• Title/Summary/Keyword: Sand-bed stream

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Habitat Characteristics and Feeding Ecology of the Korean Endemic Species, Iksookimia pacifica (Pisces: Cobitidae) in the Bukcheon (stream), Korea (한국고유종 북방종개 Iksookimia pacifica (Pisces: Cobitidae)의 서식지 특성 및 섭식생태)

  • Ko, Myeong-Hun
    • Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.275-283
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    • 2015
  • Habitat characteristics and feeding ecology of Iksookimia pacifica were investigated in this study to provide baseline data for its ecological characteristics in Bukcheon (stream), Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. The main inhabit of I. pacifica was found to be sand bottoms of Bb or Bc river type with slow water flow. Based on studies of their habitat preferences according to age, their preference for sand bed was the same. However, their preference for depth and velocity was different. When their age was increased, their depth preference was also increased ($24.9{\pm}17.61cm$ for 0+ year, $69.6{\pm}30.32cm$ for 1+ year, $82.4{\pm}33.30cm$ for 2+ years, and $90.0{\pm}31.55cm$ for $3+{\leq}$ years). The water velocity was found to be 3.8 ~ 4.0 cm/sec for ages between 0+ and 1+ and 6.0 ~ 7.3 cm/sec for ages between 2+ and $3+{\leq}$. They were active on sand from March to November. They would hibernate in sand during the winter season. During the day from 12 pm to 24 am, they were highly active with high food consumption. Their main food sources analyzed with index of relative importance (IRI) include Chironomidae (76.7%), Simuliidae (10.3%), Rotatoria (7.3%), and Arcellidae (2.2%). Their juveniles (total length 20~40 mm) would feed on small-sized preys such as Rotatoria, Copepoda, and Arcellidae. Older I. pacifica would feed on big-sized preys such as Chironomidae and Simuliidae.

Potential of River Bottom and Bank Erosion for River Restoration after Dam Slit in the Mountain Stream

  • Kang, Ji-Hyun;So, Kazama
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.46-46
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    • 2011
  • Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

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Effect of Typhoon 'Rusa' on the Natural Yeon-gok Stream and Coastal Ecosystem in the Yeong-Dong Province (영동지방 자연형 하천(강릉 연곡천)과 인근 연안 생태계에 대한 태풍 루사의 영향)

  • Yoon Yi-Yong;Kim Hung-sub
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.35-41
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    • 2004
  • The yeongok stream originates at the natural park, Mt. O-dae and flows to the East Sea of korea, normally maintaining I or II grade of water quality and its average water flux is 352,100 ㎥/d. However, the typhoon 'Rusa', which occured on 31 August 2002, changed its watercourse and configuration, and the ecosystem was deeply damaged. Moreover, the hydrological characteristics were once more transformed, and the ecosystem was secondarily damaged during repair-work of destroyed bridges and elevations. After the flood disaster, the species diversity diminished 17% for attached diatom and 44% for aquatic animals. However, the earth and sand, dug from river bed during intensive repair-work throughout the entire stream, made diversity drop to 32% for the diatom and the aquatic animals were wiped out. Especially, fishes were totally destroyed except for some species such as Moroco oxycephalus in the upper stream. The yeongok stream has little contamination source and short water residence time due to the short length and rapid slope, and consequently a temporary deterioration of water quality caused by repair-work may be rapidly recovered, but it needs a long time to restore the damaged ecosystem.

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The Influence of Sediment Control Dam Dredging on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities of Mountain Stream (사방댐 준설이 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Bong Sung;Lee, Chang Woo;Seo, Eul Won;Lee, Jong Eun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.101 no.3
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    • pp.454-460
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted for determining the influence of Sediment Control Dam dredging on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in mountain stream of Gyeongsangbuk-do. The sediment control dams were surveyed before and after dredging from mountain streams of Yecheon, Yeongju and Bonghwa in Northern part of Gyeongsangbuk-do. Sampling was taken at upper and down from 3 experimental sites and 2 control sites during May to August 2011. The identified species before dredging were 56 belonged to 31 families, 11 orders, 6 classes and 4 phyla, but after dredging it has decreased to 51 species belonged to 27 families, 10 orders, 5 classes and 4 phyla. The microhabitat damage of benthic macroinvertebrates occurred at experimental sites after dredging of sediment control dams led to reduction of the number of species and individuals. Especially, upper stream of experimental sites showed the reduction of an average of 38% species. In general, species diversity indices and species richness indices decreased after dredging; however, dominance indices increased at experimental sites. In the upper stream of experimental sites, the microhabitat damaged and became pool due to dredging. Also, velocity of flow decreased and the river bed became simply due to the sedimentary matter being finer than sand and silt. As a result, composition of functional feeding groups and functional feeding groups were relatively simpler at upper stream and the degree of community differences was greater between upper and down stream. Also, Chironomidae spp., Ephemeridae spp., and Gomphidae spp. to prefer where slow velocity of flow and lentic increased in a greater rate, and the EPT/C index to indicate the balance of the community decreased.

