• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.254-261
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• 2010

Little is known about neonatal mitochondrial disease, though mitochondrial metabolic disorders may often present in the neonatal period because of the high energy requirement of neonate. In newborn period, common presentations are not specific and the disease course may be rapid and fatal. In this study, we report three cases of neonatal mitochondrial disease. The first case was strongly suspected because of sudden seizure and mental change with severe lactic acidosis, and multiorgan failure. Plasma lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio was increased to 55.6 with marked lactic aciduria and increased plasma alanin up to 2,237 nmol/mL. In the second patient, a peritoneal dialysis was performed for acute adrenal and renal failure, but metabolic acidosis persisted. Plasma L/P ratio was increased to 23.9, and MRC I (mitochondrial respiratory chain defect) was diagnosed through the enzymatic analysis of the muscles. The third case showed repetitive episode of lactic acidosis during the first two months of life, hypotonia, failure to thrive and feeding difficulties. We found markedly increased cerebrospinal fluid L/P ratio up to 57 though plasma L/P ratio(19.4) was borderline with increased plasma lactate. The lactate peak was prominent in brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MRC II was confirmed through muscle biopsy. Plasma lactate level and lactate peak of brain MRS were normalized after conservative treatment.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.380-387
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• 1993

Local excision and axillary dissection followed by radiation therapy to the breast has been shown to achieve equivalent local control and survival as mastectomy in an prospective randomized trials. We analyzed 28 cases of early breast cancer in order to evaluate the therapeutic effects of conservative surgery and definitive radiotherapy in the management of early breast cancer as possible alternative of simple mastectomy, retrospectively. Obtained results were as follows : 1. Treatment related acute side reactions are more prominant in the case of chemoradiotherapy group than radiotherapy alone group. 2. There were no cases of primary, regional or systemic failures on the last follow up examination. 3. Cosmetic results after treatment were satisfactory in 26 cases out of 28 cases on the last follow up examination. 4. There were no demonstrable differences of tumor control and cosmetic results between the treatment groups. Although, these results suggested that definitive radiotherapy after local excision would be a possible and desirable alternative instead of total mastectomy in the management of early breast cancers, analyzed cases were too small and follow up period was too short to evaluate the therapeutic effect of primary radiotherapy after local excision, exactly.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.210-216
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• 1984

Solvatochromic comparison methods were applied to determine Taft's solvent parameters, ${\pi}^{\ast}$(solvent polarity-polarizability), ${\alpha}$(solvent hydrogen bond donor acidity) and ${\beta}$ (solvent hydrogen bond acceptor basicity) for MeOH-MeCN solvent mixtures. Swain's solvent parameters A(anion solvation scale) and B(cation solvation scale) were also determined by least square fitting of kinetic data in the same binary solvent mixtures. It was found that: (i)${\beta}$ depends on the basicity of the solvent and increases with the MeOH content owing to the increase in polymeric structure of methanol; (ii) ${\pi}^{\ast}$depends on the dipole moment of the solvent and increases with the MeCN content of the solvent; (iii) ${\alpha}$ increases rapidly with the MeOH content as the hydrogen bond donor acidity of the solvent mixtures increases. Taft's reaction constants a and s and Swain's reaction constants a and b were determined for the reactions reported from our laboratory previously using solvent parameters determined in this work. No meaningful inter-relationship was found between the two set of reaction parameters, but a good linear correlation was found between the ratios a/s and a/b. Solvent effect on the reaction mechanism, substituent effect and leaving group ability were examined in the light of these reaction constants ratios.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2002

Objective: This study was to investigate the generation of the functional neuron derived from human embryonic stem (hES, MB03) cells on in vitro neural cell differentiation system. Methods: For neural progenitor cell formation derived from hES cells, we produced embryoid bodies (EB: for 5 days, without mitogen) from hES cells and then neurospheres (for $7{\sim}10$ days, 20 ng/ml of bFGF added N2 medium) from EB. And then finally for the differentiation into mature neuron, neural progenitor cells were cultured in i) N2 medium only (without bFGF), ii) N2 supplemented with 20 ng/ml platelet derived growth factor-bb (PDGF-bb) or iii) N2 supplemented with 5 ng/ml brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for 2 weeks. Identification of neural cell differentiation was carried out by immunocytochemistry using $\beta_{III}$-tubulin (1:250), MAP-2 (1:100) and GFAP (1:500). Also, generation of functional neuron was identified using anti-glutamate (Sigma, 1:1000), anti-GABA (Sigma, 1:1000), anti-serotonin (Sigma, 1:1000) and anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (Sigma, 1:1000). Results: In vitro neural cell differentiation, neurotrophic factors (PDGF and BDNF) treated cell groups were high expressed MAP-2 and GFAP than non-treated cell group. The highest expression pattern of MAP-2 and $\beta_{III}$-tubulin was indicated in BDNF treated group. Also, in the presence of PDGF-bb or BDNF, most of the neural cells derived from hES cells were differentiated into glutamate and GABA neuron in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed that there were a few serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuron in the same culture environment. Conclusion: This results suggested that the generation of functional neuron derived from hES cells was increased by addition of neurotrophic factors such as PDGF-bb or BDNF in b-FGF induced neural cell differentiation system and especially glutamate and GABA neurons were mainly produced in the system.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1992

