• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권8호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2013

Purpose - This is a case study aimed at finding a solution for improving the pallet loading efficiency in the process of delivering products through a transshipment using the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems. The study proposes a solution by demonstrating the case of a certain manufacturer A, who aims to reduce the logistics cost by using packaging sizes that are commonly applicable and can improve the compatibility between the T-11 pallet system, designated as the standard pallet in Korea, and the T-12 pallet system, which is commonly used in other foreign countries. The use of common sizes increases compatibility among the two systems and reduces both logistics and environmental costs. Thus, this case study calculates the quantitative benefits of applying common packaging sizes to improve the compatibility between the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems. These systems are considered to be the most important and widely used transportation systems in the global logistics industry. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examined manufacturer A's representative product and delivery system and assessed how manufacturer A was affected by the use of incompatible packaging sizes in the T-11 (1100 mm×1100 mm) and T-12 (1200mm×1000 mm) pallet systems, which were specified in the KS T 1002 standard. In addition, this study analyzed the impact of these packaging sizes on A's logistics cost. The TOPS program (Total Packaging System) was used to simulate pallet loading efficiency,and the main parameter studied was volume, as calculated from length, width, and height. Results - When the sizes of secondary packaging were not compatible across the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems, a reduction in loading efficiency was observed, leading to an increase in logistics cost during transshipment. Such low loading efficiencies led to a further loss of efficiency in transportation, storage and unloading. This may have a possible environmental impact with high social expenses, such as increased CO₂ emissions. Hence, this study proposed that the KS T 1002 standard be amended to include 21 packaging sizes, including 7 sizes of the 600 mm×500 mm category, which are compatible with both the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems. Conclusions - This study found that the 69 standard sizes under the T-11 pallet system and the 40 standard sizes under the T-12 system in the KS T 1002 standard can be simplified and reduced to 21 mutually compatible packaging sizes, enabling logistics standardization and reducing national-level logistics costs. If the government pays attention to this study and considers the standardization of common sizes for the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems and amends the KS T 1002 standard, this study will deliver practical value to the global logistics industry, apart from being of academic significance.

• 한국생물물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물물리학회 1996년도 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.31-31
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• 1996

The double-stranded panhandle structure of the influenza virus RNA is important for the replication, transcription and packaging into the virion of the vRNA. The solution structure of a 34-nucleotide-long RNA which contains the conserved panhandle sequences has been investigated by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopies. (omitted)

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2022

PCS needs to freely switch AC and DC to connect the battery, external AC loads and renewable energy in both directions for energy efficiency. Whenever converting happens, power loss inevitably occurs. Minimization of the power loss to save electricity and convert it for usage is a very critical function in PCS. PCS plays an important role in the ESS(Energy Storage System) but the importance of stabilizing semiconductors on PCB(Printed Circuit Board) should be empathized with a risk of failure such as a fire explosion. In this study, the temperature variation inside PCS was reviewed by cooling fan on top of PCS, and the vibration characteristics of PCS were analyzed during truck transportation for reliability of the product. In most cases, a cooling fan is mounted to control the inner temperature at the upper part of the PCS and components generating the heat placed on the internal aluminum cooling plate to apply the primary cooling and the secondary cooling system with inlet fans for the external air. Results of CFD showed slightly lack of circulating capacity but simulated temperatures were durable for components. The resonance points of PCS were various due to the complexity of components. Although they were less than 40 Hz which mostly occurs breakage, it was analyzed that the vibration displacement in the resonance frequency band was very insufficient. As a result of random-vibration simulation, the lower part was analyzed as the stress-concentrated point but no breakage was shown. The steel sheet could be stable for now, but for long-term domestic transportation, structural coupling may occur due to accumulation of fatigue strength. After the test completed, output voltage of the product had lost so that extra packaging such as bubble wrap should be considered.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국유가공기술과학회 2002년도 제54회 춘계심포지움 - 우유와 국민건강
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• pp.59-60
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• 2002

