• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2017

Agricultural water management has gained enormous attention in the developing world to alleviate poverty, reduce hunger and conserve ecosystems in small-scale production systems of resource-poor farmers. The story of food security in the $21^{st}$ century in India is likely t o be closely linked to the story of water security. Today, the water resource is under severe threat. The past experiences in India in general and in Andhra Pradesh in particular, indicated inappropriate management of irrigation has led to severe problems like excessive water depletion, reduction in water quality, water logging, salinization, marked reduction in the annual discharge of some of the rivers, lowering of ground water tables due to pumping at unsustainable rates, intrusion of salt water in some coastal areas etc. Considering the importance of irrigation water resource efficiency, Krishna Western Delta (KWD) of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected for this in depth study, as the farming community in this area are severely affected due to severe soil salinity and water logging problems and hence, adoption of different water saving crop production technologies deserve special mention. It is quite disappointing that, canals, tube wells and filter points and other wells could not contribute much to the irrigated area in KWD. Due to less contribution from these sources, the net area irrigated also showed declining growth at a rate of -6.15 per cent. Regarding paddy production, both SRI and semi-dry cultivation technologies involves less irrigation cost (Rs. 2475.21/ha and Rs. 3248.15/ha respectively) when compared to transplanted technology (Rs. 4321.58/ha). The share of irrigation cost in Total Operational Cost (TOC) was highest for transplanted technology of paddy (11.06%) followed by semi-dry technology (10.85%) and SRI technology (6.21%). The increased yield and declined cost of cultivation of paddy in SRI and semi-dry production technologies respectively were mainly responsible for the low cost of production of paddy in SRI (Rs. 495.22/qtl) and semi-dry (Rs. 532.81/qtl) technologies over transplanted technology (Rs. 574.93/qtl). This clearly indicates that, by less water usage, paddy returns can be boosted by adopting SRI and semi-dry production technologies. Both the system-level and field-level interventions should be addressed to solve the issues/problems of water management. The enabling environment, institutional roles and functions and management instruments are posing favourable picture for executing the water management interventions in the State of Andhra Pradesh in general and in KWD in particular. This facilitates the farming community to harvest good crop per unit of water resource used in the production programme. To achieve better results, the Farmers' Organizations, Water Users Associations, Department of Irrigation etc., will have to aim at improving productivity per unit of water drop used and this must be supported through system-wide enhancement of water delivery systems and decision support tools to assist farmers in optimizing the allocation of limited water among crops, selection of crops based on farming situations, and adoption of appropriate alternative crops in drought years.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.7-7
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• 2017

Unfavorable weather and soil conditions reduce rice yield and land and water productivity, aggravating existing encounters of poverty and food insecurity. These conditions are foreseen to worsen with climate change and with the unceasing irrational human practices that progressively debilitate productivity despite global appeals for more food. Our understanding of plant responses to abiotic stresses is advancing and is complex, involving numerous critical processes - each controlled by several genetic factors. Knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in signaling, response and adaptation, and in some cases the genes involved, is advancing. Moreover, the genetic diversity being unveiled within cultivated rice and its wild relatives is providing ample resources for trait and gene discovery, and this is being scouted for rice improvement using modern genomics and molecular tools. Development of stress tolerant varieties is now being fast-tracked through the use of DNA markers and advanced breeding strategies. Large numbers of drought, submergence and salt tolerant varieties were commercialized over recent years in South and Southeast Asia and more recently in Africa. These varieties are making significant changes in less favorable areas, transforming lives of smallholder farmers - progress considered incredulous in the past. The stress tolerant varieties are providing assurance to farmers to invest in better management of their crops and the ability to adjust their cropping systems for even higher productivity and more income, sparking changes analogous to that of the first green revolution, which previously benefited only favorable irrigated and rainfed areas. New breeding tools using markers for multiple stresses made it possible to develop more resilient, higher yielding varieties to replace the aging and obsolete varieties still dominating these areas. Varieties with multiple stress tolerances are now becoming available, providing even better security for farmers and lessening their production risks even in areas affected by complex and overlapping stresses. The progress made in these less favorable areas triggered numerous favorable changes at the national and regional levels in several countries in Asia, including adjusting breeding and dissemination strategies to accelerate outreach and enabling changes at higher policy levels, creating a positive environment for faster progress. Exploiting the potential of these less productive areas for food production is inevitable, to meet the escalating global needs for more food and sustained production systems, at times when national resources are shrinking while demand for food is mounting. However, the success in these areas requires concerted efforts to make use of existing genetic resources for crop improvement and establishing effective evaluation networks, seed production systems, and seed delivery systems to ensure faster outreach and transformation.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.305-309
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• 1983

