• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.534-542
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• 2021

Objective : While balanced crystalloid (BC) could be a relevant fluid regimen with buffer system compared with normal saline (NS), there have been no studies on the optimal fluid for surgery of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA). This study aimed to compare the effects of fluid regimens between NS and BC on the metabolic and clinical outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for UIA. Methods : This study was designed as a propensity score matched retrospective comparative study and included adult patients who underwent UIA clipping. Patient groups were categorized as NS and BC groups based on the types of pre-operative fluid and the amount of fluid administered during surgery. The primary outcomes were defined as electrolyte imbalance and acidosis immediately after surgery. The secondary outcomes were the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and duration from the end of the operation to extubation. Results : A total of 586 patients were enrolled in this study, with each of 293 patients assigned to the NS and BC groups, respectively. Immediately after surgery, serum chloride levels were significantly higher in the NS group. Compared to the NS group, the BC group had lower incidence rates of acidemia (6.5% vs. 11.6%, p=0.043) and metabolic acidosis (0.7% vs. 4.4%, p=0.007). As compared to NS group, BC group had significantly shorter duration from the end of the operation to extubation (250±824 vs. 122±372 minutes, p=0.016) and length of stay in ICU (1.37±1.11 vs. 1.12±0.61 days, p=0.001). Throughout multivariable analysis, use of BC was found to be significant factor for favorable post-operative results. Conclusion : This study showed that the patients who received BC during UIA clipping had lower incidence of metabolic acidosis, earlier extubation and shorter ICU stay compared to those who received NS. Therefore, using BC as a peri-operative fluid can be recommended for patients who undergo surgery for UIA.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2018

The main purposes of this study were to identify the factors affecting the supercooling property and to improve the possibility of supercooling storage of fruits and vegetables. Freezing point and nucleation temperature, moisture content, hardness, sugar content, and pH of nineteen fruits and vegetables were measured and Pearson correlation analysis was performed. Freezing point showed a statistically significant correlation with moisture content and sugar content (p<0.01), while ice nucleation temperature showed a correlation (p<0.05) only for sugar content. In particular, the water content and sugar content did not show any correlation with the freezing supercooling difference (FSD). From the correlation analysis between FSD, aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and mold, FSD showed a correlation (p<0.01) with aerobic bacteria. The experiments of the saline solutions inoculated with aerobic bacteria at different concentrations showed FSDs of about 2 for saline inoculated with 9.4 log CFU/mL and about 6 for saline inoculated lower than 5 log CFU/mL. Therefore, the aerobic bacteria concentration was determined to be a key factor affecting the supercooling storage of fruits and vegetables.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 1989

The study was undertaken to obtain indirect values of volume of packed red cell (VPRC) without centrifugation, using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of diluted blood in dogs. ESRs of diluted blood using the diluent of autologous plasma in which formed numerous RBC-rouleau clumps, autologous serum in which formed a few RBC-rouleau clumps, and 5% dextrose or 6% sucrose solutions in which formed numerous RBC-aggregation clumps, were accelerated. But, ESR of diluted blood using the 0.9% saline, D-S, ACD-B, CDP or D-PBS solutions were sluggish, because erythrocytes were dispersed in these diluents. Reliable values of VPRC on the basis of the correlating regressive equation to the ESR could be derived from values of$60^{\circ}$-angled-micro-ESR/40 min in the mixture, four parts of 5% dextrose solution and one part of whole blood. In the ESR values of diluted blood with low ratio, 1:1~3:1, $60^{\circ}$-micro-ESR was higher than $60^{\circ}$-Wintrobe-ESR. But, in the diluted blood with high ratio, 4:1~5:1, there was no different ESR values. For an aid of practical use, authers suggested a list of the $60^{\circ}$-micro-ESR/40 min in the diluted blood with equivalent VPRC of whole blood.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2005

