• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.82-91
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• 2023

Background: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide evidence on the effectiveness and safety of interventions and inform systematic reviews and guideline preparation for clinical application. However, methodological flaws can occur in many RCTs, and Cochrane's risk of bias version 2 (RoB2) can be used to evaluate RCTs' risk of bias (RoB). However, physical therapy RCTs in Korea did not confirm RoB. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate RoB using RoB2 in RCTs published in the Korean Physical Therapy Journal. Design: Review. Methods: The RCTs subject to evaluation were RCTs published in 11 physical therapy journals in Korea from 2018 to 2022. RoB2 evaluated a total of five domains: bias arising from the randomization process, bias due to deviations from intended interventions, bias due to missing outcome data, bias in measurement of the outcome, and bias in selection of the reported result. Results: A total of 616 RCTs were evaluated. As for bias arising from the randomization process, high risk was the highest at 555 (90.1%), followed by low risk at 41 (6.7%) and some concerns at 20 (3.2%). For bias due to deviations from intended interventions, the proportion of some concerns was the highest at 390 (63.3%), followed by high risk at 218 (35.4%) and low risk at 8 (1.3%). As for the bias due to missing outcome data, the rate of low risk was the highest at 399 (64.8%), followed by high risk at 159 (25.8%) and some concerns at 58 (9.4%). As for bias in measurement of the outcome, high risk was the highest at 294 (47.7%), followed by low risk at 224 (36.4%) and some concerns at 98 (15.9%). In the bias due to missing outcome data, the ratio of high risk was the highest at 610 (99%), followed by low risk at 4 (0.7%) and some concerns at 2 (0.3%). Conclusion: Most of the RoB evaluation results of RCTs published in the Korean Physical Therapy Journal were rated as high risk. Methodological quality of RCTs needs to be improved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.33-45
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• 2023

The importance of play from a Children's Rights perspective has been continuously emphasized, and the need for play facilities and spaces has been reiterated. Meanwhile, in South Korea, despite the continuous increase in the number of play facilities, efforts to improve children's play spaces are required. Therefore, this study reevaluated the current regulations and policies concerning play and play spaces from the perspective of securing the right to play. An analysis of the legal concept of domestic playgrounds, related laws, construction standards, and regulations was conducted. The systems and characteristics of the related regulations in the UK, Canada, and Germany were analyzed. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, our directions for improving the system of playgrounds to ensure the children's right to play were proposed. First, a legal definition of the concept and scope of playgrounds should be established. Second, beyond safety-focused facility regulations, there is a need for institutional enhancements to ensure the right to play. Third, comprehensive management of playgrounds is required as a spatial concept rather than as individual facilities. Fourth, qualitative management is needed through specific guidelines and guidelines related to the establishment of playgrounds. These results can serve as a basis for establishing systems and promoting policy projects to ensure children's right to play in various fields, including urban planning, child welfare, and education in the future.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.218-230
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• 2024

Recently, many studies have been conducted for safety management in construction sites by incorporating computer vision. Anchor box parameters are used in state-of-the-art deep learning-based object detection and segmentation, and the optimized parameters are critical in the training process to ensure consistent accuracy. Those parameters are generally tuned by fixing the shape and size by the user's heuristic method, and a single parameter controls the training rate in the model. However, the anchor box parameters are sensitive depending on the type of object and the size of the object, and as the number of training data increases. There is a limit to reflecting all the characteristics of the training data with a single parameter. Therefore, this paper suggests a method of applying multiple parameters optimized through data split to solve the above-mentioned problem. Criteria for efficiently segmenting integrated training data according to object size, number of objects, and shape of objects were established, and the effectiveness of the proposed data split method was verified through a comparative study of conventional scheme and proposed methods.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.194-199
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• 2009

The effects of part of plum, alcohol content and addition of t-resveratrol on the formation of ethyl carbamate during the fermentation for wine were investigated at a time interval (45 days) for 6 months. The concentration of the ethyl carbamate in plum wine was determined according to KFDA guideline for ethyl carbamate analysis. In the plum wine with 16% or 30% alcohol content, the concentrations of ethyl carbamate were increased with time of fermentation periods. The maximum concentrations of ethyl carbamate in 16% and 30% plum wines after the fermentation for 6 months were $0.071{\mu}g$/g and $0.188{\mu}g$/g, respectively. When t-resveratrol was added at the level of $10{\mu}g$/g in both 16% and 30% plum wine, the concentrations of ethyl carbamate at 6 months were 0.078 and $0.216{\mu}g$/g, respectively. The addition of t-resveratrol at the level of $300{\mu}g$/g in both 16% or 30% plum wine, the concentrations of ethyl carbamate at 6 months were 0.078 and $0.169{\mu}g$/g, respectively. The ethyl carbamate in the plum wine was not formed during fermentation for 6 month as using the flesh of plum, but $0.588{\mu}g$/g of ethyl carbamate was formed as using plum with plum seed. The addition of $300{\mu}g$/g of t-resveratrol actually increased the concentration of the ethyl carbamate by $0.088{\mu}g$/g as fermented for 6 months using plum with seed. These results suggest that the flesh of plum should be used to reduce the formation of ethylcarbamate for production of plum wine and that the addition of t-resveratrol during fermentation of plum wine can not reduce the concentration of the ethyl carbamate.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.276-284
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• 2008

