• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2006년도 International Symposium on GPS/GNSS Vol.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2006

This paper is primarily focused on the safe navigation between overtaking and overtaken vessels in restricted waterways under the external forces, such as wind and current. The maneuvering simulation between two ships was conducted to find an appropriate safe speed and distance, which is required to avoid collision. From the viewpoint of marine safety, a greater transverse distance between two ships is more needed for the smaller vessel. Regardless of external forces, the smaller vessel will get a greater effect of hydrodynamic forces than the bigger one. In the case of close navigation between ships under the forces of wind and current, the vessel moving at a lower speed is potentially hazardous because the rudder force of the lower speed vessel is not sufficient for steady-state course-keeping, compared to that of the higher speed vessel.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.2002-2009
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• 2006

This paper is primarily focused on the safe navigation between overtaking and overtaken vessels in restricted waterways under the external forces, such as wind and current. The maneuvering simulation between two ships was conducted to find an appropriate safe speed and distance, which is required to avoid collision. From the viewpoint of marine safety, a greater transverse distance between two ships is more needed for the smaller vessel. Regardless of external forces, the smaller vessel will get a greater effect of hydrodynamic forces than the bigger one. In the case of close navigation between ships under the forces of wind and current, the vessel moving at a lower speed is potentially hazardous because the rudder force of the lower speed vessel is not sufficient for steady-state course-keeping, compared to that of the higher speed vessel.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.123-126
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• 2003

In the present paper, the analysis is on the safe navigation between ships moving each other in restricted waterways under the external force, such as wind or current The numerical simulation of manoeuvring motion was carried out to propose an appropriate safe speed and distance between ships, which is required to avoid marine disasters from the viewpoint of marine safety. From the inspection q this investigation, it indicates the following result In case of proximal navigation between ships under the wind and current, the low-speed vessel is potentially hazardous because the rudder force if low-speed vessel needed for steady-state course-keeping is not sufficient, compared to the high-speed vessel The manoeuvring characteristic based on this investigation will be very useful for keeping the safety of navigation from the practical point of ships design and traffic control in restricted waterways.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2006년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.143-149
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• 2006

This paper is primarily focused on the safe navigation between overtaking and overtaken vesselsin restricted waterways under the external forces, such as wind and current. The maneuvering simulation between two ships was conducted to find an appropriate safe speed and distance, which is required to avoid collision. From the viewpoint of marine safety, a greater transversedistance between two ships is more needed for the smaller vessel. Regardless of external forces, the smaller vessel will get a greater effect of hydrodynamic forces than the higher one. In the case of close navigation between ships under the forces of wind and current, the vessel moving at a lower speed is potentially hazardous because the rudder force of the lower speed vessel is not sufficient for steady-state course-keeping, compared to that of the higher speed vessel.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제40권9호
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• pp.847-851
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• 2016

지구 온난화 현상으로 2030년 정도에는 북극해 항로 이용이 연중 가능할 것으로 예상되고 있어 향후에 교통량이 증가할 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 현재는 쇄빙선 선장의 지시에 따라 운항하고 있어 안전 호송 속력 및 간격은 정량화되지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존 연구인 최소 안전이격거리 및 최단 정지거리에 대하여 선박조종시뮬레이션 수행을 통해 검증하고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 정지거리 감소에 있어서 lead 간격이 선폭의 2~4배인 경우에 선속이 7 [kts] 이하인 경우 crash astern과 crash astern & hard rudder인 경우에서 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 선속이 10 [kts]인 경우는 3.5L에서 2.5L로 정지거리가 감소함이 확인되었다. 총 10척의 대상선박에 대하여 crash astern을 사용하여 최단 정지거리를 구한 결과 5 [kts]일 경우는 0.98L~1.8L, 8 [kts]에서는 1.9L~4.0L로 나타났다. 좁은 수로에서의 최소 안전이격거리는 6L이지만 북극해 항로는 전방만 해당하므로 3L이 필요하다. 이 결과를 적용하면 북극해 안전호송 속력은 5 [kt]이하이며, 8 [kts]이상으로 호송 시에는 crash astern & hard rudder를 이용하여 호송거리를 약 3.4L 이상은 유지하여야 한다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2010

