• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2016

강우유출수 오염물 제거를 위한 침투시설에서 모래필터가 널리 적용된다. 공극폐색, 즉 필터 여재에 부유물이 침전되면 침투능이 저하되어 침투시설의 기능과 수명이 단축된다. 침투시설의 효과적인 설계 및 유지관리를 위해 모래필터 내의 물리적, 화학적, 생물학적 폐색 특성을 알아야 한다. 이 논문에서는 여재 깊이 변화에 따른 모래필터의 물리적 폐색 특성변화를 검토하였다. 연직방향, 변수위 침투조건에서 시행한 실험실 컬럼 침투실험으로부터 이들 특성변화를 관찰하였다. 실험결과, 폐색현상의 결과로서 필터의 여재 깊이가 증가할수록 부유물 제거효율이 증가하지만, 필터의 성능유지 기간은 감소하는 현상을 보였다. 모든 여재 깊이 조건에서 여재 깊이의 상부 15%에서 100~250 μm의 부유물이 침전되면서 폐색현상이 발현하는 조기폐색이 발생했다. 결과에 근거하여 침투시설의 첫번째 유지관리 시침투능 확보를 위해 여재깊이의 상부 15%를 긁어내는 방법을 제안할 수 있었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.23-39
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• 2014

인공 빗물 저류조는 도심지에 설치되어 빗물의 재활용이 가능하도록 한 친환경 우수유출 저감시설이나 지면에 내린 빗물을 직접 이용하기 위해서는 도심지의 초기강우에 포함된 고농도의 비점오염원을 정화할 수 있는 시설이 수반되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 인공 빗물 저류조에 적용할 수 있는 비점오염원 정화시설로서 경제성과 정화효율이 우수한 토양여과시설을 채택하여 실제 비점오염물질에 대한 모래 정화층의 입도분포에 따른 폐색특성을 연구하였다. 이를 위해 일련의 실내 챔버시험을 수행하고 폐색이론에 의한 비점오염원 제거 예측 모델을 제시하였다. 우선, 실내 챔버시험은 미세입자로 구성된 점토와 서울시내 도로에서 채집된 실제 비점오염원으로 제조된 인공 오염수를 이용하여, 5종류의 다양한 입도로 구성된 모래 정화층을 대상으로 수행되었다. 실내 챔버시험에서는 모래 정화층에 유입 및 유출된 인공 오염수의 TSS(총 부유물질)와 COD(화학적 산소 요구량)를 측정하여 오염입자의 크기에 따른 모래 정화층의 정화효율을 평가하였고, 정화층 간극에 폐색되는 비점오염입자의 누적무게를 산출하였다. 다음으로, 모래 정화층의 폐색특성을 이론적으로 규명하기 위해 비점오염원 제거 예측모델을 모래 정화층의 입도와 구성에 따른 특성과 투수계수 및 간극률의 변화 조건을 고려하여 제시하였다. 실내 챔버시험과 예측 모델로부터 산정한 모래 정화층에 폐색된 입자의 누적무게를 비교하여 폐색특성 지표인 Lumped parameter ${\theta}$를 추정하였으며, ${\theta}$는 모래 정화층에 폐색되는 오염입자의 양에 큰 영향을 주는 것을 확인하였다. 모래 정화층의 폐색 예측모델로부터 현장 인공 빗물 저류조에 적합한 최적의 비점오염 제거 시스템으로 유효입경 1.49mm(상부)와 유효입경 0.93mm(하부)의 모래로 구성된 이중 정화층을 제시하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.437-446
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• 2004

