• 지능정보연구
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.187-201
• /
• 2011

방향성(Direction)과 변동성(Volatility)에 대한 분석은 증권투자를 위한 시장분석의 기초가 된다. 변동성분석이 옵션 투자에서 중요하다면 주식이나 주가지수선물투자는 방향성분석에 의하여 투자성과가 결정된다. 기존의 금융분석에서 기계학습을 이용한 방향성에 대한 연구는 주가나 투자위험의 예측을 중심으로 이루어졌으며, 최근에 와서야 실전투자를 위한 매매시스템(trading system) 개발에 대한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 인공지능형 주가예측모형에서는 ANN(artificial neural networks), fuzzy system, SVM(Support Vector Machine) 등의 기법이 주로 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 방향성매매를 위한 지능형 기계학습방법 중에서도 패턴인식에서 좋은 성과를 보이고 있는 은닉마코프 모형(Hidden Markov Model)을 이용한다. 실무적으로는 방향성 예측을 위해 주로 주가의 추세분석(Trend Analysis)을 활용한다. 다양한 기술적 지표를 이용한 추세분석에 기반한 시스템트레이딩(System Trading) 기법은 실전투자에서 점차 확대추세에 있다. 본 연구에서는 시스템트레이딩 기법 중 실무에서 많이 이용되는 이동평균교차전략(moving average cross)에 연속 은닉마코프모형을 적용한 지능형 매매시스템을 제안하고, 실제 주가자료를 이용한 시뮬레이션 결과를 제시한다. 세계적 선물시장으로 성장한 KOSPI200 선물시장에서 제안된 매매시스템의 장기간의 투자성과를 분석하기 위하여 지난 21년 동안의 KOSPI200 주가지수자료를 실증 분석하였다. 분석결과는 KOSPI200 주가지수선물의 방향성매매에서 제안된 CHMM기반 지능형 매매시스템이 실전에서 일반적으로 활용되는 시스템트레이딩 기법의 투자성과를 개선할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
• /
• 통권6호
• /
• pp.152-171
• /
• 2002

This study analyses the avatar service, which is recognized as an alternative strategy of animation industry. The research questions of this study are following: (1) How have the avatar services been developed and what are the present dominant types? (2) Which structural characteristics of e-business environment are needed for the success of avatar services? (3) What is the economic characteristics of avatar business model? To solve these research questions, the basic conditions and the structural characteristics of avatar services have been investigated. In the first place, two forms of avatar service are classified. One is the internet service site whole primary service is to provide chatting service based on avatar service. The other is the portal site in which many kinds of products and services are presented as bundles to meet the needs of internet users. So avatar service is one of bundles which those portal sites are providing with. In this study, the big five internet service sites are selected based on the profits they earned through the sales of avatar service. The result of analysis is that the pricing strategy of those big five sites is very different from those of traditional off-line markets. The pricing mechanism are based on the value which internet users endow with the avatar items, not based on the costs of making the products. Avatar is the representative informative goods. The informative goods have the original cost structures, constant fixed costs and zero marginal costs, so the providers of avatar services make much of the subjective values of consumers. The sayclub, which is the most successful avatar service site and earn the average sales of 3 billing won a month, takes the aggressive strategy of pricing avatar items at highest price in the industry. The avatar service providers which make lots of profits are planning of making differentiate the services, introducing well-known brand items and star-named items. Nevertheless, the fact that the members of the sayclub are not decreasing means that the network effect of the site is so strongly manifest. Moreover, the costs the members have paid for the avatar items are so big not as to switch from one site to the other site, it can be very costly. These switching costs are endemic in high-technology industries and digital contents industries. It can be so large that switching suppliers is virtually unthinkable, a situation known as 'lock-in'. When switching costs are substantial, competition can be intense to attract new customers, since, one they are locked in, they can be a substantial source of profit. The consumers of avatar items have switching costs if they subscribe for the new avatar service site. The switching costs can be subscription costs as well as the costs of giving up the items they already paid for. One common example of switching costs involves specialized supplies, as with inkjet printer cartridges. In this example, the switching cost is the purchase of a new printer. The market is competitive ex ante, but since cartridges are incompatible, it is monopolized dx post. So the providers of printer/cartridges set pricing printer so cheap and cartridges expensive. On the contrary, since the avatar service can be successful with the strong network effect, the providers of avatar services have to compete aggressively for new customers. So they allow the subscription at a low price(almost marginal cost) in the early market. The network effect can be maximized when the members are sufficiently growing. The providers which have the monopoly power with sufficient subscribers. begin to raise the prices over the lifetime of the product and make profits.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.495-505
• /
• 2008