Irradiation of phenolbetaine in a stream of nitrogen produced 8,14-cycioberbine[1]. Compound[1] was treated with 10% HCl solution to give the 8-hydroxycycloberbine[2] in 67.7% yield. Subsequently addition of ethylchloroformate to the compound[2] gave rise to the 8-hydroxy-7-ethylcarboxy-9, 10-dimethoxy-2, 3-methylenelioxy-13-oxo-norochotensane[3] in 78% yield. Treatment of the compound[3] with bis-(2-chloroethyl)amine then lead to the 7-bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamyl-norochoteneare[4]. On the other hand the compound[5], which is the 8-methoxynorochotensane, was derived when compound[1] was treated with methanol in a few drops of BF. Treatment of the compound[6], and the compound[7], 7-bis(2-chloroethyl)-carbanyl-8-methoxy-norocheyensane, was then synthesized by reaction of the compound[6] with bis(2-chloroethyl) amine. In the other synthetic pathway when compound[5] was treated with $POCl_3$ in dried benzene, 13-chloro-6-ene-norochetensane[8] with 42% yield was formed. Finally the 13-bis-(2-chloroethyl) amino-8-methoxy-norochotensane[9] was produced when we treated the compound[8] with bis-(2-chloroethyl) amine. In another pathway, reaction between phenolbetaine which is the precursor of the compound[1] and benzoylchloride in dried chloroform gave us the 5,6,7 trihydro-2, 3-methylene-dioxy-9-chloromethyl-10, 11-dimethoxyphenylisoquinoline-8-benzoate[10] in 73% yield. The results of biological activities for these compounds are also presented in Table I and II.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.2 s.183
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• pp.171-189
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• 2007

A study of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) was undertaken on Cretaceous granitic, volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the eastern region of the Yangsan fault, southeast Korea. A total of 542 independently oriented core samples collected form 77 sites were studied. The main magnetic mineral in granitic rocks is magnetite according to the magnitude of bulk susceptibility, high-temperature susceptibility variation and isothermal remanent magnetization. Both of magnetic lineation and foliation with NE-SW trends are revealed in the granitic rocks, while volcanic rocks show scattered directions and sedimentary rocks show only load foliation parallel to the bedding planes. The following evidences read to the conclusion that both magnetic fabrics in the granitic rocks have been obtained by a tectonic stress before full solidification of the magma: (i) A fully hardened granitic rocks would get hardly any fabric, (ii) Difference of the magnetic fabric trends with those of the geological structures in the granitic rocks themselves formed by brittle deformation after solidification (e.g. patterns of small-faults and joints), (iii) Kinking of biotite and undulose extinction in quartz observed under the polarizing microscope, (iv) Discordance of magnetic fabrics in the granitic rocks with those in the surrounding rocks. The NE-SW trend of the magnetic foliations suggests a NW-SE compressive stress of nearly contemporaneous with the emplacement of the granitic rocks. The compression should have caused a sinistral strike-slip movement of the Yangsan Fault considering the trend of the latter. As the age of the granitic rocks in the study area is reported to be around $60\sim70$ Ma, it is concluded that the Yangsan fault did the sinistral strike-slip movement during this time (L. Cretaceous Maastrichtian - Cenozoic Paleocene).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.550-555
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• 2009

