• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.5733-5739
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• 2015

The primary objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of medical students and determine variation between different cultural groups. A secondary aim was to find out the willingness to pay for cervical cancer vaccination and the relationships between knowledge and attitudes towards Human Papillomavirus vaccination. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a private medical university between June 2014 and November 2014 using a convenient sampling method. A total of 305 respondents were recruited and interviewed with standard questionnaires for assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practice towards human papilloma virus and their willingness to pay for HPV vaccination. Knowledge regarding human papilloma virus, human papilloma virus vaccination, cervical cancer screening and cervical cancer risk factors was good. Across the sample, a majority (90%) of the pupils demonstrated a high degree of knowledge about cervical cancer and its vaccination. There were no significant differences between ethnicity and the participants' overall knowledge of HPV infection, Pap smear and cervical cancer vaccination. Some 88% of participants answered that HPV vaccine can prevent cervical cancer, while 81.5% of medical students said they would recommend HPV vaccination to the public although fewer expressed an intention to receive vaccination for themselves.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.311-322
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• 2010

양성자 치료 시, 이차 입자는 암 부위 이외의 영역에 선량을 전달하고 이차 암 발생 가능성을 내재하기 때문에 이에 대한 정확한 분석은 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 불균질 물질에 의해 양성자 빔으로부터 발생 된 이차입자의 플루언스와 에너지 분포가 받는 영향에 대해 Geant4 (Geometry And Tracking) 전산모사를 통해 분석 하는 것이다. 불균질 조건은 브래그 커브 내에 최대 선량의 30% (플라토)와 80% (브래그 피크) 선량 지점에 두께 2 cm의 지방, 뼈 그리고 폐 등가 물질을 삽입하여 구성하였다. 또한, 양성자의 에너지는 100, 130, 160 그리고 190 MeV로 변화시켰으며, 이차 입자에 대한 결과는 불균질 물질에서의 이차입자의 플루언스와 에너지 분포로 나타내었다. 이차입자의 플루언스는 불균질 물질의 밀도에 적은 영향을 받지만, 삽입위치, 양성자의 초기 에너지에 따라서는 영향을 받지 않는다. 이차입자의 에너지 분포는 불균질 물질의 삽입 위치에 따라 다르다. 플라토 영역 내에서 이차입자의 에너지 분포는 물질의 밀도에 영향을 받지만, 브래그 영역 내에서는 불균질 물질의 밀도와 양성자의 초기 에너지에 영향을 받는다. 본 연구는 더욱 복잡한 불균질 물질에서의 이차입자의 분포에 대한 예측 가능성을 내제한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.135-138
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• 2016

This study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of underlying significant lesions among women referred for colposcopy after atypical glandular cell (AGC) smears and the associated risks. The present study reviewed data from women with AGC smears undergoing colposcopy at the Colposcopy Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand between January 2001 to December 2014. Significant lesions included cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2-3, adenocarcinoma in situ, endometrial hyperplasia, and cancer. During the study period, 170 women with AGC cytology were reviewed. The mean age was 45.7 years. Thirty-eight women (22.4%) were postmenopausal. Eighteen smears (10.6%) were further subclassified as AGC-favor neoplasia (AGC-FN). In total, significant lesions were noted in 27 women (15.9%; 95%CI, 7.8%-18.3%). Thirteen women (7.6%, 95%CI, 4.1%-12.7%) were found to have cervical cancer or endometrial cancer. Two variables were independently associated with an increased risk of significant histopathology results: level of educational attainment (secondary level or lower versus bachelor degree or higher) and types of AGC (AGC versus AGC-FN). Women who had low level of education and those with AGC-FN were at the higher risk of significant lesions (OR, 3.16; 95%CI 1.10-9.11 and OR, 4.62; 95%CI, 1.54-13.85, respectively). In conclusion, the rate of significant lesions among women referred for colposcopy after AGC smears is considerably high. Low education and smear subtypes appear independently associated with a higher risk of significant lesions.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2021