Edible films such as wax coatings, sugar and chocolate covers, and sausage casings, have been used in food applications for years$^{(1)}$ However, interest in edible films and biodegradable polymers has been renewed due to concerns about the environment, a need to reduce the quantity of disposable packaging, and demand by the consumer for higher quality food products. Edible films can function as secondary packaging materials to enhance food quality and reduce the amount of traditional packaging needed. For example, edible films can serve to enhance food quality by acting as moisture and gas barriers, thus, providing protection to a food product after the primary packaging is opened. Edible films are not meant to replace synthetic packaging materials; instead, they provide the potential as food packagings where traditional synthetic or biodegradable plastics cannot function. For instance, edible films can be used as convenient soluble pouches containing single-servings for products such as instant noodles and soup/seasoning combination. In the food industry, they can be used as ingredient delivery systems for delivering pre-measured ingredients during processing. Edible films also can provide the food processors with a variety of new opportunities for product development and processing. Depends on materials of edible films, they also can be sources of nutritional supplements. Especially, whey proteins have excellent amino acid balance while some edible films resources lack adequate amount of certain amino acids, for example, soy protein is low in methionine and wheat flour is low in lysine$^{(2)}$. Whey proteins have a surplus of the essential amino acid lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine. Thus, the idea of using whey protein-based films to individually pack cereal products, which often deficient in these amino acids, become very attractive$^{(3)}$. Whey is a by-product of cheese manufacturing and much of annual production is not utilized$^{(4)}$. Development of edible films from whey protein is one of the ways to recover whey from dairy industry waste. Whey proteins as raw materials of film production can be obtained at inexpensive cost. I hypothesize that it is possible to make whey protein-based edible films with improved moisture barrier properties without significantly altering other properties by producing whey protein/lipid emulsion films and these films will be suitable far food applications. The fellowing are the specific otjectives of this research: 1. Develop whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films and determine their microstructures, barrier (moisture and oxygen) and mechanical (tensile strength and elongation) properties. 2. Study the nature of interactions involved in the formation and stability of the films. 3. Investigate thermal properties, heat sealability, and sealing properties of the films. 4. Demonstrate suitability of their application in foods as packaging materials. Methodologies were developed to produce edible films from whey protein isolate (WPI) and concentrate (WPC), and film-forming procedure was optimized. Lipids, butter fat (BF) and candelilla wax (CW), were added into film-forming solutions to produce whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films. Significant reduction in water vapor and oxygen permeabilities of the films could be achieved upon addition of BF and CW. Mechanical properties were also influenced by the lipid type. Microstructures of the films accounted for the differences in their barrier and mechanical properties. Studies with bond-dissociating agents indicated that disulfide and hydrogen bonds, cooperatively, were the primary forces involved in the formation and stability of whey protein/lipid emulsion films. Contribution of hydrophobic interactions was secondary. Thermal properties of the films were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and the results were used to optimize heat-sealing conditions for the films. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used to study the nature of the interfacial interaction of sealed films. All films were heat sealable and showed good seal strengths while the plasticizer type influenced optimum heat-sealing temperatures of the films, 130$^{\circ}$C for sorbitol-plasticized WPI films and 110$^{\circ}$C for glycerol-plasticized WPI films. ESCA spectra showed that the main interactions responsible for the heat-sealed joint of whey protein-based edible films were hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds involving C-0-H and N-C components. Finally, solubility in water, moisture contents, moisture sorption isotherms and sensory attributes (using a trained sensory panel) of the films were determined. Solubility was influenced primarily by the plasticizer in the films, and the higher the plasticizer content, the greater was the solubility of the films in water. Moisture contents of the films showed a strong relationship with moisture sorption isotherm properties of the films. Lower moisture content of the films resulted in lower equilibrium moisture contents at all aw levels. Sensory evaluation of the films revealed that no distinctive odor existed in WPI films. All films tested showed slight sweetness and adhesiveness. Films with lipids were scored as being opaque while films without lipids were scored to be clear. Whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films may be suitable for packaging of powder mix and should be suitable for packaging of non-hygroscopic foods$^{(5,6,7,8,)}$.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.59-70
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• 2016