Objective: This study was conducted to find an optimal condition for the vitrification of mouse morulae and expanded blastocysts. Materials and Methods: Mouse embryos were obtained at 2-cell stage and cultured to morula and expanded blastocyst stage in Human Tubal Fluid (HTF) medium supplemented with 10% Serum Substitute Supplement (SSS). The vitrification solutions used were EFS30, EFS35 and EFS40 that contains 30%, 35% and 40% ethylene glycol, respectively, with 18% ficoll and 0.5 M sucrose diluted in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) medium supplemented with 10% SSS. The vitrification procedure was performed in EFS solution with three steps, followed by thawing in 6 steps with 0.5 M sucrose, and then survival and hatching-hatched rate per embryos recovered were compared among six groups. Results: After 24 h culture in different vitrification and thawing solution, the survival rate of morula embryos was 94.1%, 85.4% and 59.7% for EFS30, EFS35 and EFS40 group, respectively. Hatching rate of morula embryos after 72 h culture was 30.6%, 25% and 11.3% for EFS30, EFS35 and EFS40 group, respectively. The survival rate of expanded blastocyst embryos after 24 h culture was 90.4%, 98.5% and 100% for EFS30, EFS35 and EFS40 group, respectively. Hatching rate of expanded blastocyst embryos after 48 h culture was 46.2%, 57.6% and 64.3% for EFS30, EFS35 and EFS40 group, respectively. Conclusion: The EFS30 solution was the best for vitrification of mouse morulae. The EFS40 solution was the best for vitrification of mouse expanded blastocysts. The mouse expanded blastocyst was better than mouse morula for vitrification of mouse embryos.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.167-175
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• 2022

Background: Disinfection is essential to provide drinking water from a water source. The disinfection process mainly consists of the use of chlorine and ozone, but when chlorine is used as a disinfectant, the problem of disinfection by-products arises. In order to resolve the issue of disinfection by-products, electro-chlorination technology that produces chlorine-based disinfectants from salt water through electrochemical principles should be applied. Objectives: This study surveys the possibility of optimally producing active chlorine from synthetic NaCl solutions using an electro-chlorination system through RSM. Methods: Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used for modeling and optimizing a variety of water and wastewater treatment processes. This study surveys the possibility of optimally producing active chlorine from synthetic saline solutions using electrolysis through RSM. Various operating parameters, such as distance of electrodes, sodium chloride concentration, electrical potential, and electrolysis time were evaluated. Results: Various operating parameters, such as distance of electrodes, sodium chloride concentration, electrical potential, and electrolysis time were evaluated. A central composite design (CCD) was applied to determine the optimal experimental factors for chlorine production. Conclusions: The concentration of the synthetic NaCl solution and the distance between electrodes had the greatest influence on the generation of hypochlorite disinfectant. The closer the distance between the electrodes and the higher the concentration of the synthetic NaCl solution, the more hypochlorous acid disinfectant was produced.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.256-262
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• 2012

Hyaluronic acid(HA) hydrogels were synthesized by immersing HA microbeads in phosphate buffered saline solutions having different pH levels to assess the effect of pH on the swelling ratio of HA hydrogels for smart drug delivery systems. No beads were formed when the HA solution(below pH 9) was crosslinked with divinyl sulfone(DVS) because DVS is a basic solution. The variation regarding the size of the microbead was not significant, suggesting that the bead size is not a function of pH(10 ~ 14). However, the pore size of the microbeads decreased with increasing pH from 10 to 14, leading to the surface smoothness and dense network as a result of higher crosslinking. The swelling ratio of hydrogels increased when the pH rose from 2(acidic) to 6(neutral). Afterwards, it decreased with further increasing pH(basic). The lower swelling ratio may be due to the lack of ionization of the carboxyl groups. On the other hand, a higher swelling ratio is likely due to the increased electrostatic repulsions between negatively charged carboxyl groups on different chains. Experimental results suggested that pH-responsive HA hydrogels can be applicable to the controlled drug delivery systems.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.443-450
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• 2006

