• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.429-439
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• 1999

In order to assess the chronic impact of tropospheric ozone on vegetation in the Seoul metropolitan area, it is necessary to quantify ozone exposure. Two ozone indices commonly used to relate ozone exposure to injury of vegetation were calculated. SUM06(SUM of hourly concentrations at or above 0.06 ppm) and AOT40(Accumulated exposure Over a Threshold of 40 ppb) which are widely used as ozone indices in the US and Europe were calculated based on hourly ozone concentrations in 5 areas of Seoul and 5 cities of Kyunggido during 1990~1997. Most SUM06 levels were 1~5ppm.hr, however several areas in Northern and Eastern Seoul reached about 5~7 ppm.hr in 1996~1997. AOT40 values were as high as 17~24 ppm.hr. Although measured SUM06 levels would not be expected to significantly impact vegetation, the overall ozone index, as well as annual average, 95th, and 99th percentile have increased continuously over the last 8 years. Often, ozone concentrations are lower in cities where there is a significant NOx concentration, than in outlying rural agricultural areas where NOx scrubbing is not as important. Concentrations greater than 40 ppb, which can cause chronic ozone toxicity to vegetation, were found mostly in the summer and constitutued about 5~15% of total hourly ozone cocentrations.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.38-48
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• 2004

1998년부터 2002년까지 최근 5년 간 우리나라 대기 오염 자동 측정망의 총 612개 지점의 시간당 오존 농도를 SUM06, AOT40등의 식생피해 지표로 전환하여 오염 정도를 분석하고, 1990-97년의 수도권 오존 오염과 비교하였다. 1. 10%의 농작물 수량감수가 예측되는 SUM06(yr) 234 ppmㆍhr를 기준으로 볼 때, 가장 높은 전남 광양의 연간 SUM06가 11 ppmㆍhr 이므로 수량감수는 5%, 이내로 추론된다. 미국의 SUM06가 5∼12 ppmㆍhr인데 최근 5년간 612개 지점 중 상위 30개 지점에서 이 수준에 도달하였다. 2. 1997년까지 심각했던 서울의 구의, 쌍문 지점의 SUM06는 2/3 수준으로 완화되었으나 도봉, 노원, 강북 지점은 오존 오염이 최근 5년 사이 증가되었다. 반면 경기 지역은 서울 동부 외곽인 구리, 하남 그리고 남부인 안양, 군포, 수원의 오염이 97년에 비해 2배 이상 악화되었다. 서울 및 경기는 시간당 100ppb를 넘는 횟수가 지방에 비해 많은 반면, 40-60ppb의 중간급의 분포는 낮아 식생지표로 환산하면, 서울지점들의 평균치는 전국 16개시도중 중, 상위 수준이었다. 3. 수도권에 서울, 경기뿐만 아니라, 충남 서산과 강원 원주를 포함시켰는데 이들 지역은 서울 및 경기도 평균을 상회하였고, 충남 천안, 강원 춘천 등 인접지점과는 전혀 다른 양상이었다. 수도권 외에 중부권(강원, 충청), 호남권(전라, 제주), 영남권(경상, 부산) 등 전국을 4권역으로 나누어 비교한 결과, 1998-2000년까지는 수도권의 오염이 다른 지방보다 월등히 심각 하였으나, 최근 2년 (2001-02년)사이에 수도권과 지방의 격차가 거의 없었다. 4. 공단지역은 인천, 경기 안산 시화, 울산 광역시 등에서는 오염도가 낮은 반면, 전남 광양, 경북 구미공단 지역의 오존 오염은 높게 나타났다. 특히 광양과 구미 공단의 오존 오염은 수도권 이외 지방의 300개 지점 중 1-5위안에 드는 대표적인 고농도 관심 대상 지역이다. 5. 식생보호 지표인 SUM06와 AOT40을 1년 자료와 여름철 3개월(6, 7, 8월)자료로 나누어 분석하고 또한 연간 100ppb가 넘는 시간수, 95 퍼센타일, 99 퍼센타일, 연간 최고농도 등 여러 오존 지표를 상호 비교한 결과, 식물의 오존 피해를 직접적으로 표현할 수 있는 3개월 간의 식생보호 지표들과 법적 기준치인 100ppb를 넘는 연간 시간수를 상호 보완하여 오존에 의한 식생 피해를 추정하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.673-689
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• 2003

