• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.161-172
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• 2018

A mixed farming system that includes organic rice production and freshwater fish farming is being called into attention in Korean agricultural industry and rural areas in order to improve farm management and environmental conservation. This study was conducted to evaluate the environmental and ecological value of such mixed farming practices. Expert assessment and rapid assessment method (RAM) of wetland evaluation were employed for this study. Experts have responded that biodiversity conservation including amphibian and reptile habitat (2.39), aquatic insect habitat (2.36), Fishery habitat (2.34), vegetation diversity (2.13), avian habitat (2.05), and experience and education were the most important function of mixed farming. The wetland function evaluation conducted using modified RAM indicated that rice-fish mixed system showed improvements in most of the evaluated functions, compared to the conventional rice paddies. The overall wetland function of rice paddies in rice-fish mixed system was greatly improved as compared with the conventional rice paddies. Rice paddies are known to play an important role in biodiversity maintenance, and provide ecosystem services such as climate modulation and carbon reduction. Rice-fish mixed system of farming may not only improve various ecosystem services of rice paddies, but may increase farm income through value added fish farming, as well as promotion of social services such as education and maintenance of tradition. Additional research is needed for quantitative analysis of the values gained from the most improved wetland function when mixed farming system is actually put into practice, and to utilize the results in advertising of the organic rice, and in various sectors such as food, education and direct payment policy.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.345-352
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• 2017

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about $0.85^{\circ}C$ since 1880 due to the global warming. The temperature increase affects hydrologic phenomenon and so the world has been suffered from natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Therefore, especially, in the aspect of water deficit, we may require the accurate prediction of water demand considering the uncertainty of climate in order to establish water resources planning and to ensure safe water supply for the future. To do this, the study evaluated future water balance and water deficit under the climate change for Anseong river basin in Korea. The future rainfall was simulated using RCP 8.5 climate change scenario and the runoff was estimated through the SLURP model which is a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model for the basin. Scenario and network for the water balance analysis in sub-basins of Anseong river basin were established through K-WEAP model. And the water demand for the future was estimated by the linear regression equation using amounts of water uses(domestic water use, industrial water use, and agricultural water use) calculated by historical data (1965 to 2011). As the result of water balance analysis, we confirmed that the domestic and industrial water uses will be increased in the future because of population growth, rapid urbanization, and climate change due to global warming. However, the agricultural water use will be gradually decreased. Totally, we had shown that the water deficit problem will be critical in the future in Anseong river basin. Therefore, as the case study, we suggested two alternatives of pumping station construction and restriction of water use for solving the water deficit problem in the basin.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.184-190
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• 2012

Monitorings and management experiment of adult Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) in artificial sawdust grown shiitake mushroom cultivation were carried out by using yellow sticky traps and Hypoaspis aculeifer (Acari: Laelapidae) at Hwaseong, Buyeo and Cheongwon in 2012. The larvae of L. ingenua reduced commercial value of the mushroom by direct eating or retarding the growth of mushroom by spongifying the sawdust medium. The number of L. ingenua caught by traps showed the highest peak in late september resulting in 127.5~1,025.7, 87.4~743.6 and 133.7~650.4 individuals per trap in Hwaseong, Buyeo and Cheongwon, respectively. Damage rate of fruiting bodies in shiitake mushroom by L. ingenua were 7.7~30.3% in Hwaseong, 6.7~25.3% in Buyeo and 5.3~26.0% in Cheongwon and showed the highest peak in late september. L. ingenua were effectively controlled when 30.3 individuals of H. aculeifer per $m^2$ inoculated for three time with 7 to 14 days of interval. In Hwaseong, Buyeo and Cheongwon, density of L. ingenua which were caught on the yellow sticky traps were 168.2, 126.1, 132.5 individuals, respectively. And, damage rate of fruiting bodies by L. ingenua were 5.9%, 5.5% and 5.4% respectively. Both of the L. ingenua density and damage rate of mushroom reduced more than 60% in all experimental site in contrast to the control treatment.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2014