To develop sewage treatment apparatus by natural purification method, the sewage treatment plant that consisted of aerobic and anaerobic plot was constructed. And then, the effects of treatment conditions on the removal of pollutants in the relation to sewage loading, sewage injection method and season according to the pebble kind. Removal rate of BOD and COD according to the sewage loading in effluent were over 95 and 77%, respectively. Removal rate of nitrogen in treated water by aerobic plot and effluent using sand were about 22~40 and 49~75%, respectively. Those of effluent using sand 75%+ oyster shell 25% and sand 50%+ oyster shell 50% as filter media in comparison with using sand were about 7~25 and 16~23%, respectively. Removal rate of phosphorus in treated water by aerobic plot and effluent using sand as filter media were about 30~36 and 52~56%, respectively. Those of effluent using sand 75%+ oyster shell 25% and sand 50%+ oyster shell 50% in comparison with using sand as filter media were about 11~40 and 12~45%, respectively. Removal efficiency of BOD and COD according to the intermittent injection method of sewage were slightly decreased, but those of nitrogen and phosphorus were little varied in comparison with continuous injection method. Removal efficiency of BOD and COD in winter in comparison with the others were little varied, but those of nitrogen and phosphorus slightly decreased.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.485-496
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• 2020

Recent changes in the disaster environment have greatly increased the possibility of internal erosion in deteriorated reservoirs; thus, countermeasure methods are required to enhance the drainage performance of embankments. Sand filters have been mainly used to prevent internal erosion; however, due to the sand depletion and environmental problems, new alternative materials are required to replace the sand in the filter zone. In this study, crushed stone was used instead of sand as a material that could satisfy permeability, material supply, demanding conditions, and economic efficiency. Although crushed stone has excellent drainage performance, it has a clogging phenomenon due to its high permeability. Accordingly, the materials need to be separated with a geotextile wrapping method. Additionally, the 3D numerical analysis and a large model experiment were conducted to evaluate the seepage characteristics and in-site application of the crushed stone filter. As a result, the crushed stone filter showed an excellent dispersion effect by reducing the pore water pressure by about 9.5 times that of the sand filter. In addition, it was shown that the safety factor for piping increased significantly by reducing internal erosion. When comparing the economics and supply and demand conditions of the material, crushed stone was evaluated as an effective method to reduce the internal erosion of embankments at deteriorated reservoirs.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.999-1005
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• 2016

The H water treatment plant has been operating since 1982 and has had no renovation. It is assumed that the filters have been operated for more than 30 years and therefore are deteriorated. Many of the filters show an unequal state of air scouring during backwashing. For this study one filter, which was presumed most deteriorated among eighteen filters, was selected as a model filter for renovation. Some of the effects seen after renovation of the underdrain system were a lower average filtrated turbidity by approximately 0.02 NTU and an equal backwash state throughout the filter bed. Sand wash efficiencies by backwash before renovation of the underdrain system were 28%, 8%, and 5% at the surface, 50 cm depth, and 100 cm depth, respectively, and after renovation of the underdrain system were 94%, 26%, and 15%, respectively. The standard deviation of the effective sand size was 0.025-0.033 mm before renovation of the underdrain system and 0.002-0.011 mm after renovation of the underdrain system, meanings there was equal backwash pressure throughout the filter. Filtration time after renovation was approximately 2 times longer than before renovation.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1993년도 제1회 하계분리막 Workshop
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• pp.83-95
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• 1993

현재 존재하는 다양한 filtration 테크놀러지는 feed stream으로부터 제거되는 파티클의 사이즈에 근거하여 그 범주를 정할 수 있다. 부유 고체물의 재래식 macrofiltration 은 feed solution이 수직 방향으로 filter media을 통하여 흐르게끔 하는 것이다. 전체 용액은 메디아를 통하여 지나가는데 단지 한개의 stream만 만든다. 그런 여과 장채의 보기를 들면, cartridge, filter, bag filter, sand filter, multimedia filter들이 있다. Macrofiltration separation은 1 미크론 이상가는 비용해성 파티클에 국한된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.341-349
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• 2010

