• 대한기관윤리심의기구협의회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.5-21
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• 2019

Purpose: Institutional review board (IRB) classifies risks of clinical trials into less than minimal risk, minor increase over minimal risk, and more than minimal risk. Based on classification and evaluation for risk, IRB decides whether permitting consent exemption or asking additional protection for clinical research subject or not. The purpose of this study is to analyze how IRB members evaluate minimal risk by sending questionnaire survey with 12 predetermined scenarios. Methods: IRB members and researchers (pediatrician, gastroenterologist, neurologist, and neurosurgeon) in 11 different hospitals were asked to answer survey questions via email or online. We analyzed the differences of answers among several subgroups in each predetermined scenarios. Result: Responders were 212 personnel(110 researchers and 102 IRB members) from 11 centers. There were significant differences between IRB members and researchers in response such as blood sampling, skin prick test, one time catheterization in a girl, spinal tapping in child, non-enhance MRI in child, non-enhance MRI with chrolal hydrate in a child, spinal tapping without anesthesia in adult, bioequivalence test, gastric endoscopy, and non-enhance CT. significant differences between medical IRB members and non-medical members were also revealed in one time catheterization in a girl, spinal tapping in a child, non-enhance MRI in a child, bioequivalence test. Depending on researchers' department, they responded differently in several questionnaires as well. Conclusions: We have found that IRB members and researchers evaluate the risks differently. Researchers compared to IRB members, medical IRB members compared to non-medical members answered less than minimal risk in many cases. In assessing and evaluating the risks associated with the study, medical IRB members answered predetermined scenarios as less dangerous compared to non-medical IRB members. Difference among researchers where also revealed significantly. Researchers answered predetermined scenarios as less dangerous compare to other department researchers, especially in predetermined scenarios containing procedures they are familiar with.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.167-191
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 영재성과 학년수준에 따른 논리적 사고력과 상위인지적 특성을 규명함으로써, 학생의 인지능력 신장뿐 아니라 자기-주도적인 학습능력 증진의 중요성을 피력하는 실증적인 기초를 제공하는데 있다. 이에 1, 2차에 걸쳐 표집한 일반 학생(n=199), 소외 영재(n=133) 및 일반 영재(n=111)를 대상으로 논리적 사고력 검사(조석희 외, 2006)를 실시하여 '언어,' '수' 및 '공간' 영역에서 인지능력을 측정하였고, 상위인지 능력에 대해서는 기존의 지적 능력에 대한 신념 검사(조석희, 한석실, 2004)와 학습 전략 검사(조석희, 한석실, 2004)를 수정, 보완하여 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 학생의 영재성과 학년수준에 따라 논리적 사고력 및 상위인지의 하위 변인에 대해 다변량분산분석을 실시하였다(MANOVA). 연구결과, 영재는 일반 학생에 비해, 그리고 일반 영재는 소외 영재에 비해 논리적 사고력 하위 영역에서 모두 높게 나타났으며, 이상의 논리 사고력에서의 차이는 학생의 영재성과 학년수준에 따라 다른 경향성을 나타내었다. 또한 논리적 사고력에서의 차이 외에 영재는 일반 학생에 비해, '상위인지 통제' 능력이 높아 자신의 학습을 계획하고 관리하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 소외 영재와 일반 영재의 상위인지 능력에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.440-449
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to determine the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and to evaluate the relations with factors affecting these levels. Methods: The congener levels of PBDE in 22 samples of breast milk were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatograph with a high resolution mass detector. In accordance with our standard operating procedures, the recoveries of internal standards had to range between 68% and 118%. Since the distribution of PBDE concentrations is close to log-normal, the data were logarithmically transformed before analysis. Test subjects were healthy primipara and multipara mothers with a mean age of 32 (SD = 2.7) in 2006. Results: Seven PBDE congeners (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were detected and identified in all of the pooled breast milk samples, indicating widespread contamination from PBDEs in the environment in Korea. Residue levels of total PBDEs (sum PBDEs from tri- to hepta-BDE) ranged from 0.84-13.1 ng/g lipid with median and geometric mean levels of 2.6 ng/g lipid and 2.74 ng/g lipid, respectively. PBDE congeners 47, 99 and 153 markedly predominated and accounted for about 75% of the amount of the PBDE congeners analyzed. BDE-47 was the dominant congener in most samples, whereas BDE-153 was predominant in a few (n = 7/22). BDE-47 was highly correlated with total PBDEs (r = 0.987, p < 0.01). In analyses of the differences of the means of log transformed breast milk PBDE levels for groups of potential covariates, only breast milk BDE-47 and BDE-99 levels were significantly associated with fish (p < 0.05) and meat consumption (p < 0.01). However, we did not find significant correlations between PBDE levels and maternal age, body mass index (BMI), parity, job presence and smoking status. Conclusions: Our findings are mainly limited due to the small sampling size and low doses of PBDEs exposure. Background and human exposure data of PBDEs is lacking, and longitudinal investigations into the environment and biota are encouraged to determine the health impact on future populations in Korea.