated at 3.33. The proportion of prescriptions that included an injection was 17.5%, and the rate of prescriptions that included an antibiotic was 37.5%. Factors such as patient sex and age, provider specialty, type of facility, and time of outpatient visit were associated with the risk of inappropriate prescriptions. Conclusions: In this study, all drug prescription criteria exceeded the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization. To improve the current prescription patterns throughout the country, it would be beneficial to provide providers with monthly and annual reports and to consider implementing some prescription policies for physicians.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.473-482
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• 2015

Doppler weather radar is an important tool for meteorological research. Through several decades of development, Doppler weather radar has enormous progress in understanding, detection and warning of meso and micro scale weather system. It makes a significant contribution to weather forecast and weather disaster warning. But the large amount of data process limits the application of Doppler weather radar. This paper proposed for fast weather radar data processing based on CUDA. CDUA is a powerful platform for highly parallel programming developed by NVIDIA. Through running plenty of threads, radar data can be calculated at same time. In experiment, CUDA parallel program can significantly improve weather data processing time.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.152-157
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• 2005

An objected-oriented programming(OOP) technique is introduced to dispatch schedules for TWBP. Some dispatch schedules such as constrained (pre)dispatch, unconstrained (pre)dispatch, and nominal self-dispatch schedule need to be peformed to make power market work. These dispatch schedules are similar but have some differences in required constraints, needed data, and scheduling time. Therefore, it makes the scheduling program simple to introduce the OOP technique to this problem: to have each instance of the OOP perform its own dispatch scheduling. The developed program adopts linear programming(LP) as an optimization tool and could consider some crucial constraints such as power balance, generation power limits, generation ramp-rates, power limitations of transmission lines, and power system security.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.27-53
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• 2013

In this paper, we look at the relationship between international trade and the rule of law, using the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index, which include index figures on human rights, limits on government powers, transparency and regulatory efficiency. Based on regression analyses using the rule of law index figures and international trade figures (merchandise trade, service trade, exports and imports as percentage of GDP,) international trade and basic human rights seem to have little relationship; but trade has a close positive relationship with strong order and security. Somewhat surprisingly, regulatory transparency and effective implementation seems to have little or no effect on international trade and vice versa. International trade shows a clear positive relationship with the country's criminal justice system, but the relationship with the civil justice system is not as clear as such. For regulatory implementation and civil justice, services trade positively affect these institutions, but these institutions in turn affect exports more strongly than services trade. Finally, the effect of trade on rule of law is stronger on a medium to long term (10-20 year) time horizon.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.483-501
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• 2018

In this paper, we present some recent results on weighted pointwise convergence and the rate of pointwise convergence for the family of nonlinear double singular integral operators in the following form: $$T_{\eta}(f;x,y)={\int}{\int\limits_{{\mathbb{R}^2}}}K_{\eta}(t-x,\;s-y,\;f(t,s))dsdt,\;(x,y){\in}{\mathbb{R}^2},\;{\eta}{\in}{\Lambda}$$, where the function $f:{\mathbb{R}}^2{\rightarrow}{\mathbb{R}}$ is Lebesgue measurable on ${\mathbb{R}}^2$ and ${\Lambda}$ is a non-empty set of indices. Further, we provide an example to support these theoretical results.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2001년도 ICCAS
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• pp.56.4-56
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• 2001

Using GPS in the navigation systems such as aviation, maritime and land applications, integrity is considered importantly with accuracy for safety. Integrity monitoring performed in the GPS receiver itself is Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) and need not an independent ground monitoring station. RAIM algorithm uses redundant information when more than four satellites are visible and makes consistency checks between measurement information to alarm users whether the system is operating out of its specified performance limits. Selective Availability (SA) that was used to protect the security interests of the U.S. and its allies by globally denying the full accuracy of the civil system was turned off on May 1, 2000 ...