• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.60-61
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• 2004

Metabolic engineering is now a well established discipline, used extensively to determine and execute rational strategies of strain development to improve the performance of micro-organisms employed in industrial fermentations. The basic principle of this approach is that performance of the microbial catalyst should be adequately characterised metabolically so as to clearlyidentify the metabolic network constraints, thereby identifying the most probable targets for genetic engineering and the extent to which improvements can be realistically achieved. In order to harness correctly this potential, it is clear that the physiological analysis of each strain studied needs to be undertaken under conditions as close as possible to the physico-chemical environment in which the strain evolves within the full-scale process. Furthermore, this analysis needs to be undertaken throughoutthe entire fermentation so as to take into account the changing environment in an essentially dynamic situation in which metabolic stress is accentuated by the microbial activity itself, leading to increasingly important stress response at a metabolic level. All too often these industrial fermentation constraints are overlooked, leading to identification of targets whose validity within the industrial context is at best limited. Thus the conceptual error is linked to experimental design rather than inadequate methodology. New tools are becoming available which open up new possibilities in metabolic engineering and the characterisation of complex metabolic networks. Traditionally metabolic analysis was targeted towards pre-identified genes and their corresponding enzymatic activities within pre-selected metabolic pathways. Those pathways not included at the onset were intrinsically removed from the network giving a fundamentally localised vision of pathway functionality. New tools from genome research extend this reductive approach so as to include the global characteristics of a given biological model which can now be seen as an integrated functional unit rather than a specific sub-group of biochemical reactions, thereby facilitating the resolution of complexnetworks whose exact composition cannot be estimated at the onset. This global overview of whole cell physiology enables new targets to be identified which would classically not have been suspected previously. Of course, as with all powerful analytical tools, post-genomic technology must be used carefully so as to avoid expensive errors. This is not always the case and the data obtained need to be examined carefully to avoid embarking on the study of artefacts due to poor understanding of cell biology. These basic developments and the underlying concepts will be illustrated with examples from the author's laboratory concerning the industrial production of commodity chemicals using a number of industrially important bacteria. The different levels of possibleinvestigation and the extent to which the data can be extrapolated will be highlighted together with the extent to which realistic yield targets can be attained. Genetic engineering strategies and the performance of the resulting strains will be examined within the context of the prevailing experimental conditions encountered in the industrial fermentor. Examples used will include the production of amino acids, vitamins and polysaccharides. In each case metabolic constraints can be identified and the extent to which performance can be enhanced predicted

• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.22-29
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• 2014

Recycling process of iron should be developed for efficient recovery of neodymium (Nd), rare metal, from acid-leaching solution of Nd magnet. In this study, $FeCl_3$ solution as iron source was used for preparation of iron nano particles with the condition of various factors, such as, reductant, and surfactant. $Na_4P_2O_7$ and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as surfactants, $NaBH_4$ as reductant, and palladium chloride ($PdCl_2$) as a nucleation seed were used. Iron powder was analyzed by using XRD, SEM for measuring shape and size. Iron nano particles were prepared at the ratio of 1:5 (Fe (III) : $NaBH_4$). Size and shape of iron particles were round-form and 50 ~ 100 nm size. Zeta-potential of iron at the 100 mg/L of $Na_4P_2O_7$ was negative value, which was good for dispersion of metal particle. When $Na_4P_2O_7$ (100 mg/L), PVP($FeCl_3:PVP$ = 1 : 4, w/w) and Pd($FeCl_3:PdCl_2$ = 1 : 0.001, w/w) were used, iron nano particles which were round-shape, well-dispersed and near 100 nm-sized range. In this condition, $FeCl_3$ solution changed with spent Nd leachate solution, and then it is possible to be made round-formed iron nano particles at pH 9 and at the reaction bath over 20 L which is not include any surfactant.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.3-11
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• 2014

Bottom ash from coal fired power plants is not widely used due to a broad range of particle sizes and a high carbon content for producing geopolymers. The effect of mechanical activation on compressive strength of bottom ash- based geopolymers was examined by rod and planetary-ball milling to encourage full-fledged recycling of bottom ash, the main component of pond ash. The amount of amorphous component in the milled ash samples did not change significantly after the mechanical activation. It is presumably because needle-shaped mullite crystals, which is a major crystalline phase and grown in a glassy matrix, possess high strength and toughness, and therefore, they could endure external shocks and remain almost intact. Milling operation, however, decreased the particle size and improved the homogeneity of ash, thereby leading to increase reactivity of milled ash with alkali activators. Rod milling produced a relatively narrow particle size distribution of the milled ash particles; however, it was less effective in reducing the particle size. Nevertheless, it was interesting to observe that rod milling had equal effect on improving the compressive strength of geopolymers up to about 37%, as that of planetary ball milling. Rod milling is believed to be suitable process for enhancing the reactivity of bottom ash for large-scale recycling of bottom ash and producing geopolymers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.35
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• pp.91-109
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• 1997