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.257-273
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• 2013

본 연구는 과학관 도슨트의 활동에 대한 전문화 방안을 모색하는데 목적을 두고 8년간 도슨트 활동을 지속한 박 도슨트를 연구 참여자로 선정하여 생애사적 접근방법으로 연구하였다. 박 도슨트 선정과정은 다음과 같다. 1단계 목적표집, 편의표집을 통해 56명의 도슨트를 선정, 2단계 심화연구 수락자를 기준으로 목적표집을 통해 11명의 도스트를 선정했다. 11명을 대상으로 설문지 분석과 심층면담을 거쳐 본 연구에 적극적인 1인을 3단계 목적표집을 통해 선정하였다. 주로 면담을 실시하고 참여관찰과 문서 등의 수집 분석을 통해 박 도슨트가 어떻게 도슨트 활동을 하게 되었는지, 그리고 현재의 도슨트 활동은 어떠한지, 도슨트 전문성을 위해 어떠한 노력을 하는지 등을 생애사적으로 기술하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 박 도슨트는 교육적 신념이 투철하며 이는 생애사적 경험을 통해 형성된 신념이 무엇보다도 도슨트 활동에 큰 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 박 도슨트는 활동을 통해서 전시해설에 관한 실천적 지식이 형성 및 체계화 되고 있었다. 셋째, 박 도슨트는 전문가로 활동하기 위해서 전시해설을 위한 전문성을 기르고 이를 좀 더 효과적으로 획득할 수 있는 방법으로 주변 환경을 충분히 활용하고 있었다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 체계적인 도슨트 제도의 구축 및 운영과 도슨트 활동에 따른 지원 및 구축은 과학관에서의 도슨트 교육의 활성화를 위해서는 중요한 부분임을 인식할 수 있다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.175-185
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• 2014

이 연구는 민간경비원의 피로를 효과적으로 관리하기 위한 민간경비원에 맞는 피로도 척도를 개발하여 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해서 이 연구에서는 2014년 서울지방경찰청에 등록된 경비회사에 재직하고 있는 시설경비종사자를 연구대상으로 설정하고, 유의표집법을 활용하여 300명의 표본을 추출하였으나, 최종분석에 사용한 사례수는 259명 이다. 피로도 척도는 선행연구를 토대로 척도개발 방법 및 절차를 통하여 개발하였다. 자료처리는 SPSSWIN 18.0을 활용하여 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관분석을 실시하였으며, AMOS 18.0을 활용하여 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 피로도 측정도구의 타당도는 높다. 즉, 내용타당도는 높았으며 구성타당도 또한 높다. 탐색적 요인분석의 경우 .452의 요인적재치를 보였으며, 확인적 요인분석의 경우 .403의 표준치를 나타내고 있어 적합지수도 기준치를 충족시켜주고 있다. 타당도 검증을 통해 최종적으로 도출한 피로도의 하위개념은 정신적 피로, 신경계 기능장애, 신체적 부조화, 소진이다. 둘째, 피로도 측정도구의 신뢰도는 높다. 즉, 문항분석을 통해 문항과 하위영역간, 문항과 총점간의 상관관계가 .602이상으로 비교적 높다. 그리고 신뢰도 계수는 Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.658$이상으로 높다. 본 연구에 의해서 개발된 민간경비원의 피로도 척도 도구는 타당도와 신뢰도가 검증되어 기존의 타 영역에서 연구되어 사용하고 있는 도구보다 민간경비원의 피로를 확실하게 측정할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.623-639
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• 1995

We have never seen any method to cope basically with complicated situation and problems around medical reimbursement rates here in Korea since 1977 witnessed by the beginning of medical insurance. By the way researchers concerned are beginning to propose some kinds of innovative and detailed ideas to government these days. They are Diagnosis-related group(DRG) and Resource-based .elative value scale(RBRVS). In the light of this situation it is so encouraging that our government can come up with that and move. In case of RBRVS research we have already been reaching even to the level of reviewing and revising methodology for its further development after naive pilot study on internal medicine and general surgery last year. However there might be something different conditions between USA and Korea to apply the same Dr. Hsiao's method and it must be vital to check so called' total work approach' compared with 'intra-service work approach' before expanding to the whole medical fields. According to the' Intra-service approach', the physician's work is supposed to be divided into three sub-works by the name of intraservice work, pre, and post service work. These sub-works, again should be merged together to be the pre-postwork subset through some statistical methods of the estimation process applied by Dr. Hsiao's methodology in RBRVS development later on. But in this paper that estimation process was not taken because we could have real values for all of those surveyed items related to just one specialty, OB & GY. Instead, We used some statistical comparison procedures relevant to demographic characteristics, reliability & validity and correlation analysis with American RVU(Relative value unit) between the total work and merged total work from intraservice work approach. The unit of analysis was individual physicians of OB & GY and 300 physicians were selected for each approach through