• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.73-84
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the global value chain of the global automotive industry to investigate the success factors through the example of the value chain of Hyundai Motor. It looks at the value chain of the well-known Korean automaker, Hyundai Motor, to find success factors with cases. It examines the process to build the supply chain of Hyundai Motor to analyze what impact it has on the growth of Hyundai Motor to look closely at the vertical division of labor of vehicle parts manufacturers. Korea's automobile industry has been expanding cooperation between two sectors as a multifunctional promotion focusing on electronic communications technology in machinery and technology center. Through introducing the nation's first vertical integration in the sector, Hyundai Motor has secured competitiveness of cost reduction and prestige car production. Hyundai Motor has operated and established factories in the United States, India, Turkey, the Czech Republic, Russia, and Brazil. Hyundai Motor operates 51 affiliates, such as Hyundai Mobis, by restructuring, mergers and acquisitions, and building their own vertical division of labor around it. Hyundai Motor has been overcoming dependence on foreign modules businesses and maintaining the supply value chain around Hyundai Mobis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.603-609
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• 2022

The dose distribution in the human body was evaluated and analyzed through dosimetry data using water phantom, ionization chamber and simulated by Monte Carlo simulation for ^99mTc and ¹⁸F sources, which are frequently used in the nuclear medicine in this study. As a result of this study, it was found that the dose decreased exponentially as the distance from the radioisotope increased, and it particularly showed a tendency to decrease sharply when the radioisotope was separated by 5 cm. It means that a large amount of dose is delivered to an organ located within 4 cm of source's movement path when a source uptake in the human body. Numerically, it was formed in the rage of 0.16 to 2.16 pC/min for ^99mTc and 0.49 to 9.29 pC/min for ¹⁸F. In addition, the energy transfer coefficient calculated using the result was found to be similar to the measured value and the simulation value in the range of 0.240 to 0.260. Especially, when the measured data and the simulation value were compared, there was a difference is within 2%, so the reliability of the data was secured. In this study, the distribution of radiation generated from a source was calculated to quantitatively evaluate the internal dose by radioisotopes. It presented reliable results through comparative analysis of the measurement value and simulation value. Above all, it has a great significance to the point that it was presented by directly measuring the distribution of radiation in the human body.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2023

Purpose In this study, the monthly population distribution was calculated for statistical verification of 10 tests (CA19-9, CA15-3, testosterone, PTH, calcitonin, AFP, CEA, CA72-4, PSA, estradiol) with changed reagents, and the trend of change By comparing and analyzing the results, we want to verify the accuracy of the results and improve the reliability of the test. Materials and Methods From June 2021 to February 2023, for the 10 items in which the reagent was changed, the monthly percentage and standard deviation index before and after the reagent change were compared, respectively. At this time, the reference value was arbitrarily set for the comparison group in consideration of the reference value of the test item, and the groups were subdivided and compared, and the standard deviation index allowed range was -2.0 or more and 2.0 or less. Results For CA19-9, CA15-3, AFP, CEA, and calcitonin 5 test items, the change in monthly ratio in all test sections before and after the reagent change was kept constant. On the other hand, for CA72-4, PSA, testosterone, PTH, and estradiol items, the standard deviation index exceeded the acceptable standard after changing the reagent. CA72-4 test items showed an increasing trend in standard deviation index in the test section exceeding the reference value. In the case of the PSA test item, the maintenance ratio of 0.04 ng/mL was significantly decreased after changing the reagent. The testosterone test item had a standard deviation index of -2.5 in the test section exceeding 10.1 ng/mL after changing the reagent, and the standard deviation index of the PTH test item was out of the acceptable range in all test sections. It was confirmed that the estradiol test item showed an overall increase in the result value. Conclusion Through this study, the continuity and accuracy of the test results could be verified. It is considered that the stability of the test can be secured by analyzing the factors affecting the test result and solving the cause for the test item whose standard deviation index is out of the acceptable standard.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.187-199
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• 2016

