• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1980-1985
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• 2003

Two nonlinear ${\kappa}-{\epsilon}$ models with the wall function method are applied to the fully developed turbulent flow in a square duct. Typical predicted quantities such as axial and secondary velocities, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses are compared in details both qualitatively and quantitatively with each other. A nonlinear ${\kappa}-{\epsilon}$ model with the wall function method capable of predicting accurately duct flows involving turbulence-driven secondary motion is presented in the present paper. The nonlinear ${\kappa}-{\epsilon}$ model adopted in a commercial code is found to be unable to predict accurately duct flows with the prediction level of secondary flows one order less than that of the experiment.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.821-827
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• 2003

Fully developed turbulent flow in a square duct is numerically predicted with two nonlinear low-Reynolds-number ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ models. Typical predicted quantities such as axial and secondary velocities, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses are compared in detail with each other. It is found that the nonlinear low-Reynolds-number ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model adopted in a commercial code is unable to predict accurately duct flows involving turbulence-driven secondary motion with the prediction level of secondary flows one order less than that of the experiment.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2003

Two nonlinear κ-ε models with the wall function method are applied to the fully developed turbulent flow in a square duct. Typical predicted quantities such as axial and secondary velocities, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses are compared in details both qualitatively and quantitatively with each other. A nonlinear κ-ε model with the wall function method capable of predicting accurately duct flows involving turbulence-driven secondary motion is presented in the present paper. The nonlinear κ-ε model of Shih et al.[1] adopted in a commercial code is found to be unable to predict accurately duct flows with the prediction level of secondary flows one order less than that of the experiment.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2014

This paper discusses a method for the determination of frequency control reserve requirement with consideration of the interaction between ex-ante planning and real-time balancing. In proposed method, we consider the fact that the delivered energy for tertiary control reserve is determined based on required capacity for secondary control reserve and the expected amount of load errors. Uncertain load errors are derived by Brownian motion, an optimization method is suggested using a stochastic programming. In a short, we propose an interactive dependent method for determining secondary control reserve requirement based on the principle that it satisfies to minimize the total cost. As a result, this paper provides will analyze for an example model to demonstrate the capabilities of the method.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.345-354
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• 1994

수치 해석을 통하여 이차유동을 포함한 핵연료봉 주위의 난류 유동장을 예측하였다. 등방성 난류와 점성계수 모델과 이차 유동을 모사하기 위해 단순화된 대수응력모델을 사용하여 난류 운동 에너지 (k)와 난류 에너지 소멸률($\varepsilon$)의 이 방정식 모델과 운동량 방정식을 유한 차분법으로 풀어 유동장내의 평균속도, 이차유동, 난류 운동 에너지, 난류 응력 분포 등을 구하였다. 수치해석 예측치를 실험데이타와 비교하여 만족할만한 결과를 얻었고 유동장내에서 이차유동의 영향을 확인하였다. 즉 이차유동이 절대 크기는 작더라도 대류 효과에 의해 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 본 연구를 통해 알 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.417-427
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• 1998

The effect of secondary flow on the heat transfer of a turbulent wake generated by a flat plate was experimentally investigated. The secondary flow was induced in a curved duct in which the flat plate wake generator was installed. All three components of turbulent heat flux were measured in the plane containing the mean radius of curvature of the curved duct. The results showed that mean temperature profiles deviate from the similarity of the straight wake because of the cold fluid transported from the free-stream. The half-width of the mean temperature profile increased rapidly by upwash motion of the secondary flow. The changes to turbulence structure caused by the secondary flow show more pronounced effect on heat transport than on momentum transport. This is because the response to the variation of flow conditions is delayed in temperature field. Negative production of the turbulent heat flux is observed in the inner wake region. From the conditional averaging, it has been found that the negative production of the turbulent heat flux is generated due to a mixing process between the hot and low momentum eddies occupied in the inner wake region and the cold and high momentum eddies in the potential region.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.214-219
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• 2000

This paper presents a recoil and counter recoil motion measurement system using linear variable differential transformers (LVDT). The output of the LVDT is obtained from the differential voltage of the secondary transformers. Since a transducer core is attached to the motion body, the output is directly proportional to the movement length of the core. Displacement, velocity and acceleration are measured from the LVDT. With a comparison between the measurement result and the reference value obtained by the highly accurate Vernier calipers, it is proved that the measurement system with the LVDT is applicable to the test of the moving part of the mechanism with better accuracy.