To demonstrate their possibilities as an enhanced vaccine delivery system, protein-loaded Poly lactide glycolide copolymer (PLGA) microspheres were prepared with different physical characteristics. Ethyl acetate (EA) solvent extraction process was employed to prepare microspheres and the effects of process parameters on drug release properties were evaluated. The biodeuadability of microspheres was also evaluated by the pH change and GPC (Gel permeation chromatography). Primary IgG antibody responses in BALB/c mice were compared with protein saline solutions as negative controls and adsorbed alum suspensions as positive controls after single subcutaneous injection for in vivo studies. The microspheres showed a erosion with a highly porous structure and did not keep their spherical shape at 45 days and this result could be confirmed by GPC. In vitro release of proteinous drug showed initial burst effect in all batches of microspheres, followed by gradual release over the next 4 weeks. PLGA microspheres were degraded until 45 days and the secondary structure of OVA was not affected by the preparation method. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that the single subcutaneous administrations of OVA-loaded PLGA microspheres induced enhanced serum IgG antibody response in comparison to negative and positive controls. These results demonstrated that microspheres providing the controlled release of antigens might be useful in advanced vaccine formulations for the parenteral carrier system.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1997

Most of the current licenced hepatitis B vaccines are being produced by recombinant DNA technology in large fermentation cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of yeast cells which carry the gene coded for hepatitis B virus surface antigen. These vaccines are proved very effective clinically and the immunogenicity of vaccines could be maintained for a long time under refrigeration. To develope the stabilizer that could increase the stability of hepatitis B virus vaccine which could be stored for a long period at room temperature or higher conditions, glucose, lactose and sucrose solutions in phosphate buffered saline were added into hepatitis B vaccine respectively to make 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% final concentration in vaccines. These sugar-vaccine mixtures were stored at room temperature for one month, two months and three months respectively and then inoculated into ICR mice intramuscularly. On the fourteenth day after inoculation, mice were bled and sera were tested for the evaluation of efficacies of vaccines. The results showed that 5% glucose, 7.5% lactose and sucrose increased the stability of vaccines in some degree and this method could be applied for the production of other viral vaccines and bacterial vaccines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.4-10
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine the effects of NaCl stress on nitrogen, ${NH_4}^+$, and ${NO_3}^-$ content of 4 barley cultivar seedlings that were cultured for 10 and 30 days with different NaCl levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) contain-ing 1/4 Hoagland solutions. The sodium ion content in the shoot of barley seedlings sharply increased with an increase of NaCl concentration. After 30 days of NaCl treatment, the sodium content of the shoot at 150 mM NaCl was 27 times higher than in non-saline conditions. The sodium content in the root linearly increased with increasing NaCl concentration. Nitrogen content in the shoot linearly increased with increasing NaCl concentration, but nitrogen content in the root declined above the point where the $Na^+$ content was 3.0 mM/g $Na^+$ in the barley seedling. ${NO_3}^-$ content also decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. ${NH_4}^+$ content in the shoot decreased with NaCl condition, but its content in the root increased with NaCl condition. A positive correlation between ${NO_3}^-$ and ${NH_4}^+$ content was found in the shoot, but their relationship was negative in the root.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.449-455
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• 1987

Quick freezing of bovine embryos was attempted after they were predehydrated at room temperature. Combined solutions of 2M glycerol or 2M ethylene glycol in the presence of either 0.5 or 1.0M sucrose in phosphated buffered saline+20% calf serum were compared. The quick freezing method in which embryos were directly transferred in liquid nitrogen vapor for 2 minutes at - l70$^{\circ}C$ before being plunged into liquid nitrogen was used. Post-thaw survival rates in 2M glycerol and 2M ethylene glycol were high with 0.5 M (55.6% and 53.3%) versus 1.0M(38.1% and 31.6%) sucrose(P < 0.05). But survival rates with 2M glycerol and 2M ethylene glycol were not significantly different. Transfer thawed embryos frozen with 2M glycerol and 2M ethylene glycol by 0.5M sucrose resulted in birthrates of 40.9% and 40.0%, respectively compared to 26.3% and 27.2%, respectively, for 1.0 M sucrose(p<0.05). This was 56.0% for fresh control.