In order to delineate the soft ground distribution, an integrated geostatistical analysis was performed using the MASW (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave) which has the information of overall region and CPTu (Piezo Cone Penetration Test) which provides the direct information of the measuring point of the ground. MASW results were known to have close relationship with the ground stiffness. This correlation was confirmed through the comparison of MASW data obtained from two survey lines to the laboratory test with extracted soil samples. 3D physical property distribution in the study area was acquired by geostatistical integrated analysis with the data of tip resistance ($q_c$) and pore pressure (u) from the CPTu obtained at 6 points within the study area. The integrated analysis was conducted by applying the COSGSIM (Sequential Gaussian Co-Simulation) technology which can carry out the simulation in accordance with the spatial correlation between the MASW results and both tip resistance and pore pressure. Besides the locations of CPTu, borehole investigations were also conducted at two different positions. As a result, the N value of SPT and borehole log could be secured, so these data were used for the analysis of the geotechnical engineering accuracy of the integrated analysis result. For the verification of reliability of the 3D distribution of tip resistance and pore pressure secured through integrated analysis, the geotechnical information gained from the two drilling areas was compared, and the result showed extremely high correlation.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to seek various plans to maintain the advancement of the overseas and domestic employment scenario through a case analysis of the Japanese industry, which maintains domestic employment while promoting the overseas advancement of companies despite having a similar industrial structure as Korea. The study further intends to derive insightful implications for Japanese manufacturing companies and government policies. Research design, data, and methodology - We selected four companies from the Japanese manufacturing industry. Being companies that were successful in increasing the domestic employment scenario while advancing in overseas markets. We utilized several secondary data sources including Japanese newspapers and report literature. Results - Previous studies have shown a negative relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or offshoring and domestic employment. However, our results showed this relationship with respect to the Japanese manufacturing industry as follows: 1. FDI for developing overseas markets does not decrease domestic production. If Japanese companies change their strategy from exports to overseas production, there will be a consequent decrease in domestic employment of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). However, the local production that plans the sales expansion of a foreign market does not substitute domestic production. 2. Several case studies illustrate that, as the production of final goods is expanded in foreign countries, there is a corresponding increase in the export of intermediary goods from Japan. In this case, if the production process of Japanese companies is promoted in foreign markets, the amount of exported material and parts from Japan will consequently increase. 3. It is difficult to consider that the establishment of subsidiary companies in foreign countries by manufacturing companies for wholesale, retail, and services decreases domestic employment. This is because the international development of these industries needs expatriates, expatriate training organizations, and research and development (R&D) activities. 4. When there is overseas demand, the growth of local management activities is expected to increase the work of the overseas business department in the head office in Japan, if competitiveness can be secured for better localization and management speed. 5. The conversion of the domestic manufacturing industry into high value-added production is necessary. The relocation of domestic production to foreign markets decreases domestic employment. To prevent this, the upgradation of domestic production bases, including high value-added production, and R&D capability need to be strengthened. Technology-based companies must develop new technology, patents, processes, and so forth, which require extensive human resources for R&D. Conclusions - Domestic medium-sized companies that are capable of consistently supplying high value-added products should be actively encouraged to deploy into and develop overseas markets. Further, this paper considers the necessity of a guidance policy that provides suggestions for overseas deployment, by the initiation of the government, to companies that cannot do so due to the lack of foreign experience or decisions by the CEO, despite having the relevant capability and technologies to supply high value-added products.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.137-164
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• 2011