• 천문학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.237-240
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• 2005

We present images of L1551 IRS5 at angular resolutions as high as ${\~}$30 mas, corresponding to a spatial resolution of ${\~}$5 AU, made at 7 mm with the VLA. Previously known to be a binary protostellar system, we show that L1551 IRS5 is likely a triple protostellar system. The primary and secondary components have a projected separation of ${\~}$46 AU, whereas the tertiary component has a projected separation of ${\~}$11 AU from the primary component. The circumstellar dust disks of the primary and secondary components have dimensions of ${\~}$15 AU, whereas that of the tertiary component has a dimension of ${\~}$10 AU. Their major axes are closely, but not perfectly, aligned with each other, as well as the major axis of the surrounding flattened, rotating, and contracting molecular condensation (pseudodisk). Furthermore, the orbital motion of the primary and secondary components is in the same direction as the rotational motion of this pseudodisk. We suggest that all three protostellar components formed as a result of the fragmentation of the central region of the molecular pseudo disk. The primary and secondary components, but apparently not the tertiary component, each exhibits a bipolar ionized jet that is centered on and which emergers perpendicular to its associated dust disk. Neither jets are resolved along their base, implying that they are driven within a radial distance of ${\~}$2.5 AU from their central protostars. Finally, we show evidence for what may be dusty matter streams feeding the two main protostellar components.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2006

움직임 예측은 비디오 신호의 압축에 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 논문에서는 효율적으로 움직임 벡터를 찾기 위하여 적응형 임계값과 매크로블록간의 차이값(Sum of Absolute Difference, SAD)의 분포특성을 이용하였다. 일반적으로 SAD분포가 단조로 우면 SAD값이 작고 복잡하면 SAD값이 큰 경향이 있다. 따라서 단조로운 분포에서는 탐색 포인트를 줄이고 복잡한 분포에서는 지역 극소점을 피하기 위해 탐색 포인트를 늘려서 탐색하였다. 검색할 매크로 블록을 9개의 영역으로 나누고, 시공간적 유사성을 이용하여 예측한 영역을 제 1 영역이라 하고 나머지 8개의 영역을 모두 제 2 영역이라 정한다. 이 두 개의 영역 중 어느 한 영역(제 1 영역 또는 제 2 영역)만 탐색할지, 아니면 두 영역 모두 탐색할지를 적응형 임계값을 이용하여 적절하게 탐색하였다. 실험 결과 기존의 대표적인 고속 알고리즘들에 비하여 매크로블록 당 탐색 포인트 수가 평균 16.4% 감소하고, MSE는 평균 32.83 감소한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2009

목적: 그동안 견관절과 견봉하 관절에 대한 연구는 전세계적으로 매우 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔고 많은 의사들의 관심분야로 각광받아왔다. 그러나 그에 비해서 견갑골과 그 주위근육들은 상대적으로 관심의 대상이 되어오지 못한 것이 사실이다. 이에 저자들은 견갑골의 운동장애에 대하여 기술해 보고자 하는 것이 목적이다. 대상 및 방법: 기본적으로 견관절의 움직임은 언제나 견갑골의 운동을 동반하게 되어있고, 견관절의 운동에 이상이 발생하면 이는 직접적으로 견관절 움직임에도 영향을 미칠 수 밖에 없다는 것은 이미 널리 알려진 사실이다. 결과 및 결론: 특히 운동선수에 있어서는 견갑골의 움직임과 견고한 고정이 매우 중요한 역할을 차지하게 된다. 이에 저자들은 견갑골의 움직임과 중요성에 대해서 조명해보고자 한다.