statistical sampling method based on national population of OB & GY physicians in Korea. And also with the thankful help of Advisory Committee under Korean Association of OB & GY, questionnaires were made and mailed to the subjects, two times. As a result there were not any statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics between the two approaches except for the variable 'Response time for the questionnaires', but in other sections of comparisons, response rate, representative values, reliability & validity test, correlation analysis with American RVU, all showed 'Total approach' was not only more rational and statistically meaningful than 'Intra-service approach' but also had considerable merits. But we are not absolutely sure about this paper's robustness. Because of some limitations, we'd rather like to suggest further researches should be followed. In that sense the first thing would be a research for the influence of doctor's characteristics, especially 'frequency' on the rating of work and the way to define total work more clearly.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine utilization patterns and determinants of oriental medical services. Data were collected from 545 residents in Taegu city The results of this study are summarized as follows 1) 37.8% of subjects used oriental medical services in the past year. Especially, the female, the ages of 50 and 60 over, the single. low-educated. high-income class, white-collar class, medical insured tended to use more oriental medical services than another groups. 2) 46.7% of users of oriental medical services reported that number of visits in the past year was 2 - 5 times 37 1% of them was 1 times, and 4.5% over 10 times. 3) According to the reasons to choose the oriental medical facilities, most was 'on their own judgement'(48.8%) and 'by the advice of relatives and friends'(42.0%) Regarding to the objectives of using oriental medicine, 68.3% was 'treatment', 31.7% 'health counselling and promotion'. And among diseases of users, diseases of musculo-skeletal system was the highest(54.5%). 4) 57.9% of oriental medical services users had experience of utilizing western medicine on the same diseases. Among peoples with experiencing western medicine on the same diseases. 54.4% received oriental medical services 'in addition to western medicine', 45.6%'in place of western medicine 'And 41.2% of using both services reported that they had difficulty in deciding to choose the type of services -oriental medical services or western medicine-for their diseases. 37.3% of them answered that 'providing relevant information' was the most desirable measure to solve this problem, 27.3% 'establishment of effective referral system between oriental and western medical facilities '23.6% 'cooperative medical treatment systems in the same facilities', 11.8%'integration of oriental medicine into western medicine 5) According to the satisfaction level with each items of oriental medical services, the respondents had positive views on efficacy, kindness, and side-effects. They, however, had negative view on the cost of oriental medical services. 6) In regarding to the priority of improvement of oriental medical system,'expansion of insurance benefit package 'ranked first. 'expansion of insurance benefit Package 'ranked second, 'improvement of scientific methods and diagnostic technique 'third, and 'safety of herbal medicine' fourth in order. 7) The significant factors influencing the utilization of oriental medical services were kindness of oriental medical practitioners, efficacy , travel time, age To be brief, utilization rate of oriental medical services in urban area generally tends to be high. There, however, have been various barriers to limit oriental medical services, such as incomplete benefit package of oriental medical insurance and lack of coordination and referral system between oriental and western medical services, lack of scientific diagnostic procedures, high price etc . For the development of oriental medical services, Much attention to remove these limiting factors should be placed. In addition, kindness of oriental medical practitioners , which is expected to be more important factor in the consumer - focused health care environment than ever, should be kept high consistently. Since this study was conducted for specific residents of an urban city. further research including more sampling in different urban areas should be required to generalize the results of the study.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.225-233