A computed tomography (CT) is a powerful system for the effectively fast and accurate diagnosis. The CT system, therefore, has used substantially and developed for improving the performance over the past decade, resulting in growing concerns over the radiation dose from the CT. Advanced CT techniques, such as a multidetector row CT scanner and dual energy or dual source CT, have led to new clinical applications that could result in further increases of radiation does for both patients and workers. The objective of this study was to review the international guidelines of the shielding requirements for a CT facility required for a new installation or when modifying an existing one. We used Google Search Engine to search the following keywords: computed tomography, CT regulation or shield or protection, dual energy or dual source CT, multidetector CT, CT radiation protection, and regulatory or legislation or regulation CT. In addition, we searched some special websites, that were provided for sources of radiation protection, shielding, and regulation, RSNA, AAPM, FDA, NIH, RCR, ICRP, IRPA, ICRP, IAEA, WHO (See in Table 1 for full explanations of the abbreviations). We finally summarized results of the investigated materials for each country. The shielding requirement of the CT room design was very well documented in the countries of Canada, United States of America, and United Kingdom. The wall thickness of the CT room could be obtained by the iso-exposure contour or the point source method. Most of documents provided by international organizations were explained in importance of radiation reduction in patients and workers. However, there were no directly-related documents of shielding and patient exposure dose for the dual energy CT system. Based international guidelines, the guideline of the CT room shielding and radiation reduction in patients and workers should be specified for all kinds of CT systems, included in the dual energy CT. We proposed some possible strategies in this paper.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

This study was performed to determine risk ranking of the combination of pathogen-livestock or livestock products to identify the most significant public health risks and to prioritize risk management strategies. First, we reviewed foodborne outbreak data related to livestock products and determined main vehicles and pathogens according to the number of outbreak and case. Second, expert's opinion about management priority of pathogen-livestock product pairing was surveyed with 19 livestock experts in the university, research center, and government agency. Lastly, we used the outcome of Risk Ranger (semi-quantitative risk ranking tool) of 14 combinations of pathogen and livestock or livestock products. We have classified the combination of pathogen-livestock products into group I (high risk), II (medium risk), and III (low risk) according to their risk levels and management priority. Group I, which is the highest risk for foodborne outbreak, includes Salmonella spp./egg and egg products, Campylobacter spp./poultry, pathogenic E. coli/meat and processed ground meat. In conclusion, the results of this study will provide the specific guideline of mid- and long-term planning for risk assessment and risk management prioritization of the combination of pathogen and livestock, or livestock product.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2012

This paper gives some basic requirements and preferences of various geological environmental conditions for the final deep geological repository of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). This study also indicates how the requirements and preferences are to be considered prior to the selection of sites for a site investigation as well as the final disposal in Korea. The results of the study are based on the knowledge and experience from the IAEA and NEA/OECD as well as the advanced countries in SNF disposal project. This study discusses and suggests preliminary guideline of the disposal requirements including geological, mechanical, thermal, hydrogeological, chemical and transport properties of host rock with long term geological stabilities which influence the functions of a multi-barrier disposal system. To apply and determine whether requirements and preferences for a given parameter are satisfied at different stages during a site selection and suitability assessment of a final disposal site, the quantitative criteria in each area should be formulated with credibility through relevant research and development efforts for the deep geological environment during the site screening and selection processes as well as specific studies such as productions of safety cases and validation studies using a generic underground research laboratory (URL) in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1343-1356
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• 2008

