• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1998

A good example of the persistence of naive theories about change in seasons is well knowned: A filmmaker carried a camera into the crowd of gowned graduates at the 1987 commencement of Harvard University and asked a simple question, that is, "Why is it hotter in summer than in winter?" to twenty five students chosen at random. All of the answers except two were that the Earth is closer to the Sun in summer, so it is hotter in summer, but the Earth is farther from the Sun in winter, so it is cooler in winter. Until now, naive theories about the cause in seasons have been extensively studied. However, few studies to overcome these naive theories were reported. Author takes two steps: first, a new model on the cause in seasons is developed. Second, preservice students concepts' change on the cause in seasons through the new model is observed. The author concludes that the new model have a good effect on the preservice students concepts' change on the cause in seasons.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2007

Keeping in step with four seasons, Spring, summer, autumn, and winter, the heaven and earth(天地) has been born(生), grown(長), coverted(化), gained(收), and kept(藏) by interaction of yiyang and yuqi(五氣: 木火土金水). And according to Naiching, human being is born with energy of heaven and earth(天地之氣) and is grown with the law of four seasons(四時之法). So, we now know that the human's body and nature interact each other. The oriental medical science has been studied the effect that the nature's change influences on human body. Now, I get some idea that using herb medicine and acupuncture should have hanged following the change of four seasons. We know that there is a cycle in nature. Every day sun arise and down, and every month moon gets full and new. And every year, four seasons orderly change, from spring to winter. All of this is the law of nature and human body adapts this law. Man always shows the physiological phenomena which changes under the law of nature, especially the turning of the seasons. Therefore, we should use different medical methods in different seasons.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1227-1239
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• 2018

In this study, daily precipitation data and daily average temperature data of meteorological observatories in Daegu, Busan, Daejeon, Seoul, Mokpo, and Gwangju cities inland and offshore were analyzed by using moving average method. Were compared. Overall, summarizing changes in precipitation and temperature over the 24 seasons, precipitation and temperature in all six stations increased compared to the past 1960s. In the case of precipitation, precipitation increased at the end of July and early August, whereas precipitation in April, September and early October decreased. In the case of temperature, especially in February, the temperature increased, and in Mokpo, the temperature from August to December showed a general decline. Changes in precipitation and temperature due to seasons in the 24 seasons affect agriculture and our everyday life, and further research is needed to determine how these changes will affect agricultural water supply, crop growth and daily life. The results of this study can be useful.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2013

Korea, which is located in the middle-latitude area of the northern hemisphere, has four seasons. These seasons can be classified based on their months, mean temperatures, biology and natural phenomena. In this study, climatic changes were identified by biotic and temperature seasons, changing trends were compared by season, and the appropriateness of the biotic phenomena for the biotic season classification was examined. The data for this study included the mean temperatures, and biology phenomenon observation dates, which had been observed for 38 years from the ASOSs in seven Gwangju and Jeonnam regions. Limitations were found in the classification of the temperature and biotic seasons. Especially in the case of the biotic season based on a single life, the points of the first sighting and the initial sound fluctuated so much that the accuracy of the results was not guaranteed. Therefore, the life species had to be selected subject to detailed verification and accurate specifications, and to be applied to the meteorological phenomena. In addition, there were lives in the standard biology that could no longer be observed because of environmental pollution and climatic change, which indicates the need to protect the existing standard biology.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.537-544
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• 2016

We developed a model, termed D-PSA-K, to estimate the accumulated potential damage on kiwifruit canes caused by bacterial canker during the growing and overwintering seasons. The model consisted of three parts including estimation of the amount of necrotic lesion in a non-frozen environment, the rate of necrosis increase in a freezing environment during the overwintering season, and the amount of necrotic lesion on kiwifruit canes caused by bacterial canker during the overwintering and growing seasons. We evaluated the model's accuracy by comparing the observed maximum disease incidence on kiwifruit canes against the damage estimated using weather and disease data collected at Wando during 1994-1997 and at Seogwipo during 2014-2015. For the Hayward cultivar, D-PSA-K estimated the accumulated damage as approximately nine times the observed maximum disease incidence. For the Hort16A cultivar, the accumulated damage estimated by D-PSA-K was high when the observed disease incidence was high. D-PSA-K could assist kiwifruit growers in selecting optimal sites for kiwifruit cultivation and establishing improved production plans by predicting the loss in kiwifruit production due to bacterial canker, using past weather or future climate change data.

• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.185-192
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• 2016

In this paper, I studied about historical seasonal subdivision system and a theory of traditional monthly order, which was used for so long from Koryo dynasty to the late of Choseon dynasty in Korean histoy. Especially, I took note of the fact that there used the table of solar terms and meteorological observation what we called the table of Kihoo-pyo in the historical Sunmyung-calendar and the Soosi-calendar during the Koryo dynasty. This table of Kihoo was developed for explaining meteorological change during a year at that time. Here are largely four elements related meteorological nature : the first is the list of 24 solar terms, and the second is 12 monthly seasonal terms and 12 monthly central terms, the third is about four right hexagon based I-ching, the fourth is 72 meteorological observations called 72-hoo. Among them, the 72-hoo system is important to know how premodern people observed natural materials including animals and plants, weather, climate about meteorological phenomena according to the seasonal change or solar terms' change during a year. I argued in this article to need developing modern new table of Kihoo system like that, in order to show common people to recognize annual meteorological change more easy and clear. I also argued to need a distinct definition of meteorological seasons from a view point of modern meteorology.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.11-16
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• 2015

Spatial and temporal information on near-surface air temperature is important for understanding global warming and climate change. In this study, the estimation algorithm of near-surface air temperature in Korea was developed by using spatial homogeneous surface information obtained from satellite remote sensing observations. Based on LST(Land Surface Temperature), NDWI(Normalized Difference Water Index) and NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) as independent variables, the multiple regression model was proposed for the estimation of near-surface air temperature. The different regression constants and coefficients for warm and cold seasons were calculated for considering regional climate change in Korea. The near-surface air temperature values estimated from the multiple regression algorithm showed reasonable performance for both warm and cold seasons with respect to observed values (approximately $3^{\circ}C$ root mean-square error and nearly zero mean bias). Thus;the proposed algorithm using remotely sensed surface observations and the approach based on the classified warm and cold seasons may be useful for assessment of regional climate temperature in Korea.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 2017

Where there are all the flowers, the songs of all kinds of insects and birds are put in, the sunshine and shadows flicker The forest through which the water sound flows is an optimum resting space. All living creatures in these spaces will awaken the five senses of humans and perhaps turn the sensibility index (EQ). The forest meditation in the forest, which can be an optimal shelter for the people who need it, needs to feel the reverence of nature, to refine emotions, to be a self-reflection, to have a mind to respect, Have an important meaning. In this paper, we tried to consider the cause of the influence of forest sounds on human hearing from the acoustical aspect. The type of sound source of forest was divided into four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, winter. And the change in the duration of the sound during the four seasons, so that the general characteristics of the sounds of the four seasons are as follows: It can be seen that the change in the ratio of sub-band energy is almost equal to the change in dB in frequency of the equal-light curve. To compare this phenomenon, the criterion for changing the sound duration of each forest is natural The main forms of the luminance curve, such as the change in the duration of the white signal in the sound, are determined by the minimum, maximum audible frequency and the most sensitive frequency band, and the auditory characteristics of the other three inflection points Determines the overall shape of the equal-light curve.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.34-47
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• 2010

Long-range transport of air pollutants was simulated using Comprehensive Acid Deposition Model (CADM) and Yonsei University-Sulfuric Acid Deposition Model (YU-SADM). For the simulation, weather patterns that represent the four seasons were derived through a clustering analysis with 5-years of meteorological data. The simulation result showed that in spring, influenced by strong low pressure from China, air pollutants of moved to the Korean Peninsula. In summer, humid air moved into the Korean Peninsula across the Yellow Sea while the north pacific high pressure extended, making the concentration of air pollutants lower than that in the other seasons. In autumn, air pollutants were transported by the northwest wind caused by the movement of high pressure over the Yellow Sea, while in winter air pollutants were influenced by northwest winds from continental highs. The amount of air pollutants in each season showed that high amount of pollutants were transported in winter due to the strong northwest wind. The in-flows were 3 to 8 times higher than those of the other seasons, and out-flows were about as twice as high. The amount of wet deposition in summer and autumn increased significantly compared to the amount in the other seasons due to the increase of rainfall. Source-receptor relationship analysis for sulfur showed that 70 to 91 precent of the total deposition came from the self-contribution by the Korean Peninsula. In winter, contribution from China was about 25 percent of the total deposition which was higher amount than any other season.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1062-1070
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• 2008

The human body and nature respond to each other. The change of nature influences to directly human body. One of the change is the weather change. and there is order in the change. The order is twelve months. To explain the weather change of the cold, hot. dry and wet. we can use Four seasons, The twenty-four seasons, or The twelve month. To explain the five elements of the chinese cosmogony, The four season is useful, and the change of weather, the twenty-four seasons is good. But, the viscera is explained by the ten celestial stems and the twelve horary sings. Thus the twelve horary sings is most useful to explain, because one year is composed by twelve months. The twelve season and fancy of the ten celestial stems is explained fully by Diao-hou-yong-shen. Diao-hou-yong-shen is expressed by the zodiac signs, and explained by the disposition of the zodiac sings. In addition to the oriental medical science is also explained and expressed by the zodiac signs. Therefore, I think that the change of viscera, according to weather, is based on the Diao-hou-yong-shen, and I get some results. In the acting of viscera, there are some relationship between organs. The relationship is not influenced directly by the weather of four seasons, unless there are some special details. If the energy of the month, which rules one specific organ, is weak, doctor should fill up the organ. If not, the organ tends to get sick. According to the full or weak of the five elements which is under the month, the useless or harmful elements should be taken off, and useful and needful elements should be serviced. The balance between cold, hot, dry and wet should be maintained. However, the fancy of the viscera is very different. So, doctor should be careful to maintain balance. The full and weak between Yin and Yang should be considered when doctor think about cold and hot in the month.