• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.271-283
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• 2013

Morphology of Korean Scrophularia species were reviewed to clarify taxonomic characters, their variations and taxon delimitation. Habitats, root forms, foliaceous types, glandular trichomes on stems and leaves, flowering seasons, calyx shapes, corolla colors and shapes, as well as ovary basal shapes are diagnostic characters to classify series in this genus. From the result, 1) S. alata is distinguished from its closely related species S. takesimensis by lengths of stem ribs, widths of petioles, and types of corolla lobes; 2) S. buergeriana is characterized by spike-like inflorescences, short peduncles and pedicels, and yellowish green corollas; 3) lanceolate-shaped leaves and calyces, and axillary-like cyme inflorescences delimitate S. koraiensis easily from the other taxa; 4) smaller leaves discriminate S. kakudensis var. microphylla from S. kakudensis var. kakudensis, and 5) S. cephalantha is distinguished from S. kakudensis by broadly ovate to sub-orbicular shaped leaves, earlier flowering seasons, and smaller numbered flowers on shorter inflorescences. In conclusion, the Korean Scrophularia is classified as 7 taxa, 6 species and 1 variety in 2 series. Keys to the series and taxa are provided.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.81-93
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• 2016

Rehmannia glutinosa(Gaertn.) DC. is a herbaceous perennial plant and belonging to the Scrophulariaceae and used as roots for medicinal part and purpose. R. glutinosa is and usually used for fresh rehmannia root or prepared rehmannia root. However, it is very difficult to propagate using the seeds because of lack germination so it is propagated using the vegetative method as the rootstock. Currently, propagation and harvesting using the rootstock of R. glutinosa has difficulties about production of the high quality and quantity in R. glutinosa because of root rot disease. To optimize in vitro cultures and to improve the rootstock and seedling of R. glutinosa after morphological and genetical determination, 5 plant culture media (MS, DJ, LS, QL, and WPM) were used in this study then WPM was selected for better growth, for multiplication condition(WPM + IAA 1.0 mg/L + IBA 0.5 mg/L), and for root enlargement condition(WPM + NAA 0.1 mg/L) of R. glutinosa. Based on these results, in vitro seedlings of R. glutinosa were transferred to soil for acclimation with environment adaptation and shown the positive effects about root enlargement and root formation. Therefore, it can be used for high quality of R. glutinosa production and production of the rootstock based on propagation using in vitro seedlings of R. glutinosa.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.5-11
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• 2023

Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae and is used in traditional oriental medicine. This study was carried out current status of breeding of R. glutinosa, its problems, and the matters to be improved were made. Based on the research data published so far, this study summarized the characteristics of breeds cultivated in Korea and compared and analyzed the status of cultivation area, production, import, and price changes for 15 years from 2008 to 2021. The cultivated area of R. glutinosa is gradually decreasing, and the amount of import is increasing and decreasing repeatedly. Amount of import has declined significantly. There was a lot of disinfection and disposal in the middle of import, and dried Jihwang and Sukjihwang were imported without distinction. R. glutinosa must be cultivated and supplied as a variety desired by the industry, cultivation techniques need to be taught to producers. In order to clearly identify the amount of import, import code of dried Jihwang and Sukjihwang must be classify. In addition, it is necessary to develop and supply harvesting agricultural machines for mechanization. For the stable income of producers, supply control through contract cultivation will ensure stable farm income.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.99-124
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• 1993

Plant in chollabuk-do have investded 105 family, 442 species. 2. The order of distribution of the most family was the Compositae 43, Leguminosae Gramineae each 28, Rosaceae 17, Liliaceas 22, Labiatae 17, Ranunculaceae 12, Betulaceae 11, Violaceae 10, Polygonaceae Aspidiaceae each 9, Cruciferae${\cdot}$Caryothyllaceae${\cdot}$Celastraceae each 8, Fagaceae, Rubiaceae each 6, Ulmaceae 5. 3. Medical plants have invested 56 family, 116 species. 4. The order of the most family was the Compositae 8, Liliaceae Rosaceae${\cdot}$Umbelliferae${\cdot}$Labiatae each 6, Leguminosae${\cdot}$Rutaceae each 5, Campanulaceae${\cdot}$Ranunculaceae each 3, Simaroubaceae${\cdot}$Euphorbiaceae${\cdot}$Araliaceae each 2, Scrophulariaceae${\cdot}$Plantaginaceae each 1.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1087-1095
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• 2005

Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai called 'Sum-Hyun Sam' growing about 1m in high is a perennial plant of Scrophulariaceae. Because the number of these species is very limited in the world, the Ministry of Environment has appointed S. takesimensis as a preserved plant. The Korea Forest Service also protects it strictly by the law since S. takesimensis is an out-of-the-way plant and possible to be exterminated soon in Korea. Investigation for distribution and ecological characteristics of the habitat far S. takesimensis was carried out in Ulleung-do Island. S. takesimensis has a tendency to emerged with Calystegia soldanella Roem. et Schultb. and Artemisia japonica subsp. littoricola Kitam. C. soldanella community were developed on the dry and well-lighted as east or north facing conditions. A. japonica subsp. littoricola community have tendency to developed on the properly lighted as west or north facing and well maintained soil or air humidity. C. soldanella community were developed on the sandy gravel or gravel and grew with Farfugium japonicum, (L.) Kitam., Lonicera japonica Thunb., and Peucedanum japonicum Thunb.. A japonica subsp. littoricola communities were emerged on the rock beds or pile of rocks and grew with Sedum oryzifolium Makino, Sedum takesimense Nakai, and Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.182-193
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• 2011