Background: The National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology-National Institute of Radiological Sciences (QST-NIRS) has continuously investigated the undesired radiation exposure in ion beam radiotherapy mainly in carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT). This review introduces our investigations on the secondary neutron dose in CIRT with the broad and scanning beam methods. Materials and Methods: The neutron ambient dose equivalents in CIRT are evaluated based on rem meter (WENDI-II) measurements. The out-of-field organ doses assuming prostate cancer and pediatric brain tumor treatments are also evaluated through the Monte Carlo simulation. This evaluation of the out-of-field dose includes contributions from secondary neutrons and secondary charged particles. Results and Discussion: The measurements of the neutron ambient dose equivalents at a 90#x00B0; angle to the beam axis in CIRT with the broad beam method show that the neutron dose per treatment dose in CIRT is lower than that in proton radiotherapy (PRT). For the scanning beam with the energy scanning technique, the neutron dose per treatment dose in CIRT is lower than that in PRT. Moreover, the out-of-field organ doses in CIRT decreased with distance to the target and are less than the lower bound in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) shown in AAPM TG-158 (American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group). Conclusion: The evaluation of the out-of-field doses is important from the viewpoint of secondary cancer risk after radiotherapy. Secondary neutrons are the major source in CIRT, especially in the distant area from the target volume. However, the dose level in CIRT is similar or lower than that in PRT and IMRT, even if the contributions from all radiation species are included in the evaluation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1155-1162
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• 2014

Background: Despite mixed survival data, the utilization of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) for the prevention of a contralateral breast cancer (CBC) has increased significantly over the last 15 years, especially among women less than 40. We set out to look at our own experience with CPM, focusing on outcomes in women less than 40, the sub-population with the highest cumulative lifetime risk of developing CBC. With an extended follow-up, we hoped to demonstrate differences in the long-term disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) among groups who underwent the procedure (CPM) versus those that did not (NCPM). Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all breast cancer patients less than age 40 diagnosed at Mount Sinai Medical Center between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2010 (n=481). Among these patients, 42 were identified as having undergone CPM, while 195 were confirmed as being CPM-free during the observation period. A univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: The CPM group had a significantly higher percentage of patients who were diagnosed between 2000 and 2010 (95.2% vs 40%, p=0.0001). The CPM group had significantly smaller tumors (0-2cm.: 41.7% vs 24.8%, p=0.04). Among the entire group of patients, the overall five- and 10-year DFS were 81.3% and 73.3%, respectively. CPM was significantly associated [HR 2.35 (1.02, 5.41); p=0.046] with 10-year OS, although a similar effect was not observed for five-year OS. Conclusions: We found that CPM has increased dramatically over the last 15 years, especially among white women with locally advanced disease. In patients less than 40, who are thought to be at greatest cumulative risk of secondary breast cancer, CPM provided an OS advantage, regardless of genetics, tumor or patient characteristics, and which was only seen after 10 years of follow-up.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.471-476
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• 2022

전립샘암의 방사선치료법인 3D CRT와 IMRT 5 portals, IMRT 9 portals에서 정상장기인 대장과 갑상샘의 광중성자 선량 피폭으로 인하여 암이 발생할 확률을 연구하고자 한다. 전립샘암 총 처방선량 6600 cGy로 1회당 220 cGy, 총 횟수는 30회의 분할조사를 적용하였다. 실험에 사용한 의료용 선형가속기의 치료테이블(couch)위에 Rando phantom을 setup 한 후에 phantom의 대장, 갑상샘의 해당부위에 중성자 광자극발광선량계 (Optically stimulated luminescence albedo neutron dosimeter)를 위치시켜 측정하였다. 전립샘암 3D CRT시 정상장기인 대장과 갑상샘의 광중성자 선량으로 인한 2차 암의 발생확률은 10,000명 당 1.8명 이었다. 그리고 IMRT 5 portals은 10,000명 당 8.7명으로, 3D CRT에 비해서 약 5배 컸다. IMRT 9 portals는 1,000명 당 1.2명이 암이 발생할 확률이 있음의 결과를 도출하였다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 방사선 치료 시 발생하는 광중성자 선량으로 인하여 2차 방사선 피폭선량의 위험성을 연구하여, 향후 방사선의 확률적 영향과 방사선 방호에 관련하여 유용한 자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2012