The evaluation of microbiological quality for school food samples collected from 19 selected middle and high schools located in Seoul was undertaken. Eighty-nine food samples consisting of 38 non-pretreated vegetables, 13 pre-washed and cut vegetables, 9 meats and poultry, 3 fish and shellfish, 7 dried fish, and shellfish and 20 processed foods were collected. Aerobic plate count, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli ) were detected using $Petrifilm^{TM}$, and the food-borne pathogens were screened by multiplex PCR with species-specific primer sets. Sequentially, the quantitative and confirmative test of the food-borne pathogens were carried out with the selective media and biochemical kits. The contamination of coliform counts was observed on the pre-washed vegetables ($3.4{\sim}4.3\;log\;CFU/g$) and meats ($2.2{\sim}4.3\;log\;CFU/g$). Also, the cooked foods were heavily contaminated with coliform, ranging from 1.0 to $5.5\;log\;CFU/g$. E. coli counts were found in 16 raw and cooked food samples, exceeding the microbiological standards for the guideline of safety management for school foods. Through PCR detection, B acillus cereus was detected in 32 raw and cooked foods, and quantitatively found in pre-washed carrot, radish, and pan-broiled dried shrimp and filefish ranging from $2.3{\sim}3.6\;log\;CFU/g$, respectively. E. coli O157:H7 was detected on frozen pork sample and was confirmed with API kit. Campylobacter jejuni was found in 3 ready-to-eat type vegetables. Vibrio parahaemolyticus were found in 4 pre-washed vegetables and 2 cooked foods, indicating unsatisfactory quality based upon the microbiological standards of ready-to-eat vegetables and cooked foods by Korea Food and Drug Administration. Salmonella spp. was detected in frozen chicken sample and confirmed by API kit and latex antisera agglutination.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.19
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• pp.105-138
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• 2009

This study's purpose is to present the improvement of effectiveness of security activity for international conference among Several Countries which can be held hereafter. On the basis of security activity problems originating in APEC that had been held in Busan in 2005. I made up questions three times to on the members of the police, military, fire figher and national intelligence service who had experienced in Busan APEC and recognition of possible problem and possibility of improvement on each item of questions was analyzed by Delphi Method. Also interviews with 4 security experts selected from each security agency were conducted to present improvement in each part of problem. The results obtained from the face to face interview with four experts of security-enforcement agency about the role and importance of site activity stage for international conference among several countries are as followings ; First, the system that experienced security-enforcement agents can be selected for the next national security event is needed, by data-basing the security-enforcement agents who were experienced in security event as man power management. Second, the middle-term plan for the introduction of high-tech equipment and joint inspection with relevant security agents are needed for the efficient explosive technical detection. Third, high-tech security equipment could be introduced through the international high-tech security equipment exhibition. Fourth, an anti-terrorism plan should be measured by sharing information through the cooperation with domestic and international intelligence agency. Fifth, public relations should be measured systematically by organization rather than agents' individual public relations. Sixth, political consideration to secure integrative coordination with other agency is needed for security activity, through normal cooperation with fire fighting related agency such as an electric, gas, elevator company. Seventh, a definite press guideline is needed for a convenient news coverage and safety during security event.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2000

The present study was performed to investigate the bioconcentration of phosphamidon and profenofos. The BCFs(bioconcentration factors), depuration rate constants and LC$_{50}$ for two pesticides in zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio) were measured by the flow-through system(OECD guideline 305). The results obtained are summarized as follows: The 24-hrs LC$_{50}$, 48-hrs LC$_{50}$, 72-hrs LC.n and 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ were more than 100 mg/l for phosphamidon. The concentration of phosphamidon in zebrafish reached an equilibrium in 12 hrs at low and high concentrations(0.2 mg/l and 1 mg/1). The average BCF values of phosphamidon were less than 1 at low(0.96, n=7) and high concentrations (0.89, n=7) after 12~168 hrs. Depuration rate constants of phosphamidon were 0.18 hr-1 and 0.21 hr-1, half-life of phosphamidon were 3.85 and 3.30 at low and high concentrations(0.2 mg/l and 1 mg/l), respectively, The concentrations of phosphamidon in zebrafish at low and high concentrations were rapidly decreased after 8(0.04 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and 12 hrs(0.07 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g). The 24-hrs LC$_{50}$, 48-hrs LC$_{50}$, 72-hrs LC$_{50}$ and 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ were 2.9, 2.6, 2.2 and 2.0 mg/1 for profenofos. The concentration of profenofos in zebrafish reached an equilibrium in 12 hrs at five-hundredth and one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$(0.004 mgA and 0.02 mg/1). The average BCF values of profenofos were 141.9(n=7) and 111.3(n=7) at five-hundredth and one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$(0.004 mg/l and 0.02 mg/1) after 12~168 hrs. Depuration rate constants of profenofos were 0.09 hr$^{-1}$ and 0.10 hr$^{-1}$, half-life of profenofos were 7.70 and 6.93 at five-hundredth and one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC50(0.004 mg/l and 0.02 mg/1), respectively. The concentrations of profenofos in zebrafish at five-hundredth and one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ decreased agter 8(0.18 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and 12 hrs (0.19 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g). The LC$_{50}$ value in zebrafish showed that acute toxicity of profenofos was higher than that of phosphamidon. The BCF values of profenofos were 100 times higher than those of phosphamidon, and depuration rate of phosphamidon was two times faster than that of profenofos.