간척지에서의 제염에 따른 식생의 변화와 수도의 근모형성에 대한 염해의 영향을 알기 위하여 강화도, 남양 및 계화도 간척지를 중심으로 1982년 여름에 본 조사를 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 간척후, 저습지에서는 퉁퉁마디와 칠면초가 최초로 우점종을 형성하는 고등식물이었으며, 제염이 됨에 따라 버들명아주가 출현했고, 또 이것에 이어 매자기와 갈대가 우점종의 자리를 차지하게 되며 매자기와 갈대가 우점종이 되는 염도의 토양에서는 수도재배에 대한 염해의 영향은 문제화되지 않았다. 2. 습지에서는 퉁퉁마디와 칠면초에 이어 사철쑥과 갯개미취가 우점종을 형성하게 되고, 이때에는 단자엽 화본료 잡초들의 이입이 시작되었다. 3. 건조지에서는 나문재와 해홍나물이 최초의 우점 고등식물로 등장하게 되고, 또 갯능쟁이도 있었지만 군락을 형성하지는 않았다. 4. 건조지에의 식물이입은 습지를 중심으로 이미 이입된 식물들이 제염이 진행됨에 따라 서서히 일어나게 된다. 5. 토양염도의 근모형성에 대한 형향은 고염도토양에서 생육된 것일수록 저염도 토양에서 생육된 것에 비하여 근모형성율은 낮추고, 또 근모장도 짧게 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.578-583
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• 2010

수원과 태안에 위치한 농업지역에서 영농기간 중 강우의 화학적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 2009년 4월부터 11월까지 강우 53점을 채수하여 강우 중의 이온조성, 산성도 및 강우량을 고려한 가중평균 이온농도 변화를 평가하였다. 강우의 조성에서 양이온 구성은 $Na^+>{NH_4}^+>Ca^{2+}>H^+>Mg^{2+}>K^+$의 순이었으며, $Na^+$와 ${NH_4}^+$ 성분이 전체 양이온 조성의 65% 이상을 차지하였다. 음이온은 ${SO_4}^{2-}>{NO_3}^->Cl^-$ 순으로 ${SO_4}^{2-}$가 약 61%를 차지하였다. 조사 기간 중 평균 sulfate 함량은 수원 130.2 ${\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$ 태안121.3 ${\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$이었으며, 이중 비해염 sulfate (NSS-${SO_4}^{2-}$)함량이 92%를 차지하여 강우 중에 함유된 sulfate의 대부분이 인위적인 발생원에 기인된 것을 알 수 있었다. 강우량을 고려한 월별 질소 부하량은 약 1~2 kg $ha^{-1}$정도로 토양에 공급되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 특히, 수원지역의 7월 강우사상별 강우량은 7.3 mm 이상으로 총질소는 6 kg $ha^{-1}$로 가장 많이 부하되는 것으로 나타났다. 주요 영농기인 4~10월 동안 ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$의 부하량은 수원에서 각각 56.0, 7.4, 5.7, 1.4 kg $ha^{-1}$ 이었고, 태안에서 각각 42.8, 4.7, 2.6, 1.4 kg $ha^{-1}$ 이었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.289-300
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• 2009

간척후 식생변화를 알기 위하여 우리나라 중서부 해안 간척지에서 식생분포를 조사하였다. 조사대상지는 2002년 간척된 경기만 행담간석지, 체절후 각각 7년, 9년, 18년 된 충남 석문과 대호, 경기만 행담 간척지이다. 신간척지에서 주 식생은 Suaeda japonica이었으며 다른 식생은 드물었다. 기존 간척지에서는 다양한 염생식물과 중성식물이 분포하고 있었다. 신간척지에서는 Salicornia europaea, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda japonica, 그리고 Suaeda maritime 등 4종의 염생선구종식생이 분포하고 있었다. 간척연대가 진전되면서 통성염생식물과 중성식물이 차례로 출현하고 있었다. 기존 간척지에서 다양한 통성염생식물과 중성식물이 복합하여 나타났고, 이들이 선구종 염생식물보다 우점하였으며, Suaeda japonica는 출현하지 않았다. 통성염생식물과 중성식물의 다양성이 높아질수록 선구종염생식물이 감소되는 현상은 식생이 간척후 숙성에 따라 식생이 통성염생식물과 중성식물의 혼합으로 천이되는 것을 시사하고 있다. 간척초기에 신간척지에서는 외부식물의 침입에 따라 식생종의 변화가 빠르게 진행되었다. 통성염생식물과 중성식물은 간척초기에 증가하였으나 선구종염생식물의 상대적 밀도와 빈도는 통성염생식물과 중성식물보다 높았다. 간척후 3년 이후 연구에 의하면 외부식물이 선구종 염생식물이 우점하였다. 이러한 식생의 변화에도 선구종염생식물로 Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, 그리고 Suaeda glauca, 통성염생식물로 Aster tripolium, Sonchus brachvotus, 그리고 Phragmites communis 등이 간척지에서는 공통적인 주 염생식물으로서의 위치를 점하고 있었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.144-151
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• 2019