While much has been learned about the mechanisms of metastatic spread of cancer to bone, there has been little headway in establishing guidelines for monitoring the alteration in bone quality and estimating fracture risk. The aims of this study are, therefore, 1) to evaluate bone quality induced by metastatic bone tumor by analyzing the characteristics on bone microarchitecture and degree of bone mineralization and 2) analyze fracture risk increased secondary to the bone quality changes by metastatic bone tumor through calculating mechanical rigidities based on in-vivo micro CT images. For this study, eighteen female SD rats (12 weeks old, approximate 250 g) were randomly allocated in Sham and Tumor groups. W256 (Walker carcinosarcoma 256 malignant breast cancer cell) was inoculated in the right femur (intraosseous injection) in Tumor group, while 0.9% NaCl (saline solution) was injected in Sham group. The right hind limbs of all rats were scanned by in-vivo micro-CT to acquire structural parameters and degree of bone mineralization at 0 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after surgery. At the same time, urine was collected by metabolic cages for a biochemical marker test in order to evaluate bone resorption. Then, bone metastasis had been directly identified by positron emission tomography. Finally, axial, bending and torsional rigidities had been calculated based on in-vivo micro CT images for predict fracture risk. The results of this study showed that metastatic bone tumor might induce significant decrease in bone quality and increase of fracture risk. This study may be helpful to monitoring a degree of bone metastasis and predicting fracture risk due to metastatic bone tumor. In addition, this noninvasive diagnostic methodology may be utilized for evaluating other bone metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis.

• BMB Reports
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• 제51권11호
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• pp.584-589
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• 2018

Secondary prevention via earlier detection would afford the greatest chance for a cure in premalignant lesions. We investigated the exomic profiles of non-malignant and malignant changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the genomic blueprint of human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven carcinogenesis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Whole-exome (WES) and whole-genome (WGS) sequencing were performed on peripheral blood and adjacent non-tumor and tumor specimens obtained from eight Korean HNSCC patients from 2013 to 2015. Next-generation sequencing yielded an average coverage of $94.3{\times}$ for WES and $35.3{\times}$ for WGS. In comparative genomic analysis of non-tumor and tumor tissue pairs, we were unable to identify common cancer-associated early mutations and copy number alterations (CNA) except in one pair. Interestingly, in this case, we observed that non-tumor tonsillar crypts adjacent to HPV-positive OPSCC appeared normal under a microscope; however, this tissue also showed weak p16 expression. WGS revealed the infection and integration of high-risk type HPV16 in this tissue as well as in the matched tumor. Furthermore, WES identified shared and tumor-specific genomic alterations for this pair. Clonal analysis enabled us to infer the process by which this transitional crypt epithelium (TrCE) evolved into a tumor; this evolution was accompanied by the subsequent accumulation of genomic alterations, including an ERBB3 mutation and large-scale CNAs, such as 3q27-qter amplification and 9p deletion. We suggest that HPV16-driven OPSCC carcinogenesis is a stepwise evolutionary process that is consistent with a multistep carcinogenesis model. Our results highlight the carcinogenic changes driven by HPV16 infection and provide a basis for the secondary prevention of OPSCC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3483-3489
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• 2013

Background: To identify the prevalence of different stages of smoking and differences in associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: Thos longitudinal study started in February 2011 and the subjects were 2552 form one students aged between twelve to thirteen years of from 15 government secondary schools of Kinta, Perak. Data on demographic, parental, school and peer factors were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. We examined the effects of peer, school and parental factors on the five stages of smoking; never smokers, susceptible never smokers, experimenters, current smokers and ex-smokers, at baseline. Results: In the sample, 19.3% were susceptible never smokers, 5.5% were current smokers 6% were experimenters and 3.1% were ex-smokers. Gender, ethnicity, best friends' smoking status, high peer pressure, higher number of relatives who smoked and parental monitoring were found to be associated with smoking stages. Presence of parent-teen conflict was only associated with susceptible never smokers and experimenters whereas absence of home discussion on smoking hazards was associated with susceptible never smokers and current smokers. Conclusions: We identified variations in the factors associated with the different stages of smoking. Our results highlight that anti-smoking strategies should be tailored according to the different smoking stages.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.69-86
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• 2023

The bioactive secondary metabolites produced by sea cucumbers are very diverse with differences in composition, linkages, molecular weight, and various functional properties. Due to their physicochemical properties, these bioactive molecules in sea cucumbers have found applications in various market segments such as functional foods and cosmetics. Sea cucumber side dishes are a prominent food item in traditional cuisine in East Asian countries such as South Korea, China, and Japan. In addition, many studies have reported that the consumption of sea cucumbers can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, the pathogenesis of cancer cells, chronic inflammatory diseases, etc. In particular, many studies have recently reported the potential of sea cucumbers to develop functional products to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, diabetes, and cancer. Additionally, these bioactive properties associated with sea cucumbers make them ideal compounds for use as functional ingredients in functional food products. However, no report has yet reviewed the properties of sea cucumbers related to functional foods. Therefore, in this review, the primary focus is given to collecting published scientific data (from 2019 to 2023) on the bioactive properties of sea cucumbers relevant to the functional food industry.