Distribution of orthodontic patients in pediatric dental clinics has increased recently. So it is worth to study about the present status of orthodontic patients in pediatric dental clinics. The purpose of this study was to recognize the characteristics and orthodontic patterns of orthodontic patients in pediatric dental clinics. The material consisted of distribution and orthodontic analysis records of 792 new patients in the department of pediatric dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, from 2006 to 2008. Results were as follows 1. In age distribution, 8-year-olds group comprised 22%, 7-year-olds 19%, 9-year-olds 16%, 10-year olds 15%, 11-year-olds 11%, and other age groups comprised 18%. 2. In skeletal patterns, skeletal class I patients comprised 52%, class II 29%, and class III 19%. 3. In vertical facial types mesofacial comprised 41%, brachyfacial 35%, and dolichofacial 24%. 4. Out of 792 patients 218 patients(28%) showed anterior cross-bite, and the occurrence ratio of anterior cross-bite increased as the age decreased.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2002

Background: The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis still depend on conserve therapy in major. Recent studies report that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) could modulate the incidence and progress of arthritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of n-3 PUFA on the development of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Materials and Methods: Female Louvain rats were used for this experiment. Rats were randomly assigned into either normal (n=8) or collagen-immunized groups, and collagen immunized groups were divided into control(n=8, normal diet) and n-3 PUFA(n=8, 5% n-3 PUFA in diet) groups. One week after feeding n-3 PUFA to rats, they were immunized with type II collagen emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant into tail and back. Development of arthritis was confirmed by x-ray and microscopic examination. Results: Incidence of arthritis at the 5th week after immunization was 38% in control and 0% in n-3 PUFA. Rats with arthritis showed edema in hind paws and inflammation in synovial membrane of the knee joint. Plasma glucose and insulin were not changed by both of immunization and diet. Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were decreased by n-3 PUFA. Conclusion: n-3 PUFA may prevent or treat collagen-induced arthritis m rats. Further studies are needed for action mechanism of it.

• ALGAE
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.199-222
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• 2017

Occurrence of Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tides have resulted in considerable economic losses in the aquaculture industry in many countries, and thus predicting the process of C. polykrikoides red tides is a critical step toward minimizing those losses. Models predicting red tide dynamics define mortality due to predation as one of the most important parameters. To investigate the roles of heterotrophic protists in red tide dynamics in the South Sea of Korea, the abundances of heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HTDs), tintinnid ciliates (TCs), and naked ciliates (NCs) were measured over one- or two-week intervals from May to Nov 2014. In addition, the grazing impacts of dominant heterotrophic protists on each red tide species were estimated by combining field data on red tide species abundances and dominant heterotrophic protist grazers with data obtained from the literature concerning ingestion rates of the grazers on red tide species. The abundances of HTDs, TCs, and NCs over the course of this study were high during or after red tides, with maximum abundances of 82, 49, and $35cells\;mL^{-1}$, respectively. In general, the dominant heterotrophic protists differed when different species caused red tides. The HTDs Polykrikos spp. and NCs were abundant during or after C. polykrikoides red tides. The mean and maximum calculated grazing coefficients of Polykrikos spp. and NCs on populations of co-occurring C. polykrikoides were $1.63d^{-1}$ and $12.92d^{-1}$, respectively. Moreover, during or after red tides dominated by the phototrophic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum donghaiense, Ceratium furca, and Alexandrium fraterculus, which formed serial red tides prior to the occurrence of C. polykrikoides red tides, the HTDs Gyrodinium spp., Polykrikos spp., and Gyrodinium spp., respectively were abundant. The maximum calculated grazing coefficients attributable to dominant heterotrophic protists on co-occurring P. donghaiense, C. furca, and A. fraterculus were 13.12, 4.13, and $2.00d^{-1}$, respectively. Thus, heterotrophic protists may sometimes have considerable potential grazing impacts on populations of these four red tide species in the study area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2000

In order to utilize by-products which would normally be discarded in marine processing plants, cod teiset protein was hydrolyzed and antioxidative actiTity of the hydrolysate was investigated. AntioxidatiTe peptide was isolated using ultrafiltration membrane, ion-exchange chromatography on a SP-Sephadex C-25 column, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-15 column, high performance liquid chromatography on an ODS column, and capillary electrophoresis chromatography. Antioxidative activities of the cod teiset hydrolysate were compared with ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, one of the commercial antioxidant. The hydrolysate passed through a membrane with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 1 kDa was shown the strongest antioxidative activity, and the activity was higher $10{\%}$ as compared with ${\alpha}-tocopherol$. In addition, the peptide isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and HPLC, respectively, was higher $53{\%}$ as compared with ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, and the amino acid sequence was Ser-Asn-Pro-Glu-Trp-Ser-Trp-Asn.