As a part of the on-going effort to conserve endangered Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai in Korea, its genetic structure and diversity from 3 population, consisted of 14 subpopulations in Ulleung Island were analyzed using RAPD band patterns. Out of 60 primers tested, 33 generated amplified bands with its genome, including 149 polymorphic and 67 monomorphic bands. The highest number (146) was found in northern population, especially, 64 in HY subpopulation; the smallest (40) in eastern population. An examination of its genetic structure with AMOVA revealed that about 60% of all variations could be assigned to among subpopulations within populations. Population differentiation among populations and subpopulations is seriously going now because of habitat fragmentation due to human activities, such as road and small port construction. Although the habitats of S. takesimensis in Ulleung Island, Korea are disappeared at an alarming rate, significant levels of genetic variation still exist at species level, and population level, especially northern population. Therefore, three conservation strategies should be needed urgently; 1) preservation of populations as it stands, 2) establishment of recovery plan to connect population and subpopulations genetically, and 3) long-term monitoring.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.53-61
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• 2007

Most of the plants and trees are landscaping plants at the university campus, Thus, the natural flora can be found on sidewalks like urban area. In order to investigate the flora on sidewalks of the university campus, the vegetation survey was done. The study site is Natural Science Campus, Sungkyunkwan University which is located at Suwon, Korea. Vascular plants surveyed were consisted of 130 taxa, 39 families, 99 genera, 115 species, 15 varieties. Indigenous weeds was 101 species (77.7%). Naturalized weeds was 29 species (22.3%). In the families, Compositae 30 species (23%), Gramineae 18 species (14%), Leguminosae 9 species (7%), Caryophyllaceae 8 species (6%), Cruciferae 8 species (6%), Polygonaceae 5 species (4%), Euphorbiaceae 5 species (4%), Scrophulariaceae 4 species (3%), Rosaceae 3 species (2%), Violaceae 3 species (2%), Convolvulaceae 3 species (2%) and etc. 34 species (27%). Life Form of flora in the site by Raunkiaer classification was Therophytes 67 species (51.5%), Hemicryptophytes 46 species (35.4%), Geophytes 8 species (6.2%), Nanophanerophytes 4 species (3.1%), Phanerohytes 3 species (2.3%) and Chamaephytes 2 species (1.5%). Naturalized Ratios was 10.7%.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 1988

Veronicastrum species are perennial herb growing on the moisty land. They involves on species (V. sibiricum, Naeng-Cho), one subspecies (V. sibiricum var. zuccarini, Tuel-Naeng-Cho) and one variety (V. sibiricum var. zuccarini for. albiflora). This paper deals with a comparison of the chemical components between Naeng-Cho and Tuel-Naeng-Cho.) In the specified HPLC condition used with ${\mu}BondapakC_{18}\;column$, the retention time of aucubin, catalpol, minecoside and veratryl catalpol ester were 2.30, 2.65, 3.05 and 3.10 min, respectively, and in the other condition used with ${\mu}Bondapak\;C_8-NH_2$, the retention time of aucubin, catalpol, minecoside and veratryl catalpol were 5.4, 5.4, 4.4 and 3.2 min, respectively. The contents of minecoside in Tuel-Naeng-Cho were found to be 3.5 and 1mg/g of dry plant material and that of catalpol were found to be 5 and 2 mg/g, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.449-454
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• 2000

In search for plant-derived cytotoxic compounds, it was found that the $CHCl_3$ and EtOAC extracts obtained from the flowers of Paulownia coreana Uyeki (Scrophulariaceae) exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines, A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF498, and HCT15. Activity-guided fractionation on the basis of the inhibitory activity against the growth of human tumor cell lines, in vitro, and repeated column chromatography afforded several cytotoxic compounds from P. coreana. The structures and stereochemistry of these compounds were established, on the basis of analysis of spectra including IR, UV, EI-MS, $^{1}H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$ and some chemical transformations, as Compound PCCl $(2-hydroxy-4(15),11(13)-eudesmadien-8{\beta},12-olide)$, Compound $PCC2(2,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1(15),11(13)-xanthadien-8{\beta},12-olide)$, Compound PCE1 (chrysophanol), Compound PCE2 (emodin), Compound PCE3 (physcion). Cytotoxic activity of compounds obtained from P. coreana. on five tumor cells lines was evaluated by procedure of SRB methods.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.109-114
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• 2021

Veronica nakaiana Ohwi (Plantaginaceae) is an endemic taxon on Ulleungdo Island, Korea. We report the second complete chloroplast genome sequence of V. nakaiana. Its genome size is 152,319 bp in length, comprising a large single-copy of 83,195 bp, a small single-copy of 17,702 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions of 25,711 bp. The complete genome contains 115 genes, including 51 protein-coding genes, four rRNA genes, and 31 tRNA genes. When comparing the two chloroplast genomes of V. nakaiana, 11 variable sites are recognized: seven SNPs and four indels. Two substitutions in the coding regions are recognized: rpoC2 (synonymous substitution) and rpl22 (nonsynonymous substitution). In nine noncoding regions, one is in the tRNA gene (trnK-UUU), one is in the intron of atpF, and seven are in the intergenic spacers (trnH-GUG~psbA, trnK-UUU, rps16~trnQ-UUG, trnC-GCA~petN, psbZ~trnG-GCC, ycf3~trnS-GGA, ycf4~cemA, and psbB~psbT). The data provide the level of genetic variation in V. nakaiana. This result will be a useful resource to formulate conservation strategies for V. nakaiana, which is a rare endemic species in Korea.