• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.34 no.12
• /
• pp.3703-3708
• /
• 2013

The scaling relationship of the longest relaxation time of a single chain of semiflexible biological polyelectrolyte has been investigated by performing well-established coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulations. Two kinds of longest relaxation times were estimated from time-sequences of chain trajectories, and their behaviors were interpreted by applying the scaling law for different molecular weights of polyelectrolyte and Debye lengths. The scaling exponents for longest stress relaxation and rotational relaxation are found in the ranges of 1.67-1.79 and 1.65-1.81, respectively, depending on the physicochemical interaction of electrostatic Debye screening. The scaling exponent increases with decreasing screening effect, which is a special feature of polyelectrolytes differing from neutral polymers. It revealed that the weak screening allows a polyelectrolyte chain to follow the behavior in good solvent due to the strong electrostatic repulsion between beads.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.26-31
• /
• 2006

Purpose : To evaluate the effect of global scaling analysis on brain activation for sensory and motor functional MR imaging study. Materials and methods : Four normal subjects without abnormal neurological history were included. Arm extension-flexion movement was used for motor function and 1KHz pure tone stimulation was used for auditory function. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 3T MRI (GE, Milwaukee, USA) using BOLD-EPI technique and SPM2 was employed for data analysis. On data analysis, the brain activation images were obtained with and without global scaling by fixing other parameters such as motion correction and realignment. Results : The difference in brain activation between no scaling and global scaling was not large in case of right upper extremity movement (p<0.000001). For auditory test, brain activation with global scaling showed larger activation than that of without global scaling (p<0.05). Conclusion : A caution must be taken into account when analyzing functional imaging data with global scaling especially for functional study of small local BOLD signal change.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.319-326
• /
• 2018

Although scaling is the primary method for improving oral health, it is also associated with dental fear. The objective of this study was to empirically verify whether the use of gel anesthetic within the gingival sulcus during scaling relieves pain and improves other factors. A total of 128 patients scheduled to undergo scaling at a dental clinic of a general hospital located in the Gyeonggi Province, between July 2014 and July 2015, were enrolled in the study. The participants underwent scaling following the application of 20% benzocaine gel or placebo gel anesthetic within the gingival sulcus, and the data was collected using a questionnaire. There was a significant difference in the severity of pain, participant satisfaction, perceived sensitivity, overall discomfort, and fear of scaling between the two groups. The two groups were compared in terms of perceived need for gel anesthesia, willingness to pay for anesthesia costs, and willingness to receive scaling in the future. There were significant differences in all the three parameters depending on whether gel anesthesia was used or not. There were significant differences between the two groups in perceived sensitivity immediately after scaling and one day after scaling, with no difference seen one week after scaling. With regards to overall discomfort over time, there were significant differences between the two groups immediately after scaling. Based on these findings, we expect that application of gel anesthetic within the gingival sulcus during scaling will reduce pain, perceived sensitivity, overall discomfort, and fear of scaling with increased satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.495-501
• /
• 2012

Objectives : Today, one of the most basically used procedures to dental patients is scaling for removing tartar. The purpose of this study is the effect of Happycaine during scaling for pain relief. Methods : This study was used self-questionnaire from 202 patients. SPSS 18.0 vision program was used for data analysis. Group A was used Happycaine, but group B wasn't used Happycaine. The degree of pain relief depending on use of Happycaine, was analyzed by Independent-two-sample t-test. Emotion and reaction during scaling was analyzed by mean and standard deviation. The results were as follows. Results : 1. 52.5% participants answered 'require scaling' and 12.9% answered 'required scaling very much'. so 65.4% participants recognized the need of scaling. 2. According to the experience of Happycaine during scaling, differences in pain was by Likert 5 pints scale, Group B's pain was higher than Group A's(p=0.000). 3. According to the experience of Happycaine during scaling, the mean of panic from Group B was a little higher than Group A(p=0.036). In case of cold symptom during scaling, Group B was significantly different(p=0.011). In Group B, pain from dental hygienists was significantly different (p=0.000). Group A was interested in Happycaine use in future scaling(p=0.004). Conclusions : As a result of this study, we recommend Happycaine during scaling in order to decrease mental burden and pain for patients.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.529-540
• /
• 1994