In the past, retailers secured customer loyalty by offering convenient locations, unique assortments of goods, better services than competitors, and good credit policy. All this has changed. Goods assortments among stores have become more alike as national-brand manufacturers place their goods in more and more retail stores. Service differentiation also has eroded. Many department stores have trimmed services, and many discount stores have increased theirs. Customers have become smarter shoppers. They don't pay more for identical brands, especially when service differences have diminished. In the face of increased competition from discount storess and specialty stores, department stores are waging a comeback war. Growth of intertype competition, competition between store-based and non-store-based retailing and growing investment in technology are changing the way consumers shop and retailers sell. Different types of stores-discount stores, catalog showrooms, department stores-all compete for the same consumers by carrying the same type of merchandise. The biggest winners are retailers that have helped shoppers to be economically cautious, simplified their increasingly busy and complicated lives, and provided an emotional connection. The growth of e-retailers has forced traditional brick-and-mortar retailers to respond. Basically brick-and-mortar retailers utilize their natural advantages, such as products that shoppers can actually see, touch, and test, real-life customer service, and no delivery lag time for small-sized purchases. They also provide a shopping experience as a strong differentiator. They are adopting practices as calling each shopper a "guest". The store atmosphere should match the basic motivations of the shopper. If target consumers are more likely to be in a task-oriented and functional mindset, then a simpler, more restrained in-store environment may be better. Consistent with this reasoning, some retailers of experiential products are creating in-store entertainment to attract customers who want fun and excitement. The retail experience must deliver value to turn a one-time visitor into a loyal customer. Retailers need a tool that measures the full range of components that define experience-based value. This study uses an experiential value scale(EVS) developed by Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon(2001) which reflects the benefits derived from perceptions of playfulness, aesthetics, customer "return on investment" and service excellence. EVS is useful to predict differences in shopping preferences and patronage behavior of customers. EVS consists of items measuring efficiency, economic value, visual appeal, entertainment value, service excellence, escapism, and intrinsic enjoyment, which are subscales of experiencial value. Efficiency, economic value, service excellence are linked to the utilitarian shopping value. And visual appeal, entertainment value, escapism and intrinsic enjoyment are linked to hedonic shopping value. It has been found that consumers value hedonic experiences activated from escapism and attractiveness of shopping environment as much as the product quality, price, and the convenient location. As a result, many department stores, discount stores, and other retailers are introducing differential marketing strategy based on emotional/hedonic values. Many researches suggest that consumers go shopping not only for buying products but also for various shopping experiences. In other words, they seek the practical, rational value as well as social, recreational values in the shopping process(Babin et al, 1994; Bloch et al, 1994). Retailers may enhance buyer's loyalty to store by providing excellent emotional/hedonic value such as the excitement from shopping, not just the practical value of buying good products efficiently. We investigate the effect of perceived shopping values on the emotional experience and store loyalty based on the EVS(Experiential Value Scales) developed by Holbrook(1994), Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon(2001). This study assumes that the relative effect of shopping value dimensions on the responses of shoppers will differ according to types of stores and analyzes the moderating effect of store type(department store VS. discount store) on the causal relationship between shopping value dimensions and store loyalty. Emprical results show that utilitarian values of shopping experience and hedonic value of shipping experience give the positive effect on the emotional response of consumers and store loyalty. We also found the moderating effect of store types. The effect of utilitarian shopping values on the attitude toward discount store is higher than the effect of utilitarian shopping values on the attitude toword department store. And the effect of hedonic shopping value on the emotional response to discount store is higher than on the emotional response to department store. The empirical results reflect on the recent trend that discount stores try to fulfill the hedonic needs of consumers as well as utilitarian needs(i.e, low price) that discount stores traditionally have focused on

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.969-977
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• 2019

Applying the bismuth shield used to reduce the radiation exposure, image quality may be reduced due to beam hardening caused by the shield during CT scan. Therefore, we tried to find out the energy range that can reduce image degradation by applying GSI mode of G company's dual energy CT and examine the possibility through experiment. As a result, after bismuth shielding, 118 ± 10.6 HU and 50.1 ± 14.6 HU at 50 keV after dual-energy CT scan were the most similar to the CT value before image deterioration(p> 0.05). It was measured 176.6 ± 7.1 and 138.3 ± 1.1 at 50 keV(p> 0.05). Experiments showed that the use of the shield during CT inspection inevitably degrades the image quality, but experiments show that the GSI function of the dual energy CT can maintain the image quality even when the shield is used. If the various shields are secured after the evaluation using the dual energy CT, it is expected to overcome the disadvantages of poor image quality caused by the use of the radiation shield for reducing the exposure, which is the biggest disadvantage of the CT scan.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.39-49
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• 2013