사행이 있는 자연하천에서 횡혼합 특성을 분석하고 종ㆍ횡분산게수를 산정하기 위해 현장실험을 실시하였다. 이를 위해 남한강 지류인 섬강 및 청미천에서 사행구간을 선정하여 유속과 수심 측정 및 추적자실험을 수행하였다. 추적자로서는 미량으로도 관측이 용이한 방사성 동위원소를 사용하였으며 주입은 순간. 점주입 조건을 바랐다. 이를 통해 취득된 수리량 및 농도 자료를 이용하여 종ㆍ횡분산계수를 산정하였고, 이들을 기존의 추정식에 의한 결과와 비교, 분석하였다. 종분산계수는 해석해를 통해 산정하였는데 섬강은 약0.5 $m^2$/s, 청미천은 0.2 $m^2$/s 로 산정되었다. 횡분산계수는 해석해 및 모멘트방법을 이용하여 산정하였는데, 섬강은 약 0.01-0.06 $m^2$/s의 범위를 가지며 청미천은 약 0.0l-0.05 $m^2$/s의 범위를 갖는 것으로 산정되었다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1926-1945
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose a distributed signal subspace interference alignment algorithm for single beam K-user ($3K{\geq}$) MIMO interference channel based on sum rate maximization and game theory. A framework of game theory is provided to study relationship between interference signal subspace and altruistic-egoistic bayesian game cost function. We demonstrate that the asymptotic interference alignment under proposed scheme can be realized through a numerical algorithm using local channel state information at transmitters and receivers. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve the total degrees of freedom that is equivalent to the Cadambe-Jafar interference alignment algorithms with perfect channel state information. Furthermore, proposed scheme can effectively minimize leakage interference in desired signal subspace at each receiver and obtain a moderate average sum rate performance compared with several existing interference alignment schemes.

• Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.671-684
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• 2023

In this paper, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of a general quintic functional equation, $\sum\limits_{k=0}^{6}(-1)^k{_6}C_kf(x+(3-k)y)=0$, by using the fixed point method.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.2302-2316
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• 2015

We propose an efficient method of extracting targets within a region of interest in non-homogeneous infrared images by using a principal component analysis (PCA) plane and adaptive Gaussian kernel. Existing approaches for extracting targets have been limited to using only the intensity values of the pixels in a target region. However, it is difficult to extract the target regions effectively because the intensity values of the target region are mixed with the background intensity values. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel PCA based approach consisting of three steps. In the first step, we apply a PCA technique minimizing the total least-square errors of an IR image. In the second step, we generate a binary image that consists of pixels with higher values than the plane, and then calculate the second derivative of the sum of the square errors (SDSSE). In the final step, an iteration is performed until the convergence criteria is met, including the SDSSE, angle and labeling value. Therefore, a Gaussian kernel is weighted in addition to the PCA plane with the non-removed data from the previous step. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better segmentation performance than the existing method.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.1606-1626
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• 2012

This paper investigates the performance of an amplify-and-forward (AF) two-way relaying system with antenna correlation. The system consists of two multiple-antenna sources, which exchange information via the aid of a single-antenna relay. In particular, we derive the exact outage probability expression. Furthermore, we provide a simple, tight closed-form lower bound for the outage probability. Based on the lower bound, we obtain the closed-form asymptotic outage probability and the average symbol error rate expressions at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which reveal the system's diversity order and coding gain with antenna correlation. To investigate the system's throughput performance with antenna correlation, we also derive a closed-form lower bound for the average sum-rate, which is quite tight from medium to high SNR regime. The analytical results readily enable us to obtain insight into the effect of antenna correlation on the system's performance. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the analytical results.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.273-281
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• 2004