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 민간경비원의 여가동기와 스포츠 참가의 관계를 알아보고 변수간의 인과관계를 검증하여 민간경비원들에게 여가활동의 필요성과 정책적 자료를 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 2007년 서울소재 5개소 민간경비회사에 재직하고 있는 민간경비원을 연구대상으로 유층집락무선표집법을 이용해 193명을 표집하였다. 설문지의 신뢰도는 Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ 값이 .835이상으로 나타났다. 이 연구에서는 설문지의 신뢰도분석과 상관분석을 위해 SPSSWIN 15.0 프로그램을 활용하였다. 이상과 같은 연구방법 및 절차를 통해 이 연구에서 도출한 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여가동기는 스포츠 참가경험에 영향을 미친다. 즉, 휴식적 동기가 증가하면 스포츠 참가경험은 감소한다. 둘째, 여가동기는 스포츠 참가의 정도에 영향을 미친다. 즉, 유능감인지 동기가 증가할수록 스포츠 참가빈도는 증가한다. 지적 동기가 증가할수록 스포츠참가기간은 증가한다. 또한, 휴식적 동기가 증가할수록 스포츠 참가강도는 낮아지는 반면, 유능감인지 동기가 증가하면 스포츠 참가강도는 증가한다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.523-538
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• 2009

Recently, there has been a keen demand for real-time automatic monitoring of VOCs not only in Korea but other developed countries. We carried out this study to evaluate and to optimize the performance of a continuous automatic monitoring system for hazardous VOCs (HVOCs) in the ambient atmosphere, using an on-line GC system. The online system normally consisted of a Nafion dryer prior to a cold trap of an automatic thermal desorption apparatus and a GC system equipped with two detectors, i.e. PID and ECD. Preliminary tests conducted to check out any contamination of the system revealed an evidence of significant artifact formation of benzene, and it was found that the Nafion dryer (even brand new one) is the source of the benzene artifact. Thus, all the subsequent experiments in this study was carried out inevitably by removing the Nafion dryer. The on-line GC method was investigated with a variety of QC/QA performance criteria such as repeatability, linearity, lower detection limits, and accuracy. In order to find out the best operating condition for the on-line GC system, three different types (in terms of adsorption strength) of cold trap combinations were tested, i.e. (i) Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B combination (weak and hydrophobic); (ii) Tenax-TA, Carbopack-X and Carboxen-1000 combination (strong and hydrophilic); and (iii) Tenax-TA and Carbopack-X combination (medium and hydrophobic/hydrophilic). The USEPA TO-17 manual method was selected as a reference method to evaluate the performance of the on-line method. A series of experiments revealed that the system performance was superior to others when a cold trap packed with hydrophilic adsorbents (Tenax-TA/Carbopack-X/Carboxen-1000 combination) was used and operated at $25^{\circ}C$. However, the system with a cold trap packed with a combination of Tenax-TA and Carbopack-X is more recommended for field applications since the carboxen-1000 adsorbent is too sensitive to water vapor, and hence the performance of the system might be very unstable to humid samples or during rainy days. Furthermore, the precision and accuracy criteria of the Tenax-TA/ Carbopack-X combination were generally compatible with the triple adsorbents cold trap. The continuous automatic monitoring method is, thus, considered very useful to real-time monitoring to understand the variations of VOCs concentrations in ambient air, as it adopts much simpler procedures in sampling, analysis, and data integration steps than manual monitoring methods. However, it should be noted that there is a high possibility of benzene artifacts formation through the Nafion dryer, which is often installed to remove water vapor in air samples before being adsorbed onto the cold trap. Therefore, if a Nafion dryer is used in any studies of monitoring VOCs, the benzene contamination should be carefully examined before carrying out obtaining the data.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2009년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.597-601
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• 2009

본 연구는 카지노 시큐리티 종사자의 운동행동 변화과정이 의사결정균형, 자기효능감, 그리고 신체적 자기개념에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 데 연구의 목적이 있다. 연구의 목적 달성을 위하여 서울, 부산, 강원, 제주 지역에 있는 카지노업체 중 시큐리티 관련 업무에 근무하고 있는 420명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 응답이 불성실하다고 판단된 47부를 제외한 373부가 분석에 사용되었다. 조사도구는 설문지를 사용하였으며, 각 설문은 연속적인 5점 Likert 척도와 명목으로 이루어져 있으며 타당도와 신뢰도 분석을 통해 검증을 실시한 후 사용하였다. 설문지에 대한 작성이 완료된 데이터는 각 목적에 맞게 부호화하여 입력시킨 후 사회과학통계 프로그램인 SPSS 15.0 version을 이용하여 전산처리하였다. 이와 같은 방법과 절차에 따른 자료 분석을 통하여 본 연구에서 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 카지노 시큐리티 종사자의 인구학적 특성에 따른 운동행동 변화과정은 차이가 있다. 둘째, 카지노 시큐리티 종사자의 인구학적 특성에 따른 의사 결정균형은 차이가 있다. 셋째, 카지노 시큐리티 종사자의 인구학적 특성에 따른 자기 효능감은 차이가 있다. 넷째, 카지노 시큐리티 종사자의 인구학적 특성에 따른 신체적 자기개념은 차이가 있다. 다섯째, 카지노 시큐리티 종사자의 운동행동 변화과정, 의사 결정균형, 자기효능감, 신체적 자기개념간에는 인과관계가 있다.