This study was conducted to find a more rational way of inheriting and developing tra-ditional Korean HanBok children wear by means of looking at the color and shapes of traditional Korean HanBok and also to find a way to apply this to today's children HanBok wear. The process taken was first to study re-lated literature and its theories and to research museums to find what few traditional HanBok there are and then to compare these findings with new books and personal pieces kept by individuals. We also compared with HanBok children wear now sold at markets. The results of these findings show the fol-lowing conclusions and recommendations: We have found that modern children HanBok utilized the same yellow blouse and red skirt combination as before. These nearly in all cases represented the colors for girls. To most koreans these combination colors are a representation of traditional children wear nat-urally accepted by most koreans without any resistance. Also a definite relation with tra-ditional and modern children wear in the sense of color and shape wear hard to substantiate but we could find harmony between the two. In other words a mixture of modern shapes and traditional colors could be found or vice versa. This is an important factor to be con-sidered when trying to inherit traditional hanBok cuture. Modern times has seen great change in lifestyle feelings and social environ-ment,. In order to create harmony between tra-dition and present day customs a certain mix-ture is required. Therefore we need to maximize traditional flavor and design with present day design emotions. Another issue is that right now children hanBok is only being utilized on a restricted scale. It is a shame that in today's children HanBok that added to the skirt pants and overall wear that the head wear purse and other accessories are not being used. There-fore the HanBok culture especially for the correct succession of children hanBok must refrain from such restricted use of accessories and work to advertise the widespread use of proper Hanbok wear thereby upholding the rightful use of HanBok. As I have mentioned in my other studies it is ones momory of early HanBok wear which greatly affects a grown-up so we should wear hanBok in the right way from an early age and become accustome to its shapes and colors thereby become friendly with traditional HanBok wear. This I believe will lead to overcoming prejudice and disapproval of hanBok and to a more affirm-ative view towards our cultural heritage, Looking from a design point of view inter-national design of a nation's traditional wear can only come from a correct understanding of ones traditions this then becoming a foun-dation for creative design. Seen from these aspects a re-cretion through the meaningful activities of studying traditional shapes and colors of hanBok is the beat way to forming a true HanBok tradition.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.315-326
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• 2020

Corporate efforts to build strong brands have made consumers interested in brand love. In the field of brand love, however, there is a lack of systematic research on the multidimensionality of the concept of brand love and on the scale development to measure it. Thus, based on the methodological research design of Churchill(1979) and DeVellis(1991), this study explored properties of brand love and classified them into two levels - 'emotion' and 'relationship' - and generated corresponding measurement items. To do this, the research was conducted in a total of eight stages, including preliminary studies such as literature review, open surveys, and in-depth interviews, as well as the main study process in which the factors were analyzed step by step. As a result, the level of emotion appeared to have five subcomponents (self-esteem, warmth, interest, responsibility, pleasure) with 19 items, and the level of relationship - three subcomponents (unchanging, sharing/supporting, understanding) with 11 items, adding up to a total of 30 measurement items for brand love with reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and nomological validity. Additionally, we intended to expand the scope of research related to brand love by presenting the result model of organic interaction between the concepts that constitute brand love and proposing '4 categories of brand love strength' based on it.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.640-655
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• 2018