Purpose - This study attempts to examine the underlying dimensions of service quality (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy) for low-cost carriers. It subsequently seeks to determine the effect of the relationships of the dimensions of service quality, airline image, and behavioral intentions on airline services to provide adequate basic information and attributes for developing differentiated and competitive service marketing strategies. Research design, data, and methodology - The survey for this study was conducted on patrons with low-cost carrier boarding experiences in districts near universities and central businesses of Seoul and Busan from 5/10/2012 to 16/10/2012. Out of 346 questionnaires, 20 questionnaires with missing data and insincere answers were excluded for this study. Collected data were processed using SPSS 18.0, and the hypothesis was verified by analyzing the structural equation model with Lisrel 8.54. First, the frequency analysis was conducted to identify universal characteristics. Second, the exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to identify the accuracy of the variable measurements of the construct. Third, to assess uni-dimensionality and reliability, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Finally, to verify the adequacy of the research model and research hypothesis, the structural model was employed. Results - The results revealed that the factors, "tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy" were shown to be the most important dimensions of service quality for the airline image of the low-cost carrier which was consistent with previous studies. Therefore, it is fair to suggest that these verified factors are crucial attributes for the brand image of low-cost carriers. Second, as reliability and responsiveness were shown to be the most important factors for behavioral intentions, it is viable to suggest that these two attributes are crucial for the sales value of low-cost carriers. Further, it was found that the brand image of low-cost carriers was closely related to behavioral intentions. Therefore, in order to ensure the competitiveness and loyalty of patrons, the airline image value is a crucial attribute. Conclusions - The result of this study established that service quality is the most important attribute for marketing to ensure competitiveness, and intensive and differentiated service marketing play a crucial role in creating profits for low-cost carrier companies. First, as tangibility is found to be the most crucial factor in ensuring service quality, quality control and maintenance of medium and small carriers must be provided to ensure reliability, as they are the main attributes of low-cost carriers. Second, in order to promote positive behavioral intentions, it is essential to enhance the value of airline image. Third, in order to ensure competitiveness, it is imperative to carry out intensive and differentiated service marketing. Therefore, to promote the image of low-cost carriers and enhance behavioral intentions, the level of service quality must be secured by developing appropriate service improvement programs.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.43-58
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• 2019

After the study of Fujishima Gaijiro(1930), although it is common to see that the Tang-ruler(唐尺) was used in the construction of the Silla Sacheonwangsa temple(679), the basis of the discrimination of the construction measure and the detection of the unit length is not actually sufficient since conventional research was done before the excavation. The study was based on archaeological results, which was secured through the excavation research(2006~2012) of the temple site in recent years, to determine the construction measure and try to detect the unit length. In the analysis of the measured value of the ruins, the numerical data were obtained through measurements on drawings of the ruins, the tendency of conversion measure's number appearing by dividing each unit length of the Goguryeo-ruler(高句麗尺) and Tang-ruler within a certain range was compared from the Wansu-je(完數制) viewpoint. The research results are summarized as follows : 1)As a result of the analysis of the distance between the site's center, the case that conversion Cheok's(尺) number is converged to the unit of Jang(丈) within the range of unit length expresses three times more in Tang-ruler, and it is confirmed that a simple multiple relationship based on the unit of Jang is established between conversion Cheok's number. 2)As a result of analysis of Bokan(梁間) of the each Corridor site and the measured value of the stonework ruins, it could be confirmed that appears overwhelmingly in the Tang-ruler when conversion Cheok's number becomes an integer within the range of unit length. The results of the analysis are judged to be a clear basis for viewing the Tang-ruler as the construction measure of the Sacheonwangsa temple. 3)The estimated unit lengths of the construction measure that were obtained from the analysis of the distance between the site'scenter, the foundation stone center distance of the building site and the measured value of the stonework ruins are slightly different. There is a limit to the verification of the construction error about this, however it is difficult to specify, it is mentioned 294.37mm which is obtained from the analysis of the distance between the site's center.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.339-345
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• 2020

In the field of defense, one-shot devices such as missiles are stored for a long period of time after they are manufactured, so it is essential to predict their storage life. A study was conducted to find the shelf life of a Li-ion battery used in one-shot devices. To do this, a Li-ion battery that has been used in weapon systems for more than 5 years was secured. A non-functional test was performed on the battery to check for external changes or failures. After the non-functional test, a discharge test was performed to measure the performance after storing it. Through the test, the performance was checked, including the initial charging voltage, discharge time, and battery temperature, and the trend of the change was identified. An F-test, One-way ANOVA, and regression analysis were performed to verify the aging, and the shelf life of the battery was estimated by an approximation formula that was derived through a regression analysis. As a result of the ANOVA, the p-value was less than the reference value of 0.05, and the performance of the battery decreased by more than 15% after a certain period of time. This change is assumed to result from the change in physical properties of the lithium polymer cell.