본 연구는 토양환경 조건에 따른 입모율 변화가 높은 조종자의 발아활력 증진과 안정적인 생산을 위하여 염수선(비중) 종자정선을 활용한 우량종자 선발을 통한 발아율, 출현율 및 유모의 소질을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 1. 비중이 높아질수록 3품종 모두 천립중이 증가하는 경향이 나타났으며, 비중 $1.040g\;L^{-1}$에서는 가장 무거운 천립중을 조사되었으며, 발아율에서도 비중선 $1.040g\;L^{-1}$에서 '황금' 88.3%, '삼다찰' 86.7%, '경관1호' 90.6%로 가장 높은 발아율을 보였다. 2. 모 소질을 조사한 결과 비중선이 높을수록 모의 초장, 엽장, 경직경, 근장, 근중 및 경중 등이 증가하였으며, 비중선 $1.040g\;L^{-1}$에서 3품종 모두에서 길거나 무거운 것으로 보였다. 3. 염수선에 의해서 포장 발아활력 검정에서는 출아율 및 출아율지수에서 비중선이 높은 종자일수록 높아졌으며, 비중선 $1.040g\;L^{-1}$에서 가장 높은 85.3, 83.0, 87.0% 출아율이 나타났고, 출아율지수에서도 비중선 $1.040g\;L^{-1}$에서 2.82, 2.86, $2.87d^{-1}\;m^{-1}$ 이상의 높을 지수가 보였다. 4. 조 종자는 발아활력이 높은 종자선별을 위해서는 비중선 $1.040g\;L^{-1}$에서의 종자를 선별하여 파종하면 생산성이 크게 향상될 것으로 사료된다.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.50-71
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• 1997

