• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 2001

The pain was induced on upper and lower incisor of the rat based on the theory of 'connections of upper incisor pain with stomach meridian and lower incisor pain with large intestine meridian'. Such acupoints as ST36 and LI4 were used for alleviation of upper and lower incisor pain. The digastric myogram (dEMG) was utilized for the pain measurement. The upper incisor pain was gradually decreased during ST36 stimulation and significant differences were observed at 20 and 25 minute point during 60 minutes study. The upper incisor pain was gradually decreased during LI4 acupuncture and 20 minute was the only point that showed a significant difference. The alleviation of lower incisor pain was not obvious during the ST36 acupuncture. The lower incisor pain was gradually decreased during LI4 stimulation with significant differences at 15, 20 and 40 minute point. In conclusion, the upper incisor pain was relieved with ST36 and LI4 acupuncture while LI4 was effective on the lower incisor pain alleviation based on the theory of 'connections of upper incisor pain with stomach meridian and lower incisor pain with large intestine meridian'.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.25-34
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate that effect of Angelica gigas NAKAI pharmacopuncture(AGN-Ph) by concentration at $ST_{36}$(足三里) and $BL_{23}$(腎兪) in Freund's adjuvant rats. Methods : The experimental model of arthritis was induced by injection of Freund's adjuvant into Sprague Dawley(SD) rats. After arthritis was induced, AGN-Ph was injected by concentration at $ST_{36}$ and $BL_{23}$ of rats every other day for 6 times. Thereafter, edema rate, body weight, IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, hematologic assay were measured. Results : The results were as follows, 1. After 3 times AGN-Ph treatment, the mean of edema rate was significantly decreased in AGN-Ph group 3 than control group. And after 6 times AGN-Ph treatment, the mean of edema rate was significantly decreased in AGN-Ph group 1, 2, 3 than control group. 2. The mean of body weight was significantly increased in AGN-Ph group 1, 3 than control group and saline group. 3. The mean of IFN-${\gamma}$ was significantly increased in AGN-Ph group 3 than control group. 4. The mean of TNF-${\alpha}$ was significantly increased in saline group than control group. But the mean of TNF-${\alpha}$ in AGN-Ph group 2, 3 showed no significance compared with control group's. 5. In hematologic assay, levels of WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit showed no significance in all groups. Conclusions : These results are suggest that the Angelica gigas NAKAI pharmacopuncture(AGN-Ph) at $ST_{36}$ and $BL_{23}$ has a suppressing inflammation effect on Freund's adjuvant arthritis in rats.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.290-297
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• 2003

To describe vertical distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in bottom sediments from Gwangyang Bay, three short-core sediment samples were collected with a gravity core sampler on 24 August 2001: St. 1 core (27.5 cm) in the northeastern part of the bay, St. 14 core (30.5 cm) in the southwestern part, and St. 16 core (25.9 cm) near Yeosu Sound. Total cyst densities generally decreased from the top of the sediment samples through the bottom. The highest cyst densities were observed at 2-3 cm in St. 1 core, 4-5 cm in St. 14 core, and 0-1 cm in St. 16 core respectavely. Living cysts were observed till the bottom of the sediment samples. The increase of heterotrophic dinoflagellate cyst proportion may indicate that the eutrophication process was recently escalated in the study area.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.300-305
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• 2011

The present study was investigated the neuroprotective effects of acupuncture at ST36 on learning and memory deficits after transient cerebral ischemia in a gerbil model. The animals were randomly divided into three groups (n=7 in each group): the sham operation group (SHAM), ischemia-induced and ST36 acupuncture group (ISC + ST36), and the ischemia-induced and Tail-acupuncture group (ISC + TAIL). For the acupuncture stimulation, stainless steel needles, 0.3 mm in diameter, were inserted bilaterally into the ST36 locus or the tail and stimulated for 1 min/day for 14 days. Using the Morris water maze test, the animals were tested on spatial learning and memory. In addition, the effects of acupuncture on memory storage and the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, in the hippocampal CA1 area, were investigated by ChAT immunohistochemistry. Transient cerebral ischemia produced impaired performance on the MWM test (DAY 5: p<0.01 and retention test: p<0.05) and severely decreased ChAT immunoreactivity in the CA1 hippocampal area compared to the SHAM group (p<0.05). However, improved learning and memory were observed (DAY 5: p<0.05 and retention test: p<0.01) as well as a significantly reduced loss of ChAT immunoactivity in the hippocampal CA1 region (p<0.001) after acupuncture stimulation at ST36 were observed. These results show that acupuncture at ST36 ameliorated the learning and memory deficits at least in part through the cholinergic system. The findings of this study provide potential data that acupuncture is useful for the treatment of some of the behavioral impairs of transient cerebral ischemia.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.197-211
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• 2008