동영상의 현재 블록의 움직임 벡터와 이전 블록의 움직임 벡터는 시간적 상관성을 갖고 있다. 본 논문에서는 영상의 시간적인 특성과 움직임 벡터의 가운데 중심 분포 특성을 이용하는 예측 탐색 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 이전 프레임 블록으로부터 예측된 움직임 벡터와 분할된 탐색 구간에 속하는 후보 벡터 중에서 가장 작은 SAD 값을 갖는 점을 정확한 움직임 벡터를 찾기 위한 초기 탐색점 위치로 결정한다. 실험 결과 제안된 방식은 FS를 제외한 기존의 대표적인 고속 탐색 방식들에 비해 PSNR 값에 있어서 평균적으로 0.19∼0.46㏈ 개선되고 영상에 따라 최고 1.06㏈ 정도 우수한 결과를 나타내었다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.3012-3028
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose a joint power control strategy for both the uplink and downlink transmission by considering the energy requirements of the user equipments' uplink data transmissions in data and energy integrated communication networks (DEINs). In DEINs, the base station (BS) adopts the power splitting (PS) aided simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technique in the downlink (DL) transmissions, while the user equipments (UEs) carry out their own uplink (UL) transmissions by exploiting the energy harvested during the BS's DL transmissions. In our DEIN model, there are M UEs served by the BS in order to fulfil both of their DL and UL transmissions. The orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technique is adopted for supporting the simultaneous transmissions of multiple UEs. Furthermore, a transmission frame is divided into N time slots in the medium access control (MAC) layer. The mathematical model is established for maximizing the sum-throughput of the UEs' DL transmissions and for ensuring their fairness during a single transmission frame T, respectively. In order to achieve these goals, in each transmission frame T, we optimally allocate the BS's power for each subcarrier and the PS factor for each UE during a specific time slot. The original optimisation problems are transformed into convex forms, which can be perfectly solved by convex optimisation theories. Our numerical results compare the optimal results by conceiving the objective of maximising the sum-throughput and those by conceiving the objective of maximising the fair-throughput. Furthermore, our numerical results also reveal the inherent tradeoff between the DL and the UL transmissions.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.159-174
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• 1991

A field trial of norfloxacin on bovine 206, swine 222 and poultry 205 with respiratory diseases and diarrhea was conducted from Sept 1, 1990 to Jan 30, 1991 in Inchon and Kyonggi-do. The results are as follows. 1. Guinea pigs and rabbits were dosages 10 and 20 times normal. Ten days of observation saw no side effect. 2. Oral treatment on bovine, swine and poultry showed a curing rate of 82.00∼89.06%(Mean 86.00%), compared with 87.27∼96.36%(Mean 92.24%) by Injection. 3. The curing rate was 81.92% by the fourth treatment. 4. The curing rate with and without the use of adjuvant was 80.00∼100% and 83.60∼93. 10%, respectively, for swine, and 81.82∼100% and 82.00∼97.14% for bovine. 5. The curing rate was more dependent on seriousness of illness, environment and time than age. 6. The main disease causing bacteria of bovine respiratory diseases： Haemolytic Sta 27.62%, Haemolytic Str 33.33%, sum of this bacteria is 60.95%, diarrhea: Haemolytic coliform 80.20%, swine respiratory diseases； Haemophilus Spp 20.95%, Haemolytic Sta 72%, Haemolytic Str 21.90%, Sum of these bacteria is 68.57％, diarrhea; Haemolytic coliform 57.26%, poultry respiratory diseases； mycoplasma Spp 29.52%, Haemolytic Sta 13.33％, Sum of this bacteria is 42.85%, diarrhea； Haemolytic coliform 53.00%. 7. The curing rate of norfloxacin by species of strain, the unidentified bacteria on bovine respiratory diseases was the lowest with 77.78％, the others ranged from 84.21％ to 100％ with most of them over 90%. 8. The loss of clinical sign on bovine and swine was the highest when after 2∼4 application. 9. In terms of antibiotic sensitivity test, norfloxacin was the highest with 84.62∼100％ (mean 90.09％) among eight bacterias, only 5 of 15 antibiotics had a sensitivity of over 56.25%, showing a high degree of tolerance.