The intention of this study is to apprehend the con. tents and methods of herb remedies that are commonly conducted when there are health-problem cases of ENT, eyes, teeth and skin. Methods of this study are divided into two stages : 1) For a period of six months from December 1994 to June 1995, some 40 persons who are believed to be well versed with herb remedies have been randomly chosen, and we made a survey on herb remedies by symptoms: and 2) we have endeavored to make their grounds evident through the studies on literatures with the focus on the basic data collected. Their results are as follows: 1) When one feels a pain in ears, such herb remedies are employed as pouring the vapor into ears, which is made by steaming Alaska pollack, or as applying or wiping with the juices of radish or the ginkgo, or' alum. Applying the radish juice is effective for sterilization and fever removal: and applying the ginkgo juice is effective for cleanliness. But, plastering alum, sesame oil or castor oil, or pouring the vapor of Alaska pollack into ears are perhaps effective but do not have any pharmacologic grounds. 2) When one bleeds at the nose, such kinds of herb remedies are applied as stimulating nose or head with cold water, pressing nose or ridge of nose, or filling up nares with mashed mugworts. In addition, they have utilized garlic or leeks. Such methods as stimulating with cold water or just pressing nose and ridge of nose is based on reasonable grounds, i.e. vasoconstriction and vascular compression ; and applying mashed garlic on the sole of foot is good for the circulation of Qui ; and the use of mugworts and leeks is based upon the pharmacological function of hemostasis. 3) When one feels a sore throat such kinds of herb remedies are employed as gargling or rinsing throat with brine, drinking hot gruel or water, or drinking the juice of mugwort, radish, ginger or Chinese quince. Gargling with brine or drinking the juice of mugwort, radish or ginger is based upon the pharmacological function of pain alleviation, fever removal, and detoxication. 4) When a boil is formed in mouth, such herb remedies are applied as spreading honey, brine or alum water, and taking gall nut, Chinese matrimony vine, lotus root, etc, for drugs. Spreading honey, brine or water that is made by infusing gallnut, Chinese matrimony vine, lotus root is based upon such functions as hematosis, astriction, antibacterial, and antiphlogistic, Alum, eggplant and licorice are said to be effective, but their pharmacological effects have no grounds. 5) When one has conjunctivitis such herb remedies are commonly applied as irrigation with brine and dropping breast milk in eyes. Moreover, such other drugs are used as plantain. shepherd's purse, and purslane, etc. The use of brine, breast milk, plantain, shepherd's purse and purslane is based upon such functions as sterilization, antiphlogistic, disinfection and pain relieving. Eriocaulon sieboldianum, bean stem, bean pod and narcissus leaves are said to be effective, but their pharmacological action have no basis. When one has a stye, such herb remedies are applied as extracting eyelashes, stimulating by a massage of middle finger, third finger or big toe, as well as sear ing with a heated bamboo comb that is fine-toothed. Other than these, plantain and nightshade's nuts are used as drugs for it. Extracting eyelashes corresponds with exclusing suppurative node and draining the stye of pus ; and the use of plantain is based upon disinfection: and nightshade's nuts are said to be effective, however, their pharmacological action has no grounds. 6) For a treatment of toothache, such herb remedies are commonly employed as rinsing mouth with brine and holding cold water or gasoline in the mouth ; and as the drugs that are believed to be effective have been Welsh onion, ginger and castor-oil, plant, etc. The use of Welsh onion is based upon pain killing, antiinflammatory actions, and the use of ginger is based upon detoxication and disinfection ; and seeds of castor-oil plants are said to be effective, but they have no pharmacological basis. 7) When one has hives, such herb remedies are commonly applied as rubbing burned straw in affected parts, exposing to its smoke, rubbing with salt, sweeping down with a broom, and spreading and drinking boiled water of trifoliate orange. The use of cassia tora seeds, walnut, aloe and radish is said to be effective. The use of cassia tor a seeds has the functions of intestinal order, anti-paralysis, etc. The use of walnut has resulted in an increase of blood by invigorating spirits ; and the use of aloe is based upon disinfection, antibiotic, anti-salt, antihistamine and detoxication action. But, the effects of radish juice and straw's smoke have no pharmacological grounds. 8) When one gets a boil, such herb remedies are commonly used as applying a plaster, paste of flour mixed with yolk, soy sauce or honey, as well as spreading pounded elm tree. Other remedies that have been said to be effective are ; heating with mugwort, brine, wild rocambole, aloe, onion, squid's bone, etc. The use of mugwort is based upon pain killing, astringent antiinflammatory and tranquility. Wild rocambole is based upon the generation and maintenance functions of cell-joining textures ; elm tree upon antiphlogistic ; aloe upon fever removal and antiphlogistic ; onion on pain killing, fever removal, antiphlogistic and tranquility ; squid's bone on astriction: and brine or vinegar on sterilization. Pine resin and gardenia seed are said to be effective, but they have no pharmacological basis. 9) When one cuts his skin, such herb remedies are commonly employed as spreading mugwort's juice or squid's bone powder, or pressing the wounds. In addition, kalopanax, onion and fine soil are employed. The use of mugwort, kalopanax and squid's bone is based upon such functions as hemostasis, sedation, pain killing, antibacterial ; and fine soil is said to be effective, but it has no pharmacological basis. 10) When one suffers from whitlow, such herb remedies are commonly utilized as heating with boiled soy sauce, spreading soybean paste, or dipping into eggs, etc. Other drugs that have been employed are onion root, brine, eggplant, potato, loach, etc. The use of onion is based upon pain killing and antiphlogistic functions ; and that of brine upon antiphlogistic function. The use of soy sauce or soybean paste, fomentation, eggplant, potato and loach is said to be effective, but it has no pharmacblogic ground. 11) For the treatment of frostbite, such herb remedies are commonly used as dipping the affected part into frozen soybean sack, using boiled water of eggplant stem, garlic caulis, onion, hot pepper, caulis. Onion is based upon antiphlogistic and tranquility actions garlic upon disintection, metabolic exacerbation, tonic and aphrodisiac actions and the use of eggplant and hot pepper is based upon help blood circulation, dissolution and excretion of waste matters in vein. 12) For the treatment of burn, such herb remedies or drugs are commonly used as cleansing with Korean gin, spreading eggs, cleansing with cold water and soap water ; and as brine, cactus, moss, soybean paste, oil, etc. The cleansing with Korean gin, cold water, soap water, brine, vinegar is based upon cleaning and sterilizing functions ; and the use of cucumber is based upon nu. trition provision, and strengthening of resisting power by adjustment of metabolism. The use of potato, cactus, moss, oil and eggs is said to be effective, but their phamacological functions are not clarified. In view of the above results, we can realize that the drugs that have been employed in herb remedies are quite diverse. However, in regard to majority of herb remedies that have been employed by symptoms, the pharmacological functions of their drugs have not been clarified, and they are merely known as effective. Furthermore, they have not been recorded in the literature as yet ; and we confirm that there have been many herb remedies that were executed without the proper knowlege of their effects. It is now our view that the results of this survey may be utilized for consulting data in regard to the use of herb remedies.