Recently, the construction of the urban area has been rapidly increasing, and the excavation work of the ground has been frequently performed at the upper part of the existing underground structures. Especially, when the structure is constructed after the excavation of the ground, the loading and unloading process in the ground under the excavation basement can affect the existing underground structures. Therefore, in order to maintain the stability of the existing underground structure due to the excavation of the ground, it is necessary to accurately grasp the influence of the excavation and the structure load in the adjoining part. In this study, the effect of the excavation of the ground and the new structure load on the existing tunnel was experimentally implemented and the influence of the adjacent construction on the existing tunnel was investigated. For this purpose a large testing model with 1/5 scale of the actual size was manufactured. The influence of ground excavation, width of the load due to new structure, and distance between centers of tunnel and of excavation on the existing tunnel was investigated. In this study, it was confirmed that the influence on the existing tunnel gets larger, as the excavation depth get deeper. At the same distance, it was confirmed that the tunnel displacement increased up to three times according to the increase of the building load width. That is, the load width influences the existing tunnel larger than the excavation depth. As the impact of the distance between centers of tunnel and of excavation, it was confirmed that tunnel crown displacement decreased by 48%. The result showed that a tunnel is located in the range of 1D (D: tunnel diameter) from the center of excavation, the effect of excavation is the largest.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2015

Globalization, increasing technological advancements and dynamic knowledge diffusion are moving our world closer together at a unique scale and pace. At the same time, our rapidly changing society is confronted with major challenges ranging from demographic to economic ones; challenges that necessitate highly innovative solutions, forcing us to reconsider the way that we actually innovate and create shared value. As such the linear, centralized innovation models of the past need to be replaced with new approaches; approaches that are based upon an open and collaborative, global network perspective where all innovation actors strategically network and collaborate, openly distribute their ideas and co-innovate/co-create in a global context utilizing our society's full innovation potential (Innovation 4.0 - Open Innovation 2.0). These emerging innovation paradigms create "an opportunity for a new entrepreneurial renaissance which can drive a Cambrian like explosion of sustainable wealth creation" (Curley 2013). Thus, in order to materialize this entrepreneurial renaissance, it is critical not only to value but also to actively employ this new innovation paradigms so as to derive community-driven shared value that stems from global innovation networks. This paper argues that there is a gap in existing business incubation model that needs to be filled, in that the innovation and entrepreneurship community cannot afford to ignore the emerging innovation paradigms and rely upon closed incubation models but has to adopt an "open incubation" (Ziouvelou 2013). The open incubation model is based on the principles of open innovation, crowdsourcing and co-creation of shared value and enables individual users and innovation stakeholders to strategically network, find collaborators and partners, co-create ideas and prototypes, share their ideas/prototypes and utilize the wisdom of the crowd to assess the value of these project ideas/prototypes, while at the same time find connections/partners, business and technical information, knowledge on start-up related topics, online tools, online content, open data and open educational material and most importantly access to capital and crowd-funding. By introducing a new incubation phase, namely the "interest phase", open incubation bridges the gap between entrepreneurial need and action and addresses the wantpreneurial needs during the innovation conception phase. In this context one such ecosystem that aligns fully with the open incubation model and theoretical approach, is the VOICE ecosystem. VOICE is an international, community-driven innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem based on open innovation, crowdsourcing and co-creation principles that has no physical location as opposed to traditional business incubators. VOICE aims to tap into the collective intelligence of the crowd and turn their entrepreneurial interest or need into a collaborative project that will result into a prototype and to a successful "crowd-venture".