Objectives : We studied on anti-allergic effects of Arctii Fructus Herbal Acupuncture(AFHA) and Arctii Fructus Herbal Acupuncture Solution(AF). Methods : In vivo, Animals were herbal-acupunctured AFHA at both ST36 three times for 5 days. Then, we investigated compound 48/80-induced active systemic anaphylaxis(ASA) using ICR mice and anti-DNP IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) using Sprague Dawley rat. In vitro, we measured cell viability, b-hexosaminidase, IL-4 and TNF-a release from RBL-2H3 cells after treatment of AF of various concentrations. Results : In vivo, AFHA pretreatments at both ST36 inhibited compound 48/80-induced ASA. PCA was inhibited by AFHA pretreatments at both ST36. In vitro, AF treatments were not affect on cell viability and inhibited b-hexosaminidase, IL-4 and TNF-a release. Conclusions : These results suggest that AFHA and AF may be beneficial in the inhibition of allergic inflammatory response.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.213-227
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• 2008

Objectives : We studied on anti-allergic effects of Semen Perillae Herbal Acupuncture(SPHA) and Semen Perillae Herbal Acupuncture Solution(SP). Methods : In vivo, Animals were herbal-acupunctured SPHA at both ST36 three times for 5 days. Then, we investigated compound 48/80-induced active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) using ICR mice and anti-DNP IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) using Sprague Dawley rat. In vitro, we measured cell viability, b-hexosaminidase release, IL-4 and TNF-a from RBL-2H3 cells after treatment of SP of various concentrations. Results : In vivo, SPHA pretreatments at both ST36 inhibited compound 48/80-induced ASA. PCA was inhibited by SPHA pretreatments at both ST36 and optional points. In vitro, SP treatments were not affect on cell viability and inhibited b-hexosaminidase release, IL-4 and TNF-a. Conclusions : These results suggest that SPHA and SP may be beneficial in the inhibition of allergic inflammatory response.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2012

Identification was performed in March 2008 for the 76 Enterococcus strains isolated from the Han-river, which is used as water supply for Seoul citizens. The antibiotic susceptibility, antibiotic resistant structural analysis, trans-conjugation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were also carried out for the isolated strains. Among the isolated strains, 25 strains were E. casseliflavus, 4 strains were E. faecalis and 1 strain was E. hirae. Investigation of antibiotic susceptibility indicated that 15 strains demonstrated tolerance against vancomycin, and that 11 strains of E. faecium and 4 strains of E. casseliflavus were VRE. The vanA gene detection of the VRE strains revealed that 6 E. faecium strains were vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) possessing vanA. Analyses of transposon Tn1546 structure containing vanA demonstrated that Km36 and Km37 belonged to Tn1 type, Km20 and Km38 was Tn2 type, and Km39 and Km40 was Tn3 type. PFGE disclosed that among the 6 VREF strains, Km36 and Km37 exhibited equivalent subtype, while the rest 4 strains showed subtypes different to each other. MLST for the 6 VREF strains disclosed that 3 strains were ST78, while the rest 3 strains were ST18, ST192 and ST230, respectively. All these clonal complexes were derived from CC17 which has been isolated from clinical sources. 4 strains belonged to CC78, while the rest 2 strains were CC18 and CC192, respectively.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.1 s.29
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• pp.57-64
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• 1990