이 연구의 목적은 방과 후 학교 활동으로 직접 활용될 수 있는 고등학교 천체관측반을 대상으로 한 천체 관측 프로그램 개발 및 적용이다. 연구방법은 먼저 현행 지구과학교과서의 천문관련 탐구활동을 분석한 다음, 가장 기본적인 관측 장비의 표준화 프로그램을 개발하였으며, 프로그램을 이용하여 학교 인근 여러 관측지에서 학생들이 직접 탐구활동을 수행하였다. 특히 관측 장비의 경우 일선학교에서도 쉽게 구비할 수 있는 102mm급 굴절망원경과 디지털카메라를 이용하였으며, 대부분 도심지에 위치한 학교의 관측지 환경을 고려한 탐구활동 및 그 수행을 위한 컴퓨터 프로그램을 개발하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현행 교육과정상의 천문관련 탐구활동은 대부분 제시된 자료를 분석하는 자료 해석이나 가상실험활동으로 구성되어 있다. 둘째, 대부분의 학교가 위치한 도심지의 경우 도시 외곽보다 관측 환경이 열악하다. 셋째, 학교 인근 도심지에서 보편화된 관측 장비를 이용한 효율적인 관측 기법과 도심지에서의 관측 기기의 표준화 계수를 결정하였다. 넷째, 이와 같은 일련의 과정을 프로그램화하여 측정한 결과, 도시와 도시외곽에서 실제 별의 등급과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 학습 프로그램 개발을 통하여 천체 관측에 관한 다양한 탐구 활동을 제공할 수 있었다 현재 천체 관련 교육은 실제 탐구 활동 영역이 결여되어 있으며, 대부분의 학교가 도심지에 위치하고 있어서 관측환경 또한 좋지 못하다. 하지만 이 프로그램을 이용하면 실질적인 천체관측 활동과 관측 결과에 대해 정형화된 보정활동을 거쳐 유의미한 관측 데이터를 수집할 수 있으며, 이를 여러 가지 활동을 통해 재해석 할 수 있다. 이를 통해 현장 체험 중심의 천체 탐구 활동을 활성화시킬 수 있으며, 과학적 흥미를 높일 수 있다.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제29권spc1호
• /
• pp.63-64
• /
• 1996