Rapidly progressive periodontitis is known to be usually associated with systemic problems and improved with antibiotic therapy. Recent experiments in which bioresorbable polycaprolactone was polymerized with minocycline has shown that the system released effective antibiotic concentration during the 7 days' period. This clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of a minocycline film(poly-caprolactone+polyglycol+10% minocycline) insertion plus supragingival scaling(MS) or subgingival scaling & root planing(MSRP) with the scaling(S) or subgingival scaling & root planing alone(SRP), at improving the periodontal condition in RPP. Fifteen patients were examined for plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, probing depth and attachment loss at baseline, then 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after 4 treatment regimens were randomly undergone in 4 comparable sites(PD>5mm, LA>3mm) in each subject. Results revealed statistically significant treatement effect with a reduction in a probing depth in SRP(2.0mm), MS(1.8mm), and MSRP(2.1mm). There was no significant reduction in the supragingival scaling alone group(0.6mm). Similarly, attachment levels were significantly improved in the SRP(1.5mm), MS(2.0mm) and MSRP(2.0mm) groups. Net % BOP reduction at 8 week compared to baseline was 6.7% (S), 26.7% (MS), 26.7% (SRP), and 33.3% (MSRP). MSRP produced the greatest improvement in BOP at 8 week. This data suggests that a subgingival minocycline delivery system as a adjunct to scaling alone or scaling & root planing may produce significant clinical benefits over scaling alone in rapidly progressive periodontitis patients.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.188-194
• /
• 2017

PURPOSE. This study was to evaluate the effect of repeated ultrasonic scaling and surface polishing with intraoral polishing kits on the surface roughness of three different restorative materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 15 identical discs were fabricated with three different materials. The ultrasonic scaling was conducted for 20 seconds on the test surfaces. Subsequently, a multi-step polishing with recommended intraoral polishing kit was performed for 30 seconds. The 3D profiler and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate surface integrity before scaling (pristine), after scaling, and after surface polishing for each material. Non-parametric Friedman and Wilcoxon signed rank sum tests were employed to statistically evaluate surface roughness changes of the pristine, scaled, and polished specimens. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS. Surface roughness values before scaling (pristine), after scaling, and polishing of the metal alloys were $3.02{\pm}0.34{\mu}m$, $2.44{\pm}0.72{\mu}m$, and $3.49{\pm}0.72{\mu}m$, respectively. Surface roughness of lithium disilicate increased from $2.35{\pm}1.05{\mu}m$ (pristine) to $28.54{\pm}9.64{\mu}m$ (scaling), and further increased after polishing ($56.66{\pm}9.12{\mu}m$, P<.05). The zirconia showed the most increase in roughness after scaling (from $1.65{\pm}0.42{\mu}m$ to $101.37{\pm}18.75{\mu}m$), while its surface roughness decreased after polishing ($29.57{\pm}18.86{\mu}m$, P<.05). CONCLUSION. Ultrasonic scaling significantly changed the surface integrities of lithium disilicate and zirconia. Surface polishing with multi-step intraoral kit after repeated scaling was only effective for the zirconia, while it was not for lithium disilicate.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.133-146
• /
• 2008

Purpose: This research aims to investigate into company workers' awareness of scaling and related factors and provide basic materials for setting up appropriate policies to improve the hygiene of the mouth of industrial workers and developing training programs for the worker's hygiene of their mouth, as part of researches to establish schemes for improving the workers's hygiene of their mouth. Method: Questionnaire was conducted by convenience sampling for 220 office workers belonging to H Group located in Seoul Metropolitan city over about 5 weeks between December 17, 2007 and January 20, 2008. The questionnaire for this study was constructed in consideration of general characteristics of the subjects, behaviors of the dental management. and scaling. The collected questionnaires were electronically processed using SPSS 12.0. Result: The followings are the findings of this research. First, in general, scaling is experienced by male unmarried worker in their 40s. whose monthly average income is 1.00-1.99 million won and have little interest in the hygiene of their mouth and, consequently. whose hygiene of the mouth is not good. Second, scaling is experienced once every six months by the worker in their 50s or older, who are college graduates and have much interest in the hygiene of their mouth and, consequently. whose hygiene of the mouth is good. Third. scaling is not periodically conducted because of high costs of it in terms of almost every parameter of general characteristics. Fourth, they have correct knowledge of scaling since they regard it as 'removing of plaque and tartar' in terms of every parameter of general characteristics. Fifth, the workers' sex (pE0.05), hygienic condition of the mouth (pE0.05) and knowledge of scaling (pE0.001) have a significant effect on their scaling experience. Conclusion: It is considered that dental health management should be continued by training of the importance of prevention through scaling as measure for dental health promotion of workers.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2011