Cauliflower mushroom widely known high concent of ${\beta}$-glucan for farm cultivation invigoration verified characteristics of mycelia growth, genetic diversity, resistance to Trichoderma by replacement culture with Trichoderma and growth characteristics of new variety crossbleeding strain. The result of replacement culture with Trichoderma for verification resistance about Trichoderma, 6951 (T. viride) strain did not show special change after formation of confrontation line and 6952 (T. spp.) strain was showed more formation of spore after formation of confrontation line. But 6426 (T. harzianum) strain found to encroach part of growth area of cauliflower mushroom mycelia. Among 10 kinds cauliflower mushroom strain, JF02-06 strain collected by Gurye, found did not spore of Trichoderma and thought to be resistant to Trichoderma. The result of crossbleeding after selected that mother strain good growth and formation of fruit body, verified good mycelia growth at JF02-47, 49 and 50 strain in Korean pine of wood-chip media. The result of gene sequence about ITS1, 5.8S and ITS4 for analysis of genetic diversity at crossbleeding strain, found high significance to other cauliflower mushroom in registered Genebank. The result of growth characteristic of spore and mycelia of cauliflower mushroom by observation microscope, size of spore showed water drop shape to major axis $6{\mu}m$ and minor axis $5{\mu}m$ and clamp showed 3 types in mycelia. The wide of mycelia was $3{\mu}m$. The characteristic of mycelia of cauliflower mushroom found to grow mycelia in clamp at approximately 50%. The growth speed of mycelia was $0.507{\mu}m/min$ and 2nd mycelia grown similar speed to mother mycelia at parallel with mother mycelia after growth speed at $0.082{\mu}m/min$. The formation of clamp made small clamp for 5 hours after shown transfer of electrolyte in mycelia inside. The septum formation started after 3 hours and then finally completed after 2 hours. In this study, strain of cauliflower mushroom verified resistance of Trichoderma, genetic diversity and characteristic of mycelia growth. Therefore, basic knowledge of cauliflower mushroom will improve and further contribute to development of mushroom industry.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2013

This study was initiated to investigate the skin whitening activities of methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of I. obliquus. The total polyphenols and flavonoids contents of I. obliquus methanol extracts were 31.85 mg/g and 28.33 mg/g, respectively. The methanol extract of the mushroom treated on B16/F10 melanoma and NIH3T3 cell lines did not show cytotoxic activity. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and chelating activity on ferrous ions of I. obliquus methanol extract were lower than those of positive control, tocopherol and BHT. The tyrosinase and L-DOPA inhibitory activities of the extract were lower than those of positive control, kojic acid and ascorbic acid. The tyrosinase and melanin synthesis inhibitory activities of the melanoma cells treated with the extract were comparable with positive control, arbutin. The experimental results suggested that methanol extract of I. obliquus contained inhibitory activities of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in the B16/F10 melanoma cells by dose dependent manner. High ultra-violet absorption spectra in the range of 280-350 nm showed that I. obliquus extract could protect skin from UV radiation damage. Therefore, fruiting bodies of I. obliquus can be used for developing skin whitening, anti-UV and skin care agents.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigated optimum mixing ratio of Korean natural Juglans mandshurica using as functional plants. Total nitrogen and carbon source of J. mandshurica was 0.21% and 46.0%, respectively and C/N ratio was 219. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrate mixed with J. mandshurica was 2.3~2.9 and 5.0, respectively. The contents of CaO, MgO and $Na_2O$ at J. mandshurica media were higher at harvest media than inoculation media. Mycelial growth was the fastest at J. mandshurica 20%, and slower by increase of J. mandshurica substrate. Yields of fruiting body show the highest to 163 g/850 mL of medium which are addition 10% of J. mandshurica sawdust, and diameter and thick of pileus were the highest, too. The L value of pileus and stipes were increased by increase of J. mandshurica substrate, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value. The contents of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ of fruiting body were increased at J. mandshurica substrate, but there was no significant difference in contents of CaO, MgO and $Na_2O$. The contents of Cu of fruiting body was decreased by increase of J. mandshurica substrate, but Fe, Mn and Zn were increased.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2019

Currently, cultivation of mushrooms using the Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-based smart farming technique is increasing rapidly. The main environmental factors for growth of mushrooms are temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and light. Among all the mentioned factors, currently, only temperature has been maintained under automatic control. However, humidity and ventilation are controlled using a timer, based on technical experience.Therefore, in this study, a Pleurotus eryngii first-generation smart farm model was set up that can automatically control temperature, humidity, and ventilation. After installing the environmental control system and the monitoring device, the environmental condition of the mushroom cultivation room and the growth of the fruiting bodies were studied. The data thus obtained was compared to that obtained using the conventional cultivation method.In farm A, the temperature during the primordia formation stage was about 17℃, and was maintained at approximately 16℃ during the fruiting stage. The humidity was initially maintained at 95%, and the farm was not humidified after the primordia formation stage. There was no sensor for CO₂ management, and the system was ventilated as required by observing the shape of the pileus and the stipe. It was observed that, the concentration of CO₂ was between 700 and 2,500 ppm during the growth period. The average weight of the mushrooms produced in farm A was 125 g, and the quality was between that of the premium and the first grade.In farm B. The CO₂ sensor was in use for measurement purposes only; the system was ventilated as required by observing the shape of the pileus and the stipe. During the growth period, the CO₂ concentration was observed to be between 640 and 4,500 ppm. The average weight of the mushrooms produced in farm B was 102 g.These results indicate that the quality of the king oyster mushroom is determined by the environmental conditions, especially by the concentration of CO₂. Thus, the data obtained in this study can be used as an optimal smart farm model, where, by improving the environmental control method of farm A, better quality mushrooms were obtained.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.205-210
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• 2019