The nature of distant faint blue field galaxies remains a mystery, despite the fact that much attention has been devoted to this subject in the last decade. Galaxy counts, particularly those in the optical and near ultraviolet bandpasses, have been demonstrated to be well in excess of those expected in the 'no-evolution' scenario. This has usually been taken to imply that galaxies were brighter in the past, presumably due to a higher rate of star formation. More recently, redshift surveys of galaxies as faint as B$\~$24 have shown that the mean redshift of faint blue galaxies is lower than that predicted by standard evolutionary models (de-signed to fit the galaxy counts). The galaxy number count data and redshift data suggest that evolutionary effects are most prominent at the faint end of the galaxy luminosity function. While these data constrain the form of evolution of the overall luminosity function, they do not constrain evolution in individual galaxies. We are carrying out a series of observations as part of a long-term program aimed at a better understanding of the nature and amount of luminosity evolution in individual galaxies. Our study uses the luminosity-linewidth relation (Tully-Fisher relation) for disk galaxies as a tool to study luminosity evolution. Several studies of a related nature are being carried out by other groups. A specific experiment to test a 'no-evolution' hypothesis is presented here. We have used the AUTOFIB multifibre spectro-graph on the 4-metre Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) and the Rutgers Fabry-Perot imager on the Cerro Tolalo lnteramerican Observatory (CTIO) 4-metre tele-scope to measure the internal kinematics of a representative sample of faint blue field galaxies in the red-shift range z = 0.15-0.4. The emission line profiles of [OII] and [OIII] in a typical sample galaxy are significantly broader than the instrumental resolution (100-120 km $s^{-l}$), and it is possible to make a reliable de-termination of the linewidth. Detailed and realistic simulations based on the properties of nearby, low-luminosity spirals are used to convert the measured linewidth into an estimate of the characteristic rotation speed, making statistical corrections for the effects of inclination, non-uniform distribution of ionized gas, rotation curve shape, finite fibre aperture, etc.. The (corrected) mean characteristic rotation speed for our distant galaxy sample is compared to the mean rotation speed of local galaxies of comparable blue luminosity and colour. The typical galaxy in our distant sample has a B-band luminosity of about 0.25 L$\ast$ and a colour that corresponds to the Sb-Sd/Im range of Hub-ble types. Details of the AUTOFIB fibre spectroscopic study are described by Rix et al. (1996). Follow-up deep near infrared imaging with the 10-metre Keck tele-scope+ NIRC combination and high angular resolution imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope's WFPC2 are being used to determine the structural and orientation parameters of galaxies on an individual basis. This information is being combined with the spatially resolved CTIO Fabry-Perot data to study the internal kinematics of distant galaxies (Ing et al. 1996). The two main questions addressed by these (preliminary studies) are: 1. Do galaxies of a given luminosity and colour have the same characteristic rotation speed in the distant and local Universe? The distant galaxies in our AUTOFIB sample have a mean characteristic rotation speed of $\~$70 km $s^{-l}$ after correction for measurement bias (Fig. 1); this is inconsistent with the characteristic rotation speed of local galaxies of comparable photometric proper-ties (105 km $s^{-l}$) at the > $99\%$ significance level (Fig. 2). A straightforward explanation for this discrepancy is that faint blue galaxies were about 1-1.5 mag brighter (in the B band) at z $\~$ 0.25 than their present-day counterparts. 2. What is the nature of the internal kinematics of faint field galaxies? The linewidths of these faint galaxies appear to be dominated by the global disk rotation. The larger galaxies in our sample are about 2"-.5" in diameter so one can get direct insight into the nature of their internal velocity field from the $\~$ I" seeing CTIO Fabry-Perot data. A montage of Fabry-Perot data is shown in Fig. 3. The linewidths are too large (by. $5\sigma$) to be caused by turbulence in giant HII regions.

• 지능정보연구
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.39-60
• /
• 2011

웹 2.0 기술이 소개된 이후 소셜 네트워크 서비스는 미래 정보기술의 기초로서 중요하게 인식되고 있다. 이에, 웹2.0 환경에서 소셜 네트워크를 구축하기 위하여 온톨로지 기반의 사용자 프로필 기술 도구인 FOAF를 활용하기 위한 다양한 연구가 이뤄지고 있다. 그러나 FOAF를 이용하여 소셜 네트워크를 생성 및 관리하는 대부분의 방법은 시간의 흐름에 따라 변화하는 사용자의 소셜 네트워크를 자동적으로 반영하기 어려운 단점이 있으며 다양한 소셜 미디어 서비스가 제공되는 환경에서는 FOAF를 동적으로 관리하기가 쉽지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 기존 FOAF를 이용한 소셜 네트워크 추출방법의 한계를 극복하기 위하여 사용자 프로파일 기술 언어인 FOAF와 웹 저작물 출판 매커니즘인 RSS를 OLAP 시스템에 적용시켜 동적으로 FOAF를 갱신하고 관리하기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 수집한 FOAF와 RSS 파일들을 스타스키마로 설계된 데이터베이스에 넣어 OLAP 큐브를 생성한다. 그리고 OLAP 연산을 이용하여 사용자의 연결관계를 분석하고 FOAF에 그 결과를 반영한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 이기종 분산처리 환경 하에서 데이터의 상호호환성을 보장할 뿐만 아니라 시간의 흐름에 따른 사용자의 관심 및 이슈 등의 변화를 효과적으로 반영한다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2014

