• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.399-415
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• 1999

From bacteria to mammalian cells, one of the most important mediators of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms which regulate a variety of intracellular processes is free calcium. In salivary acinar cells, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) is essential for the salivary secretion induced by parasympathetic stimulation. However, in addition to $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, gap junctions which couple individual cells electrically and chemically have also been reported to regulate enzyme secretion in pancreatic acinar cells. Since the plasma membrane of salivary acinar cells has a high density of gap junctions, and these cells are electrically and chemically coupled with each other, gap junctions may modulate the secretory function of salivary glands. In this respect, I planned to investigate the role of gap junctions in the modulation of salivary secretion and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, using mandibular salivary glands of rats. In order to measure the salivary flow rate, fluid was collected from the cannulated duct of the isolated perfused rat mandibular glands at 2 min intervals. $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, was measured from the cells loaded with fura-2 by spectrofluorometry. The results obtained were as follows: 1. CCh-induced salivary secretion was reversibly inhibited by 1 mM octanol, a gap junction blocker. 2. CCh-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, was also reversed by the application of 1 mM octanol. 3. Octanol did not block the initial increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ caused by CCh, which suggested that the reduction of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, caused by gap junction blockade was not resulted from the inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ release from intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores. 4. Addition of octanol during stimulation with $1{\mu}M$ thapsigargin, a potent microsomal ATPase inhibitor, reduced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, to the basal level. This suggested that inhibition of gap junction permeability closed plasma membrane $Ca^{2+}$ channels. 5. 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzohydroquinone (TBQ) generated $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ oscillations resulting from periodic influx of $Ca^{2+}$ via plasma membrane. The TBQ-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ oscillations were stopped by the application of 1mM octanol which implicated that gap junctions modulate the permeability of plasma membrane $Ca^{2+}$ channels. 6. Glycyrrhetinic acid, another well known gap junction blocker, also inhibited CCh-induced salivary secretion from rat mandibular glands. These results suggested that gap junctions play an important role in the modulation of fluid secretion from the rat mandibular glands and this was probably due to the inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ influx through the plasma membrane $Ca^{2+}$ channels.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.100-110
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of a comprehensive diagnosis of yin-deficiency and heart rate variability in halitosis patients. Methods: We surveyed 62 halitosis patients visiting the Halitosis Clinic in the Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine Hospital from August 2010 to April 2011. The subjects were evaluated on self-assessed severity of halitosis and xerostomia using visual analogue scale (VAS) score and yin-deficiency condition (based on the 10-item Yin-deficiency Questionnaire). Salivary function was measured by the unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR) and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were recorded by SA-2000E (Medicore Co. Ltd., Korea). Results: There were substantial significant positive correlations between halitosis, xerostomia VAS scores and yin-deficiency scores. There was significant negative correlation between xerostomia VAS score and USFR. Compared to the normal USFR group (USFR>0.1$m{\ell}$/min), the decreased USFR group (USFR${\leq}0.1m{\ell}$/min) showed significant lower values of Total Power (TP), Lower Frequency (LF), and High frequency (HF). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the comprehensive diagnosis of yin-deficiency and HRV are useful in diagnosing of halitosis patients with xerostomia. Therefore, we assume that improvement of yin-deficiency condition can be a potentially effective way to treat halitosis with xerostomia.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analysis know the important oral environmental factors which affect halitosis components of the adult in order to provide basic data for halitosis prevention and establish a device to eliminate halitosis efficiently. The 97 adults who visited at the Dental Clinic in Metropolis (M=68, F=30) participated in this study that performed from March in 2009 to in 2010. The obtained results through items as caries status, periodontal status, salivary flow, the viscosity, pH, Snyder test, plaque deposit, tongue plaque and halitosis check were as followings. The average shame of halitosis components appeared at hydrogen sulfide 36.71 ppb methyl mercaptan 31.46ppb dimethyl sulfide 54.33 ppb and Ammonia 22.60 ppm. The normality and the detection comparative result dimethyl sulfide above reverse appeared highly at 46.9%, ammonia appeared highly at 52%. According to the Hydrogen sulfide level was a high relationship among age, CPI, tongue coat status, DMFT index which were statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the quantity of hydrogen sulfide level there was relationship where tongue coat status Saliva flow rate considers statistically(p<0.05). The quantity of methyl mercaptan level there was relationship where Dimethyl sulfide level, tongue coat status, Saliva flow rate considers statistically(p<0.05). The quantity of Dimethyl sulfide level there was relationship where Hydrogen sulfide level, ammonia level, tongue coat status, Saliva pH and Saliva flow rate considers statistically(p<0.05). Ammonia level there was relationship where Methyl mercaptan level, CPI, and Saliva flow rate considers statistically(p<0.05).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.225-234
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• 2011

Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor of systemic health and also impairs oral health, which is related to development of oral cancers, periodontitis, delayed wound healing, tooth loss, failure of implant, etc. Aside from smoking, many other risk factors can be related to oral health and long-term effects of smoking on salivary flow and taste threshold are still in controversy. Authors considered dental students to be an appropriate group with good oral hygiene for a long-term study to reveal effects of smoking on oral health. This study was performed to compare smoking patterns and current oral health conditions between smokers and nonsmokers in dental students prior to long-term evaluation. 192 volunteers (85.7%) of 224 male dental students in Dankook University were evaluated through questionnaires and clinical examination in 2010. Questionnaires included smoking pattern, alcohol use, nicotine dependence, preventive care, psychological profile and clinical examinations comprised assessment of teeth or periodontal status, nicotine pigmentation, salivary flow, electrical taste thresholds and halitosis. From the study, (current) smokers were older, and drank more frequently with more alcohol intake compared to former smokers and nonsmokers(p<0.05). There was no significant difference among them in salivary flow rate, halitosis and electrical taste threshold. However, there was significant difference in DMFT rate, periodontal treatment need, nicotinic pigmentation between smokers and nonsmokers(p<0.05), irrespective of their levels of preventive care. The smokers in this study, who are young dental students with relatively shorter duration of smoking, less use of cigarettes and low level of nicotine dependence, did not reveal significant impairment of oral health. However, their oral health was found to be relatively impaired compared to nonsmokers', which suggests negative effect of smoking on the oral health and a need of smoking cessation.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.159-166
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• 2008

The dental caries can be recovered or worse depending on the velocity of de- and remineralization of tooth. It is possible to remineralize the lesions by fluoride agent, but the results can be distinguished according to one's salivary flow rate, quantity of ion contents, and pH of the saliva. This article presents good results after applying the CPP-ACP paste for the patients who have incipient enamel caries. We instructed the patients to apply the paste everyday in the customed tray. We observed the white spot lesions without getting worse and reducing the size of lesions. After applying the CPP-ACP paste for 6 weeks, we concluded that; 1. It was possible to remineralize the incipient caries without preparation of the teeth. 2. CPP-ACP paste was successful for recovery of the demineralized lesions, especially for mild and moderate caries lesions, not for the severe developemental defects or chronic lesions. 3. CPP-ACP paste was efficient for pediatric patients, and the custumed tray was very useful for patients to apply the paste. 4. The ability of the patients for caring their oral hygiene was improved by routine check up and instructions.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.383-396
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to measure the suprathreshold taste intensity for NaCl, sucrose, citric acid, and quinine HCl in elderly Korean women using a whole-mouth, sip-and-spit procedure, employing the method of magnitude matching. The results were analysed in terms of aging, menopause, and salivary flow rate. 31 elderly women (mean age; $50.8{\pm}5.1$ years) and 30 young women (mean age; $25.1{\pm}1.71$ years) were included for the study. Subjects were instructed to give nonmodulus magnitude estimates to the intensities of five concentrations each of sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl; distilled water; 6 loudness level of a 1,000-Hz tone, using the same 9-point intensity scale. Each of the 21 taste stimuli and 6 auditory stimuli are presented in random order twice. The auditory function is used to assess the absolute intensity function of the subject's taste system. The results were as follows; 1. Comparing to young women, elderly women showed decreased taste intensities for lower concentration solutions of NaCl and sucrose. However, other solutions didn't show any difference in taste intensities between young and elderly women. 2. There were not significant difference in perceived taste intensities for NaCl, sucrose, citric acid, and quinine HCl between menopause and pre-menopause women in elderly women group. 3. There were not significant difference in perceived taste intensities for NaCl, sucrose, and quinine HCl between low salivation women and high salivation women in elderly women group. 4. The low salivation women in elderly group showed higher taste intensity for low concentration citric acid than high salivation women.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2001

