• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.533-542
• /
• 2010

The $PM_{10}$ concentrations in the underground should be monitored for the health of commuters on the underground subway system. Seoul Metro and Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation are measuring several air pollutants regularly. As for the measurement of $PM_{10}$ concentrations, instruments based on $\beta$-ray absorption method and gravimetric methods are being used. But the instruments using gravimetric method give us 20-hour-average data and the $\beta$-ray instruments can measure the $PM_{10}$ concentration every one hour. In order to keep the $PM_{10}$ concentrations under a healthy condition, the air quality of the underground platform and tunnels should be monitored and controlled continuously. The $PM_{10}$ instruments using light scattering method can measure the $PM_{10}$ concentrations every less than one minute. However, the reliability of the instruments using light scattering method is still not proved. The purpose of this work is to study the reliability of the instruments using light scattering method to measure the $PM_{10}$ concentrations continuously in the underground platforms. One instrument using $\beta$-ray absorption method and two different instruments using light scattering method (LSM1, LSM2) were placed at the platform of the Jegi station of Seoul metro line Number 1 for 10 days. The correlation between the $\beta$-ray instrument and the LSM2 ($r^2$=0.732) was higher than that between the $\beta$-ray instrument and the LSM1 ($r^2$=0.393). Thus the LSM2 was chosen for further analysis. Three different regression analysis methods were tested: Linear regression analysis, Nonlinear regression analysis and Orthogonal regression analysis. When the instruments using light scattering method were used, the data measured these instruments have to be converted to actual $PM_{10}$ concentrations using some factors. With these analyses, the factors could be calculated successfully as linear and nonlinear forms with respect to the data. And the orthogonal regression analysis was performed better than the ordinary least squares method by 28.45% reduction of RMSE. These findings propose that the instruments using light scattering method light scattering method can be used to measure and control the $PM_{10}$ concentrations of the underground subway stations.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.45-53
• /
• 1994

We present the calculation of X -ray spectra produced through Compton scattering of soft X-rays by hot electrons in the spherical shell geometry, using fully relativistic Monte Carlo simulation. With this model, we show that the power-law component, which has been observed in the low luminosity state of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), is explained physically. From a spectral. analysis, we find that spectral hardness is mainly due to the relative contribution of scattered component. In addition, we see that Wi en spectral features appear when the plasma is optically thick, especially in the high energy range, $E{\gtrsim}100keV$. We suggest that after a number of scattering the escape probability approaches an asymptotic form depending on the geometry of the scattering medium rather than on the initial photon spectrum.

• 한국자기학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.160-166
• /
• 2010

엑스선 공명 자기산란은 엑스선 반사율과 회절의 원리를 이용하여 자기 다층박막 내 깊이 방향의 자화 모양 및 자기 나노 구조체 내의 자화 분포를 특정 원소별로 구할 수 있다. 여기서는 엑스선 공명 자기산란에 대한 간단한 설명과 이를 이용한 자성 다층박막 및 나노 구조체의 자기 구조와 자기 스위칭의 연구에 대하여 몇 가지 예를 들어 설명하려 한다.

• 한국초전도학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국초전도학회 2009년도 Korea Superconductivity Society Meeting 2009
• /
• pp.5-5
• /
• 2009

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.21-34
• /
• 1982

When unattenuated x-ray radiation passes through the object it is transmitted and scattered from objectes and impinging on the film. During this process certain radiation is absorbed within the object and others transmitted in reduced scattering. The scattering radiation influence upon radiation image quality, confining x-ray beam which means scattering radiation produce increased fog on x-ray film image and as a consequence decrease contrast and less detail of the film there for the elimination of fog and for absorbing scattered radiation, the grid has been used between the object and the film in order to rid of scattering rays. Using grid is good method for the qualification of the better image as well as in using air gap technique. The grid is easy to manipulate and promote good efficiency which is defined by ICRU and JIS. It is the purpose to study for eliminating scattered radiation from the tissue equivalent acryl phantom using grid, we have studied and evaluated the grid permeability about the x-ray exposure, the selection of grid ratio according to phantom thickness, on x-ray exposure are performed as follows. 1. The penetrating ratio of primary x-ray is remarkably decreased by increasing of the grid ratio, but it is almost not influenced in KVP difference and phantom thickness. 2. The scattered radiation is proportionaly increased by thickness of the phantom, having nothing to do with grid ratios. 3. The relative between the penetration rate of primary and secondary x-ray is improved by increasing grid ratio, and decreased by phantom thickness, and slightly decreased by high tube voltage. 4. The grid of 5:1 and 10:1 ratio are adequate to the phantom of 10cm and 15cm thickness, respectively.