목적: $T_2{^*}$이완시간은 조직의 고유한 특징을 반영하는 자화율 정보를 내재하고 있다. 본 연구는 3테슬러 자기공명영상 기기에서 유방의 정상 유선조직과 지방조직의 $T_2{^*}$이완시간을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상과 방법: 52명의 여자환자에서 (나이, $49{\pm}12 $세; 범위, 25세~75세) 삼차원 경사에코연쇄를 이용하여 각 일곱 개 에코 자기공명영상들을 얻었다. 에코시간은 3.91 ms단계에서 2.28 ms에서 25.72 ms사이 범위였다. 화적소를 기초로 $T_2{^*}$이완시간과 $R_2{^*}$이완율 지도는 각 개체에서 선형곡선맞춤을 이용하여 계산되었다. $T_2{^*}$값과 $R_2{^*}$값을 얻기 위하여 유방의 정상 유선조직과 지방조직에 삼차원 관심영역을 표시하였다. 모든 개체에서 이러한 변수들의 평균치를 계산하였다. 결과: 유방의 정상 유선조직과 지방조직에 삼차원 관심영역 크기는 각각 $4818{\pm}4679$ 화적소와 $1455{\pm}785$ 화적소 였다. 평균 $T_2{^*}$ 값은 유방의 정상 유선조직과 지방조직에서 각각, $22.40{\pm}5.61ms$ 와 $36.36{\pm}8.77ms$였다. 평균 $R_2{^*}$값은 유방의 정상 유선조직과 지방조직에서 각각, $0.0524{\pm}0.0134/ms$와 $0.0297{\pm}0.0069/ms$ 였다. 결론: 유방의 정상 유선조직과 지방조직에서 $T_2{^*}$값과 $R_2{^*}$값을 측정하였다. 유방의 정상 유선조직의 $T_2{^*}$값은 지방조직의 $T_2{^*}$값보다 짧게 나타났다. $T_2{^*}$이완시간의 측정은 유방암과 정상 유방조직에서의 자화율 효과를 이해하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.281-289
• /
• 2009

이 연구는 2006년 1월부터 3월까지 전남 여수시 거문도 해역에서 어획된 찰가자미의 어미로부터 실험실 내 자연 산란을 유도하여 난발생 및 자치어 형태 발달을 관찰하였다. 수정란은 무색 투명한 분리부성란이고, 유구는 없었으며, 난경은 1.64${\pm}$0.03 mm(n=50)였다. 부화에 소요되는 시간은 수온 $9.8\sim13.0^{\circ}C$(평균 $11.4{\pm}1.6^{\circ}C$)에서 수정 후 168시간 40분이었으며, 부화 직후의 평균 전장은 4.05${\pm}$0.18 mm(n=20)였다. 부화 직후 자어는 막지느러미가 발달하였고, 물방울 모양 구조를 이루고 있으며, 입과 항문은 열려 있지 않았다. 이때 근절은 14~15+33~34=47~49개였으며, 난황은 장경이 평균 1.64${\pm}$0.12 mm, 단경은 평균 1.23${\pm}$0.19 mm였다. 부화 후 12일째 자어의 전장은 평균 7.32${\pm}$0.42 mm(n=20)로 난황은 완전히 흡수되어 후기 자어기로 이행하였고, 막지느러미 가장자리에는 별 모양 흑색 소포와 나뭇가지 모양의 황색 소포가 더욱 밀집되었고, 척색은 국화 모양의 흑색 소포가 밀집되어 4~5개의 흑색 소포대를 형성하였다. 부화 후 90~93일째 평균 전장이 19.91${\pm}$1.63 mm(n=20)였고, 모든 지느러미 줄기 수가 정수에 달하였으며, 모든 반문이 형성되어 치어기로 이행하였다.

