• 한국재료학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.266-270
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• 2003

We studied BCl$_3$ dry etching of GaAs in a planar inductively coupled plasma system. The investigated process parameters were planar ICP source power, chamber pressure, RIE chuck power and gas flow rate. The ICP source power was varied from 0 to 500 W. Chamber pressure, RIE chuck power and gas flow rate were controlled from 5 to 15 mTorr, 0 to 150 W and 10 to 40 sccm, respectively. We found that a process condition at 20 sccm $BCl_3$ 300 W ICP, 100 W RIE and 7.5 mTorr chamber pressure gave an excellent etch result. The etched GaAs feature depicted extremely smooth surface (RMS roughness < 1 nm), vertical sidewall, relatively fast etch rate (> $3000\AA$/min) and good selectivity to a photoresist (> 3 : 1). XPS study indicated a very clean surface of the material after dry etching of GaAs. We also noticed that our planar ICP source was successfully ignited both with and without RIE chuck power, which was generally not the case with a typical cylindrical ICP source, where assistance of RIE chuck power was required for turning on a plasma and maintaining it. It demonstrated that the planar ICP source could be a very versatile tool for advanced dry etching of damage-sensitive compound semiconductors.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.211-243
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the cause, symptom, treatment, medicine of Wei symptom through the literature of oriental and western medicine. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Wei symptom is the symptom that reveals muscle relaxation without contraction and muscle relaxation occures in the lower limb or upper limb, in severe case, leads to death. 2. Since the pathology and etiology of Wei symptom was first described as "pe-yeol-yeop-cho"(肺熱葉焦) in Hung Ti Nei Ching(黃帝內經), for generations most doctors had have accepted it. but after Dan Ge(丹溪), it had been classified into seven causes, damp-heat(濕熱), phlegm-damp(濕痰), deficiency of qi(氣虛), deficiency of blood(血虛), deficiency of yin(陰處), stagnant blood(死血), stagnant food(食積). Chang Gyeng Ag(張景岳) added the cause of deficiency of source qi(元氣). 3. The concept of "To treat Yangming, most of all"(獨治陽明) was emphasized in the treatment of Wei symptom and contains nourishment of middle warmer energy(補益中氣), clearance of yangming-damp-heat(淸化陽明濕熱). 4. Since Nei-ching era(內經時代), Wei and Bi symptom(痺症) is differenciated according to the existence of pain. After Ming era(明代) appeared theory of co-existence of Wei symptom and pain or numbness but they were accepted as a sign of Wei symptom caused by the pathological factor phelgm(痰), damp(濕), stagnancy(瘀). 5. In the western medical point of view, Wei symptom is like paraplegia, or tetraplegia. and according to the causative disease, it is accompanied by dysesthesia, paresthsia, pain. thus it is more recommended to use hwal-hyel-hwa-ae(活血化瘀) method considering damp-heat(濕熱), qi deficiency of spleen and stornach(脾胃氣虛) as pathological basis than to simply differenciate Wei and Bi symptom according to the existence of pain. 6. The cause of Gullian-Barre syndrome(GBS) is consist of two factors, internal and external. Internal factors include asthenia of spleen and stomach, and of liver and kidney. External factors include summur-damp(暑濕), damp-heat(濕熱), cold-damp(寒濕) and on the basis of "classification and treatment according to the symptom of Zang-Fu"(臟腑辨證論治), the cause of GBS is classified into injury of body fluid by lung heat(肺熱傷津), infiltration of damp-heat(濕熱浸淫), asthenia of spleen and kidney(脾腎兩虛), asthenia of spleen and stomach(脾胃虛弱), asthenia of liver and kidney (肝腎兩虛). 