• Macromolecular Research
• /
• 제16권7호
• /
• pp.575-585
• /
• 2008

There are two beamlines (BLs), 4C1 and 4C2, at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory that are dedicated to small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The 4C1 BL was constructed in early 2000 and is open to public users, including both domestic and foreign researchers. In 2003, construction of the second SAXS BL, 4C2, was complete and commissioning and user support were started. The 4C2 BL uses the same bending magnet as its light source as the 4C1 BL. The 4C1 BL uses a synthetic double multilayer monochromator, whereas the 4C2 BL uses a Si(111) double crystal monochromator for both small angle and wide angle X-ray scattering. In the 4C2 BL, the collimating mirror is positioned behind the monochromator in order to enhance the beam flux and energy resolution. A toroidal focusing mirror is positioned in front of the monochromator to increase the beam flux and eliminate higher harmonics. The 4C2 BL also contains a digital cooled charge coupled detector, which has a wide dynamic range and good sensitivity to weak scattering, thereby making it suitable for a range of SAXS and wide angle X-ray scattering experiments. The general performance of the 4C2 BL was initially tested using standard samples and further confirmed by the experience of users during three years of operation. In addition, several grazing incidence X-ray scattering measurements were carried out at the 4C2 BL.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.36-40
• /
• 2017

With an attempt to enhance the visibility of laser beam, we have investigated a black matrix with scattering particles by ray tracing simulations. As the scattering particle density is increased, the detected power by the receiver is increased, thereby enhancing the visibility. In reality, the visibility is reduced with increasing incident angle (away from the normal incidence) of laser beam, a phenomenon also observed by ray tracing simulations. It is due to the fact that the mean path is increased within a highly absorptive BM layer or a smaller number of rays hit the BM area when the incident angle is high. Embedding a number of scattering particles into BM may bring in crosstalk among pixels. However, it is negligible because scattered rays inside highly absorptive BM are re-scattered due to the high scattering particle density, decreasing the power of scattered rays into the active areas.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.223-227
• /
• 2004

We have studied the interfacial diffusion of Fe/Cr multilayers using synchrotron x-ray techniques, such as x-ray reflectivity, extended x-ray absorption fine structures (EXAFS), and high-resolution x-ray scattering. The results of x-ray reflectivity indicated that the interfacial roughness of Fe/Cr multilayers increased with the Cr-layer thickness. The Fourier transform (FT) of EXAFS data clearly showed that the Fe atoms dominantly diffused into the stable Cr layers at the Fe/Cr interface. The results of high-resolution x-ray scattering supported the interfacial diffusion of Fe atoms. Out study revealed that the dominantly interfacial diffusion of Fe atoms into the Cr layers effects the interfacial roughness of the Fe/Cr multilayers.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.297-302
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 $C_{12-20}$ 알킬글루코사이드, $C_{14-22}$ 알코올 및 베헤닐알코올로 구성된 액정에멀젼을 제조하고 다양한 분석장비를 이용하여 구조분석을 실시하였다. 먼저 제조한 액정에멀젼을 편광현미경과 cryo-SEM을 이용하여 각각 액정에멀젼의 특징인 maltese cross 무늬와 다층 구조를 확인하였다. 또한, DSC를 이용하여 액정상 형성을 확인하였고, small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) 분석을 통하여 약 $305{\AA}$의 층간 간격을 갖는 다층 라멜라 구조를 확인하였다. 한편, wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) 분석을 통해 제조된 액정에멀젼의 라멜라 구조를 이루고 있는 알킬 사슬 간 배열이 사방정계 구조로 되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 액정에멀젼 구조 연구를 통해 얻어진 다양한 물성 정보는 향후 산업적으로 많이 이용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제13권8호
• /
• pp.301-307
• /
• 2013

본 연구는 손, 머리, 복부 등의 X선 촬영 시에 발생되는 공간선량이 어느 정도인지를 알아보고, 산란선에 의한 공간선량의 강도가 "거리 역자승 법칙"에 의해 감쇠하는지를 파악했다. 첫째, 손처럼 X선 산란선 발생량이 적은 촬영의 공간선량은 대부분 "거리 역자승 법칙"에 근접한 감쇠가 이루어지면서, 2m 거리에서는 전혀 측정되지 않았다. 둘째, 머리나 복부처럼 X선 산란선 발생량이 많은 촬영의 공간선량은 조사야 중심을 기준으로 30cm에서 1m 거리까지는 "거리 역자승 법칙"보다 더 높은 비율의 감쇠가 이루어지고, 1m에서 2m 거리까지는 "거리 역자승 법칙"에 의한 감쇠가 이루어졌다. 따라서 X선 촬영실 내에서는 손 촬영의 경우 조사야 중심으로부터 적어도 2m 이상 떨어져 있어야 하고, 머리나 복부 촬영의 경우 촬영실 내 모든 공간에서 보호용구를 이용한 X선 피폭 방어조치가 요구된다.