• 한국의사학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.197-227
• /
• 2005

Heojun was the top scientist on Medicine in the 16th and 17th centuries and wrote the Dongeubogam describing the top-level medical theory and technology. So far, his outlook on nature has been disregarded even though his medicine is still effective. Through this study, I would like to know if his outlook on nature as well as his medicine is still effective. The conclusions are as follows: 1. According to his output, the origin of the universe started from the spinning of One Gi(一氣) which is quite different from Hawking's theory. Hawking assumed that the origin of the universe started from the Big-bang and will end to the Big-crunch. However, the current report on the origin of a star is quite similar to Heojun's theory and we acknowledge that his view on the origin of the universe is still effective. 2. According to his output, the universe repeats expanding and contracting forever while Hawking assumed it will come to the end, the Big-crunch, based on the expanding universe theory. Some scientists assists that Hawking's assumption should have some contradictions. Now, we acknowledge that Heojun's universal cycling theory which corresponds with modern physical theories is still effective, which would lead to a new environmental movement. 3. His view on the structure of the universe is quite different from the output of the current science, which results from his thought that the nature should be reviewed from the point of human's view. His view on the structure will be able to be updated based on the output of the current science. 4. The universe analogy started from the East Asian area as well as the Greek and Roman area in the ancient. The idea has disappeared since the scientific revolution era in the West while the idea has been deepened and abundant in the East and has become one of the major philosophical bases. Heojun emphasized its importance from the beginning of his book. 5. The nation analogy has been popular all times and places. According to his output, governing a country is like controlling one's body. 6. According to Needham's output, the universe analogy and the nation analogy were based on the ancient developed alchemy. And Harper assumed that Taiosm was based on the macrobiotic hygiene which was developed by the ancient developed alchemists. We acknowledge that xian(仙) cult, macrobiotic hygiene, medicine, alchemy and the ancient philosophy started from our ancients. Heojun's output restored our ancient tradition by combining the macrobiotic hygiene and philosophy with medicine. 7. Roughly predicting yearly weather would be unacceptable by the current scientist but Heojun's yearly weather forecast is still used in the clinic and seems effective to prepare from any epidemic disease. 8. 'Day and Night' and Four seasons are the most important factors to the macrobiotic hygiene according to the Dongeubogam. The new environmental movements should be based on the most important factors, otherwise the human beings as well as the environment would fail to survive. 9. Wind, Coldness, Heat, Humidity, Dryness and Fire represents weather. The six weather factors represent one of six phases of a year which is decided by the areal factors. Heojun preferred the six factors generated in the body itself to them from the outside. He thought a human being was a universe and the six factors generated in the body responded to the factors of the outside. 10. According to his output, Heat and Humidity are the most important factors which make a human being ill. 11. Life span, disease, food, and dwelling are dependent upon the geographical feature, according to Heojun's output. In addition, one's appearance and his five viscera and the six entrails depend on the food as well as the geographical feature. 12. Heath is related with the environment and they effects upon each other. If one is weak, he will be deeply effected by the nature. On the other hand, if one is strong, he will effect on the nature. That's why people live together. 13. According to Heojun's work, the society is an important factor comprising the environment. During a peaceful era, the society becomes stable and human beings are stable as well while they will be on fire during a chaotic era. 14. Medicine deals with human beings who live in the nature, so any medical book cannot be excellent unless it has any description on the nature. Heojun's outlook on the nature turned out to be logical and suitable even from the point of the current view and it is still effective as if his clinical knowledge and technology are still effective. Something unsuitable may be substituted with the output of the current science.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.137-148
• /
• 1983