포장은 조제분유제품의 구매결정에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 인식된다. 아시아 시장에서 다국적 브랜드와 지역국가 브랜드가 경쟁하고 있으나, 다국적 브랜드 제품이 시장지 배적 지위를 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 우수한 조제분유 포장의 개발을 위해서는 여러 브랜드 제품 포장의 기능적 요소인 보관성, 보호성, 편의성, 정보전달 측면을 분석평가하는 것이 필요하다. 이를 위하여 대표적인 아시아 시장으로서 중국, 인도네시아, 한국 슈퍼마켓에서 포장분유제품을 수집하여 식품포장의 기능성 측면에서 검토하였다. 금속캔이 대용량(800~1000 g) 포장의 주된 형태이고, 중용량(400 g) 포장에서는 유연포장백이 많았다. 일반적으로 편의성 기능은 easy-open 도구와 소비 시 용량조절 스푼으로 제공되고 있었다. 정보전달의 기능면에서는 유통기한과 개봉 후 소비기한에 대한 정보가 영양성분 및 사용방법에 대한 안내 외에도 제공되고 있었다. 제품 품질 보호성을 위하여 기체 및 증기 차단성 이외에 $N_2/CO_2$ 혼합기체로의 변형기체 포장이 강성포장에서는 주로 사용되지만, 유연포장에서는 $N_2$ 치환포장이 보편적으로 사용되고 있었다.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.7-10
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• 2013

신선 농산물 공급체인에서 최종적으로 소비자에게 신선한 복숭아를 공급할 수 있는 통합적 마스터 포장 시스템을 구성하고 그 효과를 실험적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 마스터 포장 시스템은 $35{\mu}m$ 두께의 LDPE 필름 bag에 6개의 300 g 낱개 복숭아의 $30{\mu}m$ OPP 개별포장을 포함하는 것으로 구성하였다. 개별포장에 직경 $59{\mu}m$의 미세공을 1, 3, 7개로 두는 변수조건을 두어서 $5^{\circ}C$의 저온단계 저장과 $20^{\circ}C$의 유통판매단계에서 포장기체조성과 품질변화를 측정하여 비교하였다. $5^{\circ}C$에서 일정기간 저장한 마스터 포장은 해체하여 $20^{\circ}C$ 조건으로 옮겨서 3일간 보관하는 조건으로 실험하였다. 대조구로서 필름에 싸지 않고 골판지 상자에 복숭아를 6개씩 담아서 같은 온도조건에서 보관하였다. 7개 미세공을 가진 포장이 $5^{\circ}C$의 저온단계 저장과 $20^{\circ}C$의 유통판매단계에서 6~10%의 $O_2$ 농도와 11~19% $CO_2$ 농도를 유지시켜 가장 적정 MA 조건에 가까운 기체조성을 유지할 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 이보다 작은 미세공을 가진 포장은 일련의 연속적인 저장에서 혐기적인 조건을 유발하였다. 대조구와 비교하여 마스터 포장의 모든 처리구는 낮은 중량손실과 양호한 경도 유지를 보여주었다.

• 한국전기화학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기화학회 1998년도 전지기술 심포지움
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• pp.153-166
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• 1998

Lithium ion Batteries commercially available since the early nineties in Japan are going to be more and more important for portable electronic devices and even EV applications. Today several companies around the world are working hard to join to market for Lithium secondary batteries. Based on the growing interest for commercial use of batteries also the materials have to be reviewed in order to meet large scale production needs. The requirements especially for electrolytes for lithium batteries are extremely high. The solvents and the lithium salts should be of highest purity. So the supply of these chemicals including packaging, transportation and storage but also the handling in production are critical items in this field. Frolic impurities are very critical for LiPF6 based electrolytes. The influence of water is tremendous. But also the other protic impurities like alcoholes are playing an Important role for the electrolyte quality. The reaction of these species with LiPF6 leads to formation of HF which further reacts with cathode materials (spinel) and anode. To understand the role of the protic impurities more clearly the electrolyte was doped with such compounds and was analyzed for protic impurities and HF. These results which directly show the relation between impurities and quality will be presented and discussed. In addition several investigations on different packaging materials as well as methods to analyze and handle the sensititive material will be addressed. These questions which are only partly discussed in literature so far and never been investigated systematically cover some of the key parameters for understanding of the battery chemicals. This investigation and understanding however is of major importance for scientist and engineers in the field of Lithium ion and Lithium polymer batteries.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 1998