This study was conducted to elucidate the optimal nitrogen content for each variety of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) by investigating the change in the characteristics of fruiting body according to the nitrogen content of the sawdust media, and to use the results as the basic data for cultivation of high quality oyster mushroom. The nitrogen content was adjusted to 1.3%, 1.6%, 1.8% and 2.3%, and at each condition, mycelial growth was observed, which showed that the nitrogen content did not affect the rate of mycelial growth and density substantially. In the investigation of the characteristics of fruiting body, at the 1.8% nitrogen content, Chunchu No.2 showed the pileus diameter of 27 mm, and the stipe diameter and length of 11 mm and 61 mm, respectively, and the measurement of its color values revealed that the brightness of the pileus and the stipe was 31 and 80, respectively, offering the best commercial value, and yielding 25 valid stipes, which was the largest number. Likewise, at the 1.8% nitrogen content, Heuktari also showed the excellent growth characteristics including the pileus diameter of 29 mm and the stipe diameter and length of 10 mm and 68 mm, respectively, and the superb color values of the brightness of 37 at the pileus and 78 at the stipe. Moreover, the number of valid stipes was also found to be the highest with 19. In terms of morphological characteristics such as the pileus diameter and color, Soltari also produced the best mushrooms at the 1.8% nitrogen content and the number of valid stipes was high with 22. In summary, irrespective of varieties of oyster mushroom, high quality products could be cultivated at the nitrogen content of 1.8%.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.251-271
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is: 1) to determine error sources and the effects of each error source, 2) to investigate optimal measuring conditions from holistic and analytic scoring methods, and 3) to compare the value of reliability between Cronbach's alpha and the generalizability coefficient in self-introduction letter and teacher's recommendation letter based on the generalizability theory in identification of mathematical gifted students by observations and nominations. Data of this study were collected from the science education institute for the gifted attached to the university located within in a capital city for the 2011 academic year. Scores form two raters using holistic and analytic scoring methods in both assessment types were used. The results of this study were as follows. First, as to both assessment types, error sources for people were relatively large regardless of scoring methods. However, error sources for raters in holistic scoring methods had a more significant impact than those of analytic scoring methods. Second, to set optimal measuring conditions in the self-introduction letter and teacher's recommendation letter, if we fixed the number of raters into 2 based on holistic scoring methods, at least 5 and 10 content domains were needed, respectively. In addition, the number of items in teacher's recommendation letter should be more than 3 when we fixed the number of content domains into 4, and the number of items in self-introduction letter should be more than 8 when we fixed the number of content domains into 6 using analytic scoring methods. Third, Cronbach's alpha having only a single source of errors was higher than the generalizability coefficient regardless of assessment types and scoring methods. Hence we recommend that generalizability coefficient based on various error sources such as raters, content domains, and items should be considered to keep a satisfactory level of reliability in both assessment types.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 2008

Background: Bioprosthetic devices for treating cardiovascular diseases and defects may provide alternatives to autologous and homograft tissue. We evaluated the mechanical and physical conditions of a porcine pericardial bioprosthesis treated with Glutaraldehyde (GA), Ethanol, or Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) before implantation. Material and Method: 1) Thirty square-shaped pieces of porcine pericardium were fixed in 0.625%, 1.5% or 3% GA solution. 2) The tensile strength and thickness of these and other bioprosthesis, including fresh porcine pericardium, fresh human pericardium, and commercially produced heterografts, were measured. 3) The tensile strength and thickness of the six treated groups (GA-Ethanol, Ethanol-GA, SDS only, SDS-GA, Ethanol-SDS-GA and SDS-Ethanol-GA) were measured. Result: 1) Porcine pericardium fixed in 0.625% GA the thinnest and had the lowest tensile strength, with thickness and tensile strength increasing with the concentration of GA solution. The relationship between tensile strength and thickness of porcine pericardium increased at thicknesses greater than 0.1mm (correlation-coefficient 0.514, 0<0.001). 2) There were no differences in tensile strength or thickness between commercially-produced heterografts. 3) Treatment of GA, ethanol, or SDS minimally influenced thickness and tensile strength of porcine pericardium, except for SDS alone. Conclusion: Porcine pericardial bioprosthesis greater than 0.1 mm thick provide better handling and advantageous tensile strength. GA fixation did not cause physical or mechanical damage during anticalcification or decellularization treatment, but combining SDS-ethanol pre-treatment and GA fixation provided the best tensile strength and thickness.