This study was made for the better information of the male reproductive system on the meat-type drake, Cherry Belly X White Golden. The epithelium of ductules of epididymal region and deferent duct were observed histologically and histochemically with the progress of their development. India-ink absorbability on the luminal epithelium was also investigated after the administration of India-ink. The results are as follows; 1. Rete testis and various round ductules in immature form appeared in epididymis within 6 weeks after hatching, and simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium were found in the epithelia of the ductules within 8 weeks after hatching. Larger ductules were found on epididymal surface which was in the developing stage near to the immature efferent ductule. From 10th to 20th week, various ductules appeared in epididymis, and developing form of efferent ductules were much more increased on epididymal surface. The luminal epithelium of the ductules were composed of ciliated simple columnar and pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells. At the same time, deferent duct appeared. From the 21th week, various ductules in epididymis became abruptly matured. Lumen of rete testis was lined by simple squamous or simple cuboidal epithelium, and that of efferent ductules, having many folds and being larger than any others were lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in which ciliated columnar cells, non-ciliated cells(clear cells) and basal cells were noted. Connecting tubules of star shaped lumen were composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in which ciliated columnar cells, nonciliated cells, and basal cells were observed. The luminal surface of epididymal ducts was smooth and has thick pseudostratified columnar epithelium which was composed of high columnar cells and basal cells. From 26th week after hatching, sperm pooling was started in various ductules. 2. From 4th to 10th week, simple cuboidal epithelium of deferent duct transformed to simple columnar epithelium with the progress of aging. At the basement of epithelium, clear round cells were noted. From 12th to 20th week, high columnar cells with enlongated nucleus were noted on the luminal border of deferent ducts, forming folds of pseuclostratified columnar epithelium. From 20th week, the deferent duct started to have septa in it's lumen and composed mainly of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and round cells disappeared. From 20th week, the lumen diameter of deferent duct became wider with the progress of aging, but there was no difference among the values of lumen diameter in upper, middle, and lower part of deferent ducts. At 26th week, the pooling period of sperms in deferent ducts, the lumen diameter became rapidly widen, especially in the lower part of deferent ducts. Thickness of muscular layer of ductus deferens showed gradual growth within 24 weeks but did abrupt thickening from 26th week. 3. Saliva resistant PAS granules were dotted on the top of nucleus in efferent ductules epithelium but the amount of the granules were little in the connecting ductules's epithelium. The granules reactive to acid phosphatase were abundant in the some epithelial cells of efferent ductules and connecting ductules, especially above the nucleus of cells. The granules reactive to alkaline phosphatase were noted on the luminal border of efferent ductules. Parts of free border of efferent ductules and middle portion of deferent ducts were stained slightly by alcian blue technique. India ink granules were found mainly in the epithelium of efferent ductules but were few in that of connecting ductules.

• 패션비즈니스
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.137-156
• /
• 1998

In this study, the researcher studied the historical background, and the traditional culture about dress and ornament of Yunnan Province of China, The results of the study are as follows. 1. Dress and personal ornaments of the Va peoples vary with the locality. Their traditional dress and adornment is characterized by those in the Ximeng area. Men usually wear black or dark blue collarless jackets and black and dark blue loose and short bagged trousers with folding waist. Women usually wear close-fitting sleeveless pullover blouses with V-shaped necks and straight skirts with patterns of red and black cross stripes. 2. Jingpo men have changed to wear shirts with button down the front and trousers. They also entwine white turbans with red bobbles on both ends, and carry diagonally long knives, firelocks and red woolen figured satchels on their shoulders. Women usually wear black velvet blouses with silver bowl-shaped ornaments and chains around collars and on the fronts. They also wear red straight skirts with overlapped slit on the right, waistbands and waist hoops made of rattan and bamboo. 3. The Naxi nationality has a long history and excellent traditional culture. In modern times, women like to wear red, blue or purple laced blouses, long double-layered pleated skirts, waistbands and embroidered shoes. They wear their hair in buns with either hats or kerchiefs over them. While working or going out, they put on their "seven-star" capes made of sheepskin and embroidered with two big circles and seven small ones, while is a symbol of their frog totem. 4. The dress and adorment of the Jinuo people is simple, elegant and has its own unique characteristics. Men usually wear white buttonless shirts with round necks and an opening on the front, knee-length bagged trousers and legging. They wear cloth turbans, earrings and also put small bamboo or silver pipes in the holes of their earlobes. Women wear short buttonless blouses with round necks and seven coloured stripes and thin tight-fitting or embroidered triangular underwear. 5. The dress and ardorment of the Benglong (De' ang) nationality has its own strong national colour. Most of the men wear jackets with buttons arranged diagonally on the front, loose, short trousers and black or white turbans. Some young men like to wear eardrops and silver necklaces. Women's dress and adornment differs according to various branches. For example, the women of the Bielie and Liang branches have their hair shaved and wear black turbans. They use large square silver tablets as buttons and wear blue or black blouses with buttons down the front. 6. Oai men usually wear trousers, white or blue cloth turbans and round-necked shirts with buttons down the front or arranged diagonally on the front. Women usually wear long straight skirt and blouses. But dress and adornment varies in regions. 7. The Bai nationality dress and adornment has unique national style. The dress fabrics are mainly cotton cloth, silk and velvet. Men usually wear red velvet vests over white shirts with buttons down the front or black velvet vests over light blue shirts. They also wear white of blue turbans and carry satchels with beautiful embroidered designs over their shoulders. Women usually wear red velvet vests over white blouses, or black vests over light-coloured blouses.