It is well known that manganese is hard to oxidize under neutral pH condition in the atmosphere while iron can be easily oxidized to insoluble iron oxide. The purpose of this study is to identify removal mechanism of manganese in the D water treatment plant where is treating bank filtered water in aeration and rapid sand filtration. Average concentration of iron and manganese in bank filtered water were 5.9 mg/L and 3.6 mg/L in 2008, respectively. However, their concentration in rapid sand filtrate were only 0.11 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L, respectively. Most of the sand was coated with black colored manganese oxide except surface layer. According to EDX analysis of sand which was collected in different depth of sand filter, the content of i ron in the upper part sand was relatively higher than that in the lower part. while manganese content increased with a depth. The presence of iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria have been identified in sand of rapid sand filtration. It is supposed that these bacteria contributed some to remove iron and manganese in rapid sand filter. In conclusion, manganese has been simultaneously removed by physicochemical reaction and biological reaction. However, it is considered that the former reaction is dominant than the latter. That is, Mn(II) ion is rapidly adsorbed on ${\gamma}$-FeOOH which is intermediate iron oxidant and then adsorbed Mn(II) ion is oxidized to insoluble manganese oxide. In addition, manganese oxidation is accelerated by autocatalytic reaction of manganese oxide. The iron and manganese oxides deposited on the surface of the sand and then are aged with coating sand surface.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 상향류식 연속 역세여과 연구를 통하여 양어장 순환수 처리 후 박테리아 및 바이러스 등을 효과적으로 처리하는 기술 개발과 여과사에 금속염을 코팅시켜 생물막의 형성을 도모하는 연구를 수행하였다. 여과사를 코팅한 경우 중성 pH에서 zeta potential 양(+)이 됨을 알 수 있었고 zeta potential이 양(+)에 근접할수록 column test에서 바이러스 제거효율이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 여과사를 금속염으로 코팅을 하는 경우가 안한 경우 보다 음이온을 띤 부유물 제거에 탁월한 효능이 있음을 보여주었다. pH에 따른 여과재료의 흡착율에서 Al coating과 Al+Fe coating은 반응 시간 30분까지 효과적으로 흡착이 일어나는 것을 볼수 있었고 이 후의 반응시간에서 파과 곡선형태를 보여주었다. 회분식 형태로 운영한 여과재료를 이용한 탈착실험에서 Non, Al, Fe및 Al+Fe coating모두에서 pH 9.95에서 용출(leaching)되는 농도가 가장 높았으며 각각의 농도는 7.47, 4.80, 20.89 및 7.23 mg/L로 각각 나타났다. 이번 연구에서 Al coating의 경우 pH에 따른 영향은 거의 나타나지 않았으며, pH가 증가함에 따라 약간 감소하는 것을 알수 있었고 Fe coating에서는 pH의 영항이 없었으며, Al+Fe coating에서는 pH가 증가함에 따라 탁도도 역시 일정하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.35-51
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• 2017

The use of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and naturally occurring silica (Sand) as filtration media in water and waste water treatment systems is very common. While GAC offers the additional functionality of being an "adsorptive" filter for dissolved organics it is also more expensive. In this paper we present an experimental evaluation of the performance of a bed of GAC for colloid removal and compare the same with that from an equivalent bed of Sand. The experiments are performed in an "intermittent" manner over extended time, to "simulate" performance over the life of the filter bed. The experiments were continued till a significant drop in water flow rate through the bed was observed. A novel "deposition" and "detachment" rate based transient mathematical model is developed. It is observed that the data from the experiments can be explained by the above model, for different aqueous phase electrolyte concentrations. The model "parameters", namely the "deposition" and "detachment" rates are evaluated for the 2 filter media studied. The model suggests that the significantly better performance of GAC in colloid filtration is probably due to significantly lower detachment of colloids from the same. While the "deposition" rates are higher for GAC, the "detachment" rates are significantly lower, which makes GAC more effective than sand for colloid removal by over an order of magnitude.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2012

In this study, novel nano silver sand filtration method was compared with UV treatment and normal sand filtration method through filtering treated water from sewage treatment plant. As a result, $BOD_5$ removal rate of nano silver sand filtration showed higher approximately 31% and 23%, comparing with UV treatment and sand filtration. Moreover, $KMnO_4$ removal rate of nano silver sand was about 6.6 and 2.8 times higher than other two methods. In addition, it showed better for removing SS and total coliform, comparing with others. Also, there is no bacteria on nano silver sand after experiments. Therefore, nano silver sand filtration will be effective for advanced water treatment.