Since the reservoir of leptospires organism is consisted of a broad spectrum of animals, the best method of prevention is vaccination. The clinical trial of leptospires vaccine conducted on human volunteer for its immunogenicity and safety. Summarized results are as following : 1. The Oral temperature among vaccinated group ranged from $36.7{\pm}0.46^{\circ}C\;to\;37.0{\pm}0.34^{\circ}C$, while in placebo injected group it ranged from $36.4{\pm}0.46^{\circ}C\;to\;36.7{\pm}0.53^{\circ}C$. There was no association between vaccination and fever (p>0.05) 2. Mild local reactions revealed in vaccinees were swelling (50-75% ), Redness($75{\sim}90%$), and induration ($25{\sim}40%$). Placebo injected group revealed only redness in 12.5% in 1st injection and 37.5% in second injection. The duration local reactions on injection site for th vaccinees and place groups disappeared within 48 hours. 3. Generalized Symptoms complained by the vaccinees were myalgia (25%), back pain(15%), headache (15%), pruritus(15%), and abdominal pain(10%), whereas placebo group complained of headache (25%), myalgia(12.5%), back pain(12.5%), pain in eyes(12.5%), abdominal pain(12.5%) pruritus (12.5%) and nausea(12.5%). 4. The serological test(MAT) of vaccinees showed geometric mean antibody titer as follows : a. L. icterohemorrhagiae lai 1 week after 1st vaccination : 22.45 1 week after 2nd vaccination : 111.23 3 week after 2nd vaccination : 266.64 b. L. canicola canicola 1 week after 1st vaccination : 24.62 1 week after 2nd vaccination : 123.92 3 week after 2nd vaccination : 276.55 c. L. icterohemorrhagiae copenhageni 1 week after 1st vaccination : 28.28 1 week after 2nd vaccination : 128.55 3 week after 2nd vaccination : 247.88 Whereas all of the place injected group showed below 1:20 titers. The sero-conversion rate of vaccinees were 100 percent.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.91-104
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effect of herbal acupuncture(Angelica gigas, Astragalus membranaceus) at Chun-wan(CV-12) and Chok-Samni(ST36) on weight gain, food intake, food efficiency, serum of lipid concentrations, liver function and HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio of rats fed high fat diet for diet for 5 weeks. Methods : Experimental groups were divided into normal group, high fat diet group(Control), high fat diet and Angelica gigas herbal acupuncture at CV12 and ST36 treated group(HA-1), high fat diet and Astragalus membranaceus herbal acupuncture at CV12 and ST36 treated Group(HA-2), high fat diet and Astragalus membranaceus herbal acupuncture at CV12 and ST36 treated Group(HA-3). Herbal acupuncture was bilaterally treated at the level of 16.7 ul/kg body weight per day. Results : Body weight were significantly decreased on 15th and 20th day in HA-1, HA-2, and decresed on 25th and 30th day in all the groups. Food intake were increased on 20th day and after were decreased on 30th day in HA-1 and HA-2. And food intake of HA-3 were decreased on 10th day and after were increased on 20th and 25th day. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and ALT were significantly decreased in HA-1, HA-2 and HA-3 groups compared with control group. HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio were significantly increased in HA-1, HA-2 and HA-3 groups compared with control group. And food efficiency were significantly decreased in HA-1 and HA-3 groups compared with control group. Especially HDL-cholesterol were increased in HA-1 Group. Conclusions : Herbal acupuncture using Angelica gigas and Astragalus membranaceus at CV12 and ST36 can manage obesity by controlling body weight, food intake and food efficiency ratio.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2004

Objectives and methods : To study on the anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement effects of Herbal-acupuncture with Sinomenii acuti Lignum infusion solution(SAL-HAS), we injected Sinomenii acuti Lignum infusion solution into Joksamni$(ST_{36})$ of C57BL/6 mouse which is corresponding to human Joksamni(ST36). We observed its effect on the number of $CD25^+/CD4^+,\;CD8^+/CD3e^+,\;CD69^+/B220^+,\;NK1.1^+/CD3e^+$ cells in mouse PBMCs(peripheral blood mononuclear cells), the number of the pulmonary colony, and the effect on MST(mean survival time) and ILS(increase in MST over control) of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma. Results and Conclusions : 1. The spleen cells proliferation of the sample groups treated with SAL-HAS extract has increased significantly compared with that of the control group. 2. The percentage of the $CD25^+/CD4^+,\;CD8^+/CD3e^+,\;CD69^+/B220^+,\;NK1.1^+/CD3e^+$ cells in C57BL/6 mouse PBMCs of the sample groups treated with SAL-HAS has increased compared with that of the control group. 3. The pulmonary colony number of the sample groups SAL-HAS has decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. 4. MST and ILS of the sample groups SAL-HAS have increased significantly compared with those of the control group.