Objectives : This study was to investigate into company workers' oral scaling related factors and enhance a rate of oral scaling. Methods : From August 2010, self-administered questionnaires of the about general question items, oral health relation factors, knowledge of periodontal disease for oral scaling performed, in 267 people worker objects. Results : The followings are the findingd of this research. First, Oral scaling experiences were responded by 205 people(76.8%). Among those prevention the case which enforces with a goal periodically 6 month period 7.3% and the period of 1 years is 28.8%, be most inconvenient is cold(50.7%), with motive is dentistry visits inducement for tooth therapy which 51.2%, Non experience in oral scaling was responded by 62 people(23.2%), 45.2% of whom answered they had no necessity for such treatment. Second, Knowledge of periodontal disease is 'dental calculus and stain loses toothbrush quality did eagerly' incorrect one right answer ratio is highest with 86.5%, 'Becoming the adult being made to draw out tooth is periodontitis than decay' was incorrect one right answer rate was lowest with 62.9%. Third, The workers' sex, service field, one month average income, Currently the oral inconvenient presence, oral health Interest degree, tooth brushing method, knowledge of periodontitis have a significant effect on their oral scaling experience. Conclusions : When seeing with result of above, it is necessary of the oral scaling widely with the method which is various includes a mass communication by causing the changes in the perception of oral scaling. The dental hygienist is inconvenience from oral scaling experience have interest when is possible the patient comfortably, in order could be operated, endeavors demanded.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.977-985
• /
• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to investigate Korean scaling fear (KSF)-1.1 and related factors in scaling patients. Methods : The subjects were 314 scaling patients in 7 dental clinics in Daegu from April to June, 2013. Data were analyzed for simple frequency rate, t-test and ANOVA(Sheffes's post hoc) for the identification of the differences between KSF-1.1 and variables. Multiple regression was analyzed for the impact of independent variable on the score of KSF-1.1. Results : Mean score of KSF-1.1 in 314 scaling patients was 2.60. Female patients (2.71) had a higher score than male (2.47) (p<0.01). Those who didn't get a regular dental check up(2.87) tended to have higher fear level than those who had regular checkup (2.46) (p<0.001). Those who experienced dental pain (2.90) had significantly higher score than those who had not (2.46) (p<0.001). There was a significant difference between three groups (yes 3.03, ordinary 2.79, and no 2.42) in scaling (p<0.001) and financial burden (p<0.001). Variables associated with score of KSF-1.1 were gender(${\beta}$=0.21, p<0.05), waiting time for scaling(${\beta}$=0.24, p<0.01) and financial burden (${\beta}$=0.22, p<0.02) by multiple regression analysis. Conclusions : The influencing factors of scaling were gender, financial burden, waiting time for scaling that may effect on a score of KSF-1.1.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
• /
• 2003.09a
• /
• pp.140-143
• /
• 2003

Air permeabilities in unsaturated fractured tuff at the Apache Leap Research Site (ALRS) near Superior, Arizona, exhibit a self-affine behavior, thus renders a field random fractal. Based up fractal scaling, the observed scale effect has been interpreted [Hyun et al., 2002]. Recently, Frantziskonis and Hansen [2000] presented that fractal scaling can be represented based on wavelets. This study deals with the way of using wavelets for fractal scaling. A numerical study is presented to examine the applicability of wavelet-based approach to determining upscaled air permeability values on various data supports at the site. To characterize the scaling property of self-affine fields generated based upon wavelets, Hurst coefficient, H. was inferred by applying the average wavelet coefficient (AWC) method. The result yielded H = 0.24, which is very close to the result of geostatistical analysis using a power variogram (H = 0.22). The study concludes that wavelet-based scaling is a useful way of determining parameter values on different data supports, which is an essential task for modeling of subsurface flow and mass transport in a numeric grid with different resolutions (grid size).