Aluminium secondary butoxide(ASB)를 출발물질로 하여 졸-겔방법에 의해 소결거 동에 미치는 $\alpha$-Al2O3 seed의 첨가효과에 따른 알루미나의 저온소결 가능성과 알루미나의 상전이에 대하여 TEM, DTA, XRD, FT-IR등으로 고찰을 하였다. TEM 분석결과 초기 생 성물인 boehmite가 비정질에서 단결정질로 진행되어 가고 있음을 확인하였다. 그리고 DTA 분석결과 $\alpha$-Al2O3 seed의 첨가한 경우 seed의 함량이 증가함에 따라 상전이 온도는 점차 낮아졌으며 약 0.4wt%일 때 seed를 첨가하지 않은 시료의 전이온도(약 1126$^{\circ}C$)에 비하여 약 7$0^{\circ}C$ 저하된 약 1056$^{\circ}C$로나타났으며 그 이상의 seedcja가에 있어서는 전이온도에 크게 영향을 나타내지 않았다. 또한 XRD분석결과 $\alpha$-Al2O3 seed를 첨가하지 않은 경우 110$0^{\circ}C$이 상의 온도에서 $\alpha$상이 생성되었음을 알수 있었다. 또한 100$0^{\circ}C$이상의 온도에서 $\alpha$상이 생성 되었음을 나타내는 Al-O 흡수특성 피크가 400~1000cm-1 범위에서 나타내고 있는 것을 FT-IR 분석결과에서도 확인할수 있었다. 그리고 $\alpha$-Al2O3 seed를 약 0.4wt% 첨가시 900~ 95$0^{\circ}C$에서 $\alpha$상이 형성됨을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2006

최근 기상이변으로 인한 낙뢰 및 써지의 발생빈도가 증가하고 있으며, 이에 따른 피해규모도 해마다 증대되고 있는 실정이다. 이들을 해결하기위한 보호시스템 개발이 다국적 관심분야로 대두되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 낙뢰와 전력 통신시스템에서 발생하는 각종 써지를 억제하기위한 새로운 구조의 보호시스템을 제안한다. 종래의 써지 보호장치들은 써지전류를 접지로 흘리는 구조로 설계되어 낙뢰, 송배전선로의 지락 및 혼촉 등 써지전류가 클 경우에 상승된 대지전위로 인해 전자 통신장비 및 기기들에 2차적 피해요인을 가져오는데 비해, 제안된 보호시스템은 대지전위의 상승을 억제하는 구조로 설계되어 2차적 피해가 발생하지 않는 이점이 있다. 개발된 써지 보호시스템의 실용성이 다양한 사고발생 시뮬레이터에 의해 입증된다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

In this paper, we investigate the requirements of QPA(Quality Process Audit), which is a process quality audit system for secondary defense contractors, compared with those of DQMS(Defense Quality Management System). And evaluate whether the deployment of QPA meets the DQMS certification requirements through the case example of Company H. The evaluation items of QPA are composed of five categories such as Material Management, Incoming Inspection, Manufacturing Process, Product Evaluation, and Packaging Management. The QPA requirements are mainly related to the chapter 7(support) and chapter 8(operation) of DQMS standards. In this view point, QPA can be expected as an effective audit for suppliers preparing for DQMS certification. In the case example, we evaluate the results and effects of improvement due to QPA and compare it with the case of DQMS. QPA can be used as appropriate quality management standards of secondary and tertiary defense contractors and can provide the basis guidelines for the preparation of implementation steps in DQMS certification.