7. The cause of GBS is divided by according to the disease developing stage: Early stage include dryness-heat(燥熱), damp(濕邪), phlegm(痰濁), stagnant blood(瘀血), and major treatment is reducing of excess(瀉實). Late stage include deficiency of essence(精虛), deficiency with excess(虛中挾實), and essencial deficiency of liver and kidney(肝腎精不足) is major point of treatment. 8. Following is the herbal medicine of GBS according to the stage. In case of summur-damp(暑濕), chung-seu-iki-tang(淸暑益氣湯) is used which helps cooling and drainage of summer-damp(淸利暑濕), reinforcement of qi and passage of collateral channels(補氣通絡). In case of damp-heat, used kun-bo-hwan(健步丸), In case of cool-damp(寒濕), used 'Mahwang-buja-sesin-tang with sam-chul-tang'(麻黃附子細辛湯合蓼朮湯). In case of asthenia of spleen and kidney, used 'Sam-lyeng-baik-chul san'(蔘笭白朮散), In case of asthenia of liver and kidney, used 'Hojam-hwan'(虎潛丸). 9. Following is the herbal medicine of GBS according to the "classification and treatment according to the symptom of Zang-Fu"(臟腑辨證論治). In the case of injury of body fluid by lung heat(肺熱傷津), 'Chung-jo-gu-pae-tang'(淸燥救肺湯) is used. In case of 'infiltration of damp-heat'(濕熱浸淫), us-ed 'Yi-myo-hwan'(二妙丸), In case of 'infiltration of cool-damp'(寒濕浸淫), us-ed 'Yui-lyung-tang', In case of asthenia of spleen, used 'Sam-lyung-bak-chul-san'. In case of yin-deficiency of liver and kidney(肝腎陰虛), used 'Ji-bak-ji-hwang-hwan'(知柏地黃丸), or 'Ho-jam-hwan'(虎潛丸). 10. Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy is occuered by compression or ischemia of spinal cord. 11. The cause of cervical spondylosis with myelopathy consist of 'flow disturbance of the channel points of tai-yang'(太陽經兪不利), 'stagnancy of cool-damp'(寒濕凝聚), 'congestion of phlegm-damp stagnant substances'(痰濕膠阻), 'impairment of liver and kidney'(肝腎虛損). 12. In treatment of cervical spondylosis with myelopathy, are used 'Ge-ji-ga-gal-geun-tang-gagam'(桂枝加葛根湯加減), 'So-hwal-lack-dan-hap-do-hong-eum-gagam(小活絡丹合桃紅飮加減), 'Sin-tong-chuck-ue-tang-gagam(身痛逐瘀湯加減), 'Do-dam-tang-hap-sa-mul-tang-gagam'(導痰湯合四物湯加減), 'Ik-sin-yang-hyel-guen-bo-tang'(益腎養血健步湯加減), 'Nok-gakyo-hwan-gagam'(鹿角膠丸加減). 13. The cause of muscle dystropy is related with 'the impairement of vital qi'(元氣損傷), and 'impairement of five Zang organ'(五臟敗傷). Symptoms and signs are classified into asthenia of spleen and stomach, deficiency with excess, 'deficiency of liver and kidney'(肝腎不足) infiltration of damp-heat, 'deficiency of qi and blood'(氣血兩虛), 'yang deficiency of spleen and kidney'(脾腎陽虛). 14. 'Bo-jung-ik-gi-tang'(補中益氣湯), 'Gum-gang-hwan'(金剛丸), 'Yi-gong-san-hap-sam-myo-hwan'(異功散合三妙丸), 'Ja-hyel-yang-gun-tang'(滋血養筋湯), 'Ho-jam-hwan'(虎潛丸) are used for muscle dystropy. 15. The causes of myasthenia gravis are classified into 'insufficiency of middle warmer energy'(中氣不足), 'deficiency of qi and yin of spleen and kidney'(脾腎兩處), 'asthenia of qi of spleen'(脾氣虛弱), 'deficiency of qi and blood'(氣血兩虛), 'yang deficiency of spleen and kidney'(脾腎陽虛). 16. 'Bo-jung-ik-gi-tang-gagam'(補中益氣湯加減), 'Sa-gun-ja-tang-hap-gi-guk-yang-hyel-tang'(四君子湯合杞菊地黃湯), 'Sa-gun-ja-tang-hap-u-gyi-eum-gagam'(四君子湯合右歸飮加減), 'Pal-jin-tang'(八珍湯), 'U-gyi-eum'(右歸飮) are used for myasthenia gravis.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.348-354
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• 2001