Dataset of Long-term Monitoring on the Change in Hydrology, Channel Morphology, Landscape and Vegetation Along the Naeseong Stream (I) (내성천의 수문, 하도 형태, 경관 및 식생 특성에 관한 장기모니터링 자료 (I))

  • Lee, Chanjoo;Kim, Dong Gu;Ji, Un;Kim, Jisung
    • Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.23-33
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    • 2019
  • Naeseong Stream is a sand-bed river that flows through the northern area of Gyeongbuk province. It is characterized by dynamic sandy bedforms developed in response to the seasonal hydrological fluctuation and by its unique riverine landscape called "white river." However, changes including construction of Yeongju Dam from 2010 and the extensive vegetation establishment around 2015 occurred along the Naeseong Stream. This paper aims to analyze climate, hydrology, and water quality as factors and to examine the possibility of channel changes accordingly. The second least precipitation during the last 60 years happened in 2015, which led to the lowest peak discharge in 50 years. The sediment characteristics of Naeseong Stream were not significantly different along the upstream and downstream reaches, but it was confirmed that annual minimum water level of the stream decreased continuously regardless of the dam construction. This suggests that intermittent drought and change in water quality are likely to provide favorable conditions for riparian vegetation establishment and the resulting physical changes have affected riverbed degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct diversified monitoring in connection with river vegetation change in order to analyze the causes of river changes.

A Study on the Expansion Process of Vegetation on Sand-bars in Fluvial Meandering Stream (충적하천 사행하도에 발달한 사주에서의 식생형성 과정에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Sam-Hee;Ock, Gi-Young;Choi, Jung-Kwon
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.22 no.6
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    • pp.658-665
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    • 2008
  • One of the characteristics of fluvial river channel with sand bed-material is the existence of movable sand bars not occupied with vegetation. However, sand bars at the Hahoe's reach of the Nakdong River showing a double-meandering channel has been changed into expanding vegetation area. Moreover, sand material, in recent years, has stopped moving to downstream in channel and the number and area of bare bars which did not occupied by vegetation have been decreased. In order to find out the mechanism, we carried out the channel characteristics surveys such as hydro-geomorphologic, soil physio-chemical and vegetation surveys were conducted twice on autumn season in 2005,2006. The results so far achieved showed that the reduced discharge of transported sediment and duration of dry season might be critical factors for the spread of luxuriant vegetation. The vegetation area was significantly expanded by floods exceeding the subsequent dominant flow discharge. Furthermore, the expansion of vegetation area was highly correlated with the supply of organic matter, nutrients and alteration of soil texture by sediment deposition during the flooding event.

Utilization of Flood Sediments as Plant Soil (홍수퇴적토의 식재토양 재활용 연구)

  • 조재범;현재혁;김민길;정진홍;김갑수
    • Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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    • v.3 no.3
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    • pp.63-74
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    • 1998
  • In the study, the feasibility of deposit soil in river and stream bed as a subsitute for conventional plant soil was investigated through the analysis of soil characteristics and germination/growth rate for 75 days. Proper mixtures among sediments from various places were compared to optimize the germination and growth rate of plant in the ratio of 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 (sand : deposit). From the results, it could be concluded that the sediment mixed 3 : 1 showed most favorable germination and growth conditions for pansy and the sediment containing enough amount of silt and clay components showed most favorable conditions for marigold. Consequently, the feasibility of sediments as a substitutional plant soil was evaluated to be high, once the sediments were properly mixed for each specific plant.