서울대학교 치과병원 구강진단과에 구강건조증을 주소로 내원한 환자중 비자극 전타액 분비율이 0.2ml/min이하인 환자 40명과 구강건조증의 증상 및 징후가 없고 정상 타액분비율을 보이는 10명을 대상으로 비자극 전타액 분비율을 측정하고 타액선 스캔 검사를 실시하여 주타액선의 스캔 영상을 정량화한 후 이의 상관관계를 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 구강건조증 환자군 및 정상 대조군에서 타액선 스캔 영상의 정량적 분석시 이하선 및 악하선 모두에서 좌우측 사이의 유의성 있는 차이가 없었다. 2. 타액선 스캔 영상의 정량적 분석시 구강건조증 환자군은 대조군에 비하여 악하선, 이하선 및 악하선의 합, 양측 악하선 합에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3. 대조군에서 타액선 스캔 영상의 정량적 수치와 비자극 전타액 분비율과는 유의성 있는 상관관계가 관찰되지 않았으나, 구강건조증 환자군에서는 유의성 있는 상관관계가 관찰되었다. 4. 구강건조증 환자군을 비자극성 전타액 분비율에 따라 세분하였을 때, 비자극 전타액 분비의 감소가 극심하여 그 측정이 불가능하였던 군은 대조군 및 나머지 구강건조증 환자군에 비하여 타액선 스캔 영상의 정량적 수치에서 유의한 차이를 보였다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the changes in flow and composition of saliva in oral cancer patients after radiation therapy. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 7 patients who were scheduled for over 6,000cGy irradiation (180 - 225cGy fraction $Co^{60}$ therapy, 5 times a week). The flow rate of saliva, and concentration of total protein and IgA were measured before irradiation and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks and 3, 6, 12 months after. The followings are results we obtained: 1. The salivary flow rate before irradiation was $0.8671{\pm}0.4057ml/min$. Significant decrease started 3 days after irradiation and reached a minimum at 4 weeks ($0.2621{\pm}0.2858ml/min$). Afterwards, flow rate started to increase and was on the way to recover at 1 year. 2. The concentration of total protein and IgA before irradiation were $137.2000{\pm}16.9912mg%$ and $3.4200{\pm}1.4114mg%$, respectively. After irradiation, these figures increased significantly and reached a maximum of $366.4000{\pm}174.0583mg%$ and $43.4800{\pm}29.1207mg/ml$, respectively at 6 weeks. Recovery towards normal values started following the end of irradiation and figures at 12 months had lowered to $165.400{\pm}21.1495mg%$ and $4.6200{\pm}2.1580mg/ml$ each. 3. The ratio of IgA to the amount of total protein was 2.5% before irradiation. This began to increase from 1 week following irradiation as the total dose of radiation received was increased (11.9% at 6 weeks). After 1 year from the start of radiation therapy, the ratio was reduced to such level that was before irradiation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2005

The flow of saliva is controlled entirely by nervous stimuli. The present study was aimed to explore the role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the regulation of sodium transporters and water channels in the salivary gland. Rats were denervated of their sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the submandibular gland, and the expression of sodium transporters and water channels was determined. The expression of either ${\alpha}-1$ or ${\beta}-1$ subunit of Na, K-ATPase was not significantly affected by the sympathetic denervation. On the contrary, the expression of both subunits was decreased by the parasympathetic denervation. The expression of ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-$, and ${\gamma}$-subunits of ENaC was not significantly affected by the sympathetic denervation, but was increased by the parasympathetic denervation. On the contrary, the expression of NHE3 was markedly decreased by both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic denervation. The sympathetic denervation significantly increased the expression of AQP1, while the parasympathetic denervation was without effect. The sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation significantly increased the expression of AQP4. The sympathetic denervation did not affect the expression of AQP5, but the parasympathetic denervation significantly decreased it. These results suggest that sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves have tonic effects on the regulation of sodium transporters and AQP water channels in the salivary gland. The sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation may then result in alterations of secretory rate and electrolyte composition of the saliva.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.99-109
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• 2016

Purpose: This study investigated factors influencing the xerostomia symptoms in the patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Methods: Eighty-six participants over the age of twenty were randomly enrolled from patients with TMDs. The patients were diagnosed by Diagnostic Criteria-TMD (DC-TMD). Intensity of the pain and level of stress of the patients were recorded using TMD pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and stress VAS, respectively. The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90R), dry mouth symptom questionnaire, unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR) and oral moisture were measured. Results: The patients who had above the mean of the TMD pain VAS had significantly higher scores on the stress VAS, subjective dry mouth symptoms and T-score of somatization. The patients who suffered from pain more than three months had significantly higher TMD pain VAS, subjective dry mouth symptoms and T-score of somatization. There were no significant differences in xerostomic symptoms according to the diagnosis of TMDs. Moreover, TMD pain VAS and the stress VAS did not correlated to USFR and oral moisture. Conclusions: The level of individuals' TMD pain and stress significantly affect their subjective dry mouth symptoms, however, it did not affect USFR and oral moisture.