This study was conducted to estimation of change characteristics for water quality by the dyke gate operation in the Keum River estuary. The estimation data made use of surveyed data in Keum River estuary by NERDI (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) during $1990\~1999$. Shown to compare water quality changes at st. A and st. D in Figure 1, the concentrations of TSS, COD and nutrients at st. A were as high as about $2\~4$ times than those at st. D due to affection of fresh water discharge in the Keum River. The percentages of water quality change at surface water by dyke gate operation in the Keum River estuary were shown that TSS (Total Suspended Solid) was decrease to $56\%,\;47\%$ at st. A and D, and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) was increase to $68\%,\;71\%$ at st. A and D, respectively. The changes percentage of DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen) by dyke gate operation in the Keum River estuary were increase high to $95\%$ at surface water and $7\sim30\%$ at bottom water, but those of DIP (Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus) were increase to $2.8\sim8.6\%$ at surface water and $28\%$ at bottom water. The range of fluctuation for water quality at each station by dyke gate operation has shown that salinity and TSS are little better than before dyke gate operation, but COD show highly fluctuation. Also we studied estimation of characteristics of water quality change by the season, COD was increased except the summer, TSS was decreased to all season. DIN was increased to about $61\sim172.1\%$ for all season, but DIP was increased to the spring and decreased to the autumn, DIN enrichment in the estuary by dyke gate operation are interpreted to improvement of organic matter decomposition and nitrification by increasing the residence time and to increase nutrient flux in sediments due to decreasing dissolved oxygen and increasing a deposit matter.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2017

DMZ에 인접한 광치령은 강원도 양구군과 인제군을 이어주는 고개인 동시에 두 지역의 경계를 나타내는 지표점이기도 하다. 해발고도 800m의 광치령은 대암산(1,304m)에서 뻗어 나온 산자락에 위치하고 있으며 짙은 활엽수림과 깊은 계곡부에는 다양한 식물이 서식하고 있다. 비무장지대에 인접한 광치령의 지리적 입지는 DMZ와 그 이남지대를 연결하는 완충지대로 기능하고 있기에 광치령의 식물자원을 조사하는 것은 DMZ의 식물상을 이해하는 한 방법이기도 하다는 점에서 본 연구는 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 따라서 DMZ의 인근지역인 광치령에 분포하는 식물을 밝히고 그들의 가치를 분석해 보고자 본 연구는 2014년 4월부터 2015년 9월까지 총 9회에 걸쳐 진행되었다. 조사 결과, 광치령 일대에 분포하는 관속식물은 88과 297속 441종 4아종 62변종 6품종 총 513분류군으로 확인되었다. 그 중 산림청 지정 희귀식물은 금강초롱꽃, 백작약, 구실바위취를 포함하여 22분류군이 조사되었고, 고려엉겅퀴, 처녀치마, 참배암차즈기 등을 포함하는 특산식물은 22분류군으로 밝혀졌다. 귀화식물은 18분류군, 그들의 귀화율과 도시화지수는 각각 3.5%, 5.6%로 나타났다. 확인된 513종의 식물을 유용성에 따라 분류한 결과 식용과 약용을 포함하여 목축, 관상, 목재, 염료, 섬유, 산업용 등으로 이용되는 식물은 각각 197종, 154종, 180종, 49종, 24종, 8종, 4종, 3종으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.25-39
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• 1985

도시 영세지역 주민의 이환 및 의료이용 양상을 파악하기 위하여 1984년 7월 한 달 동안에 대구시 중구 남산 4동 영세지역 468가구의 가구원 2,002명과 대조지역 374가구의 가구원 1,709명을 대상으로 가구원의 일반적 특성, 질병이환 및 의료이용 양상 등을 면담조사 하였다. 영세지역과 대조지역의 성별, 연령별 분포는 비슷하였으나, 경제수준, 교육수준, 주거밀집도, 의료보장 종류별 분포는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 15일간의 상병 이환율은 영세지역이 1,000명당 131로 대조지역의 71보다 유의하게 높았고, 연령이 증가함에 따라 이환율도 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 65세이상의 노인층에서는 오히려 감소하였다. 년간 만성병 이환율도 영세지역이 1,000명당 134로 대조지역의 89보다 유의하게 높았고 나이가 증가함에 따라 이환율이 증가하였다. 15일간의 상병은 영세지역과 대조지역 모두 호흡기계 질환이 각각 24.0%, 29.8%로 가장 많았고 그 다음은 소화기계 질환으로 21.0%, 20.6%였으며 손상 및 중독은 영세지역이 10.3%인데 비해 대조지역은 3.3%였다. 만성병은 영세지역과 대조지역 모두 소화기계질환이 22.1%, 21.7%로 가장 많았고 그 다음으로 영세지역은 근골격계 질환으로 12.3%, 대조지역은 신경통으로 14.5%였으며, 순환기계 질환은 대조지역이 11.8%로 영세지역의 5.6% 보다 더 많은데 비해 손상 및 중독은 영세지역이 10.8%로 대조지역의 4.6%보다 더 많았다. 15일간의 상병으로 활동제한을 받은 일수는 영세지역이 평균 4.0일로 대조지역의 평균 2.2일보다 유의하게 높았다. 15일간의 상병이나 만성병을 치료받기 위해 영세지역은 약국을 더 많이 이용하고 대조지역은 병의원 외래를 더 많이 이용하였으며, 특히 의료보장 종류별로는 의료보험 가입자는 병의원 외래를, 그리고 일반환자는 약국을 더 많이 이용하였으며, 미치료율은 의료보장 종류에 관계없이 15일 이환의 경우 영세지역이 17.9%, 대조지역은 11.6%, 그리고 만성병은 영세지역이 15.2%, 대조지역은 9.2%로 영세지역의 미치료율이 대조지역보다 더 높았다. 15일간의 상병이나 만성병 모두 경제적인 이유로 치료받지 않은 경우가 가장 많았다. 영세지역의 이환율이 대조지역보다 높은 것은 경제수준, 교육정도, 주거밀집도 등 여러가지 사회 경제적인 요소가 관련된 것으로 나타났으므로, 영세민을 위한 보건사업 계획에는 이러한 사회 경제적인 요소들을 개선하는 노력을 병행해야 효과적인 보건사업이 추진될 것으로 생각된다.