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Study on physical habitat suitability of Gobiobotia naktongensis in Naeseong Stream according to change of bed grain size (내성천 하상 입경 변화에 따른 흰수마자의 물리 서식 적합도 분석)

  • Lee, Dong Yeol;Park, Jae Hyun;Baek, Kyong Oh
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.56 no.9
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    • pp.553-562
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    • 2023
  • The Gobiobotia naktongensis is a species endemic to Korea, and it has recently been designated as a class I endangered species of freshwater fish. Naeseong Stream, one of the tributaries of the Nakdong River, where the Gobiobotia naktongensis was first discovered, provided an optimal habitat for the Gobiobotia naktongensis in the past with fine sand beds and riffle. Currently, due to the construction of Yeongju Dam and the excessive dredging of river channels by the local government, the riverbed armoring in the downstream area of the dam is undergoing rapid changes, and as a result, the habitat environment of the Gobiobotia naktongensis is deteriorating. In this study, the variations of the habitat suitability of the Gobiobotia naktongensis due to the change in the riverbed grain size of the Naeseong Stream were analyzed based on the WUA (weight usable area) using the physical habitat model, River2D. The study domain is the reach from Seoktap Bridge to Hoeryong Bridge downstream of Yeongju Dam. The change in riverbed grain size was analyzed using D50 acquired in 2010 and 2020, respectively. The substrate grain size of Naeseong Stream in 2020 was thicker than that in 2010, and the riverbed coarsening phenomenon was evident overall. As a result of the River2D analysis, the area in which the Gobiobotia naktongensis could inhabit was only about 0.75% in 2010 compared to the entire area of the flow, and even this decreased to 0.55% in 2020 due to riverbed armoring.

A Study on Geomorphic Environments and Sediments of Channels at Naeseongcheon River in Gyeongpook Province (경북 내성천의 하도 지형 환경 및 퇴적물 분석)

  • Lee, Gwang-Ryul;Cho, Yong-Dong;Kim, Dae-Sik;Kim, Jung-Suk;Jeong, Woo-Heon;Cho, Hyun-Jin;Yun, Kuk-Hyun
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.85-99
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    • 2010
  • This study analyzes the geomorphic environments of river channels and properties of sediments in the Naeseong-River basin, a branch of Nakdong-River. While the area at NU1 located in the uppermost reaches indicates the landscapes with the gravel riverbeds, the sand riverbeds can be seen in the downstream of NU2 whose basin consists mostly of the granite regolith. The downstream of NU2 has the braided channels in the beds and this may be due to the large quantities of sand particles supply to the bed under the favorable geologic and geomorphic conditions, properties of river flowing within the floodplains less resistant to the erosion and great fluctuations of discharges. Whereas the river at NU2 may seem that sand particles are actively eroded during the high water-level periods, the particles may be actively deposited during the periods at NM2 and NL2. Moreover, in the reaches of NU2 to NM1 and NL1 to NL2, the mean grain sizes of sediments increase downstream suggesting the other supplies of coarse sediments from the lower order streams running the steep slopes because the river flows in the areas consisting of the metamorphic rocks rather than the granites and shows the properties of incised meander.

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A Preliminary Verification of the Influences of Hydrologic Regime Change and Nutrients Influx on Vegetation Recruitment on Riparian Bars (하천식생 이입 현상에 대한 수문현상 변화와 영양염류 영향의 예비 검증)

  • Woo, Hyoseop;Kang, Joon-goo;Cho, Hyung-Jin;Choi, Yi-song;Park, Moon-hyeong
    • Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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    • v.2 no.4
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    • pp.284-290
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    • 2015
  • In this study, two hypotheses were examined to preliminarily verify for the vegetation recruitment and establishment on riparian bars in unregulated rivers; hydrologic regime change and nutrients influx into streams. In order to preliminarily verify the first hypothesis, precipitation patterns were analyzed during a period from March through to May when reeds, the most common riparian vegetation in Korea, germinate and start to grow in riparian areas. The results show that during the last 35 years, the total precipitation during the three-month period decreased by about 15 %, while the total annual one increased by about 15% in Korea. In order to verify the second hypothesis, a preliminary experiment was conducted with a set of two-vegetative flumes for one year. In this experiment, a stream flow with reeds on the riparian sand bars was simulated with a flume with reeds planted on the sand bed and water with a concentration of 3.5 mg of N flowing in the flume for four hours. For comparison, clean water was circulated in the same way in another flume for simulating a stream flow without N. The experimental results show that the growth rate of reeds in N-mixed flow exceeds that in clean water flow by about 30%. The above two results could explain the phenomenon of change in unregulated rivers from white river to green river in Korea, although they were obtained through limited extents of analysis and experiment.