To protect press operator from the after-reach hazard, current Ministry of Labor Notification(MOLN) requires the use of a formula for calculating the safe distance away from the point of operation for locating press protective devices, Two Hand Control Devices(THCD) and Active Opto-Electronic Protective Devices(AOPD), on a power press. This formula is based on a same hand speed constant of 160cm/s. While EN standards use different hand speed constant for THCD and AOPD respectively. The objective of this study is to compare two guidelines on the hand speed constant published by MOLN and EN 692, also to propose a proper hand speed constant and validate it experimentally. As a experimental result, it could be known that hand speed constant of Ministry of Labor Notification should be improved as that of EN standards.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.833-838
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• 2005

이 논문은 M 방송국이 요청한 $100m{\sim}500m$의 이격거리를 유지하기 위하여 실습선 "한바다"호와 행사지원 선박과의 치소 안전이격거리에 대하여 다룬 것이다. 이 최소안전 이격거리는 조종곤란도를 정량적으로 평가하는 ES Model과 해상교통류 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 평가하였는데 그 결과는 2노트로 항진하는 실습선 "한바다"호의 경우 약 260m이고 이 값을 실제의 값과 비교하였다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2003

This paper is mainly concerned with the assessment of safe navigation between ships moving each other in restricted waterways. The numerical simulation of manoeuvring motion was conducted parametrically to propose an appropriate safe speed and distance, which is required to avoid sea accident under the different conditions, such as ship-velocity ratios, ship-length ratios, separation and stagger between ships. As for the calculation parameters, the ratios of velocity difference between two ships were considered as 0.6, 1.2, 1.5 and the ones of ship-length difference were regarded were regarded as 0.5, 1.0, 1.18. From the inspection of this investigation, it indicates the following result. Firstly, the separation between ships is more needed for the small vessel, compared to the large vessel. Secondly, the lateral distance between ships is necessarily required for the velocity ration of 1.2, compared to the cases of 0.6 and 1.5. The manoeuvring characteristics based on this investigation will be very useful for keeping the safety of navigation from the practical point of ships design and traffic control in confined water.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2003년도 춘계공동학술대회논문집
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• pp.5-10
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• 2003

이 논문에서는 제한수역에서 항행하는 대형선박들간의 안전항해를 위하여, 해난사고 방지에 필요한 선박들간의 적절한 안전속력 및 거리를 확보하기 위하여, 두 선박간의 속도비, 선장비, 횡방향 거리 및 종방향 거리를 변수로 하여 조종운동에 관한 시뮬레이션을 행하였다. 이상의 수치 계산 결과는 대형선박들이 왕래가 빈번한 폭주해역에서의 해상교통안전의 측면에서 볼 때 상당히 유용할 것이다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.64-70
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• 1993

Serious injuries and deaths due to multi-jointed robot occur when a man mispercepts. especially during robot teaching and maintenance work. Since industrial robots often operate with unpredictable motion patterns, establishment of safe speed limit of robot arm is indispensable. An experimental emergency conditions were simulated with a multi-jointed robot. and response characteristics of human operators were measured. The result showed that failure type, robot arm axis. and robot arm speed had significant effects on human reaction time. The reaction time was slightly increased with robot arm speed. though it showed somewhat different pattern owing to failure type. Furthermore the reaction time to the axis which could flex or extend. acting on a workpiece directly. was fastest and its standard deviation was small. The robot arm speed limit securing a‘possible contact zone’based on overrun distance was about 25cm/sec. and in this sense the validity of safe speed limits suggested by many precedent researchers were discussed.