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

Purpose - Economic status at an early stage of life after one's retirement is often determined by the long-term sacrifice of one's earlier consumption tendencies. In general, the first and foremost way to secure income after retirement is through annuity savings. People sign up for personal annuity savings in order to guarantee a stable economic life upon retirement, and such actions may be heavily influenced by self-efficacy. Confidence in current economic activity is a source of rational decision-making. Inability to achieve self-control can lead to reckless spending and the eventual hindering of proper investment for the future. This paper examines how self-efficacy and self-control affect the intention and action of enrolling in an annuity savings plan in relation to one's level of financial literacy. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the proposed model, this study investigates financial consumers over the age of 20. The data were collected from 511 respondents and analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. First, for the one-dimensional test and to measure the convergent validity of each structure, we use the scale purification process. The results of the test and the confirmatory factor analysis ensure the focus of the validity of the single dimension for each structure. In addition, the validity of the measurement was guaranteed from the results of correlation analysis. Results - First, self-efficacy and self-control have positive effects on the purchasing intention of the personal annuity savings plan. Second, purchasing intention positively affects purchasing behavior. Lastly, self-control has a positive effect on purchasing intention among the low financial literacy group, whereas self-efficacy does not have this effect in the high financial literacy one. Conclusions - The time of product benefit is different with age. The younger group would be granted the savings after several decades once they enroll, whereas the older group would wait for a relatively shorter period of time. Therefore, further research should be conducted in order to verify such a difference. However, this study has value through its confirmation that the roles of self-efficacy and self-control play a part in leading to the enrollment in annuity savings plans and by verifying different effects based on levels of financial literacy. Such results suggest a number of implications in a real life setting. First, banks need to put greater emphasis on the stability of annuity savings in general. Second, customers with relatively low levels of financial literacy are able to control their finances through annuity savings, but find self-efficacy difficult due to a lack of financial understanding. Therefore, such customers should be approached from an invest-effectiveness comparison method. Third, customers with high financial literacy tend to put more value in rational economic decision-making and behavior than in self-efficacy. Therefore, such customers should be approached by promoting the reliability of annuity savings and the excellence of the specific bank's annuity savings plan in comparison to those of other financial institutions.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.357-374
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to validate knowledge outcomes included Nursing Outcomes Classification(NOC) developed by Johnson and Maas at the University of Iowa. A sample of 71 nurse experts working in university affiliated hospitals participated in this study. They were asked to rate indicators that examplified the outcomes on a scale of 1(indicator is not all characteristic) to 5(indicator is very characteristic). A questionnaire with an adaptation of Fehring's methodology was used to establish the content validity of outcomes. The results were as follow: 1. All indicators were considered to be 'supporting' and no indicators were considered to be 'nonsupporting'. 2. 'Knowledge: Treatment Regimen' attained and OCV score of 0.816 and was the highest OCV score among outcomes. 3. 'Knowledge: Energy Conservation' attained an OCV score of 0.748 and was the lowest OCV score among abuse outcomes. 4. 'Knowledge: Breastfeeding' attained an OCV score of 0.790 and was the highest indicator was 'description of benefits of breastfeeding'. 5. 'Knowledge: Child Safety' attained an OCV score of 0.778 and was the highest indicator was 'demonstration of first aids techniques'. 6. 'Knowledge: Diet' attained an OCV score of 0.779 and was the highest indicator was 'performance of self-monitoring activities'. 7. 'Knowledge: Disease Process' attained an OCV score of 0.815 and was the highest indicator was 'description of signs and symptoms'. 8. 'Knowledge: Health Behaviors' attained an OCV score of 0.800 and was the highest indicator was 'description of safe use of prescription drugs'. 9. 'Knowledge: Health Resources' attained an OCV score of 0.794 and was the highest indicator was 'description of need for follow-up care'. 10. 'Knowledge: Infection Control' attained an OCV score of 0.793 and was the highest indicator was 'description of signs and symptoms'. 11. 'Knowledge: Medication' attained an OCV score of 0.789 and was the highest indicator was 'description of correct administration of medication'. 12. 'Knowledge: Personal Safety' attained an OCV score of 0.804 and was the highest indicator was 'description of measures to reduce risk of accidental injury'. 13. 'Knowledge: Prescribed Activity' attained an OCV score of 0.810 and was the highest indicator was 'proper performance of exercise'. 14. 'Knowledge: Substance Use Control' attained an OCV score of 0.809 and was the highest indicator was 'description of signs of dependence during substance withdrawl'. 15. 'Knowledge: Treatment Procedure(s)' attained an OCV score of 0.795 and was the highest indicator was 'description of appropriate action for complications'. 16. 'Knowledge: Treatment Regimen' attained an OCV score of 0.816 and was the highest indicator was 'description of self-care responsibilities for emergency situations'. More outcomes need to be validated and outcomes sensitive to Korean culture need to be developed.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2020

We present a novel multi-core CPU based parallel algorithm for the cell-connectivity information extraction algorithm, which is one of the preprocessing steps for volume rendering of unstructured grid data. We first check the synchronization issues when parallelizing the prior serial algorithm naively. Then, we propose a 3-step parallel algorithm that achieves high parallelization efficiency by removing synchronization in each step. Also, our 3-step algorithm improves the cache utilization efficiency by increasing the spatial locality for the duplicated triangle test process, which is the core operation of building cell-connectivity information. We further improve the efficiency of our parallel algorithm by employing a memory pool for each thread. To check the benefit of our approach, we implemented our method on a system consisting of two octa-core CPUs and measured the performance. As a result, our method shows continuous performance improvement as we add threads. Also, it achieves up to 82.9 times higher performance compared with the prior serial algorithm when we use thirty-two threads (sixteen physical cores). These results demonstrate the high parallelization efficiency and high cache utilization efficiency of our method. Also, it validates the suitability of our algorithm for large-scale unstructured data.