• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-107
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• 2002

Recently, the industrialized world is suffering from accidents referring from the lack of safety consciousness. According to Korean Safety Regulation Department(1996), students at junior high schools are mostly involved in safety accidents, and this is due to lack of safety consciousness. To prevent these accidents, we need to have safety consciousness and attitude. To make junior high school students who are mostly affected in these accidents act safely, they need to know their level of safety consciousness. The purpose of this study is to develop a guideline of measuring the scale of safety consciousness and analyze the relationship between safety education, accident experiences and safety consciousness. This study is based on a survey of 708 junior high students in Seoul, which was carried out from 12 November, 2001 to 21 November, 2001. 1. The main fields of safety consciousness are home safety, school safety, fire safety, emergency management based on documents. Home safety is again divided into facility safety and livelihood safety, school safety is divided into facility safety, livelihood safety and laboratory safety, traffic safety is divided into pedestrian safety, bicycling safety and public transportation safety, fire safety divided into prevention and escaping during fire breakouts, emergency management safety is divided into general principles and escaping during emergency situations. 2. The primary safety consciousness scale was made according to every field of safety consciousness. A preliminary examination based on the scale and a study of reliance and the factors was held. Based on these results, 27 questions which were concerned to be impairing reliability or lacking in factor were deleted on the secondary safety consciousness scale development The secondary safety consciousness scale which constituted of 73 questions was put into another preliminary study and after analyzing reliability and the factors, 12 questions of low reliabilities were deleted and with these results, the third scale were made consisting of 61 questions. 3. A study based on the third safety scale which is made of 61 questions, were held and with a analysis of the reliability and factors made, the relationship between safety education, accident experience and safety mind were examined. (1) The study of reliability and factors show that Cronbach's coefficient in home safety fields is .7598, in school safety .7924, in traffic safety .8306, in emergency treatment .7775, in fire safety .7247. The questions indicating low reliability were deleted. The factor analysis revealed that home safety is converged on facility safety and livelihood safety. But one question was deleted because it showed incongruence of validity. School safety was converged on facility safety, livelihood safety and laboratory safety. But 2 questions showed incongruence of validity and these were deleted. Traffic safety fields were converged on pedestrian safety, bicycle safety and public transportation safety. One question showing incongruence of validity was deleted. Emergency treatment fields converged on general principles and acting in emergency situations and three questions showing incongruence of validity were deleted. Fire safety was converged on prevention and acting in fire breakouts. Totally, eight questions were removed and the final scale were consisted of 53 questions (2) The 3/sup rd/ grade students scored higher average safety mind scales than 1st graders(p〈.05). And students who had high scores at school tend to have a higher scale than those who do not(p〈.001). (3) Average scale of students who had experience in safety education were higher(p〈.001). Students who had previously been involved in home safety accidents had a low score(p〈.001). This was same to students with experience in school safety accidents(p〈.001). Students with traffic safety accidents and fire safety accidents tend to have a lower scale too(p〈.05, p〈.001).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.645-653
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to develop a Pulsed Magnetic Fields(PMFs) system which can produce effects locally and simulate muscular tissues equally. To evaluate the PMFs system we caused DOMS(Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness) to subjects in biceps of the arm. Then, we stimulated acupoint HT2 using PMFs(20 minutes) and TEAS(20 minutes) for 2 days. The other subjects did not stimulate. Then we checked body surface temperature in biceps of the arm. All subjects had an asymmetrical body surface temperature in biceps after exercise(Non-stimulation group=$2.00{\pm}1.16^{\circ}C$, TEAS group=$1.73{\pm}0.52^{\circ}C$, PMFs group=$1.48{\pm}0.51^{\circ}C$). After 1st stimulation all subjects had decreased temperature differences(Non-stimulation group=$1.37{\pm}0.71^{\circ}C$, TEAS group=$1.08{\pm}0.43^{\circ}C$, PMFs group=$1.23{\pm}0.15^{\circ}C$). PMFs group had a symmetry body surface temperature after 24 hours($0.05{\pm}0.06^{\circ}C$) and TEAS group had that after 48 hours($0.1{\pm}0.08^{\circ}C$). Non-stimulation group did not recovery after 48 hours($0.37{\pm}0.06^{\circ}C$). Therefore, PMFs on acupoint had an therapeutic effect in DOMS.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.69-92
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• 2018

North Korea conducted a total of six nuclear tests from the 1st test of 2006 to September, 2017. North Korea developed an armed forces security strategy at the level of regime protection and defense to respond to U.S. hostile policy. However, it is certain that strategic goals of North Korea's nuclear test were to overcome a crisis in North Korea's regime through US-North Korea negotiation and complete nuclear armed forces for socialist unification on the Korean Peninsula. North Korea's continuous nuclear test is a direct factor in threatening peace on the Korean Peninsula and an indirect factor in security dynamics of Northeast Asia. The U.N. Security Council has enforced sanctions against North Korea through six resolutions against North Korea's reckless nuclear test for the past 10 years. However, Kim Jong-Un's regime is in a position to stick to simultaneous pursuit of nuclear and economic development in spite of anti-North sanction of international society including U.N. and U.S.A. It is understood that North Korea was stimulated to conduct intense nuclear test as U.N. and U.S.A's anti-North sanction was not effective on North Korea. Full-scale and local wars are expected as military options, one of anti-North sanctions of the Trump administration. The Trump administration has attempted diplomatic pressure strategy as a secondary boycott unlike previous administrations. Nevertheless, North Korea has stood against U.N. and U.S.A's anti-North sanction with brinkmanship tactics, announcing full-scale military confrontation against U.S. It is judged that North Korea will pursue simultaneous nuclear weapons and economic development in terms of regime survival. North Korea will have less strategic choices in that its regime may collapse because of realistic national strategy between U.S.A. and China.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.27-38
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• 1993

In this study, we investigated the grinding and sedimentation(elutriation) process of the dusts for the effective separation of high purity iron and iron oxides. For characterization of the dust, particle size distribution and chemical composition, were examined. The results obtained in this study may be summarized as follows : 1. The converter CF(clarifier) dust of the Pohang 1st, 2nd steel making factory and EC(Evaporation Cooler), EP(Eltrostatic precititator) dust of the Kwangyang 2nd steel making factory are composed $\alpha$-Fe(21~50%), FeO(wustite)$Fe_3$$O_4$(magnetite), $Fe_2$$O_3$, CaO, $Al_2$$O_3$, $SiO_2$, and etc. 2. Pure iron has ductile characteristic in nature, particle size of the pure iron increase by increasing the grinding time. On the other hand, it is conformed that bo고 particles of hematite and magnetite become less than 325 mesh after 10 minutes grinding. 3. By applying the elutriation technique for the EC dust of the Kwangyang 2nd steel making factory, the iron powder of high content more than 99.17% of pure Fe was recovered with 37.8% yield at grinding time for 40 minutes. 4. By applying the elutriation technique for the CF dust of the Pohang 2nd steel making factory, the iron powder of high content more than 98.38% of pure Fe was recovered with 44.42% yield at grinding time for 40 minutes. 5. When magnetic separation was performed using plastic bonding magnet of 70 gauss, more than 98% Fe grade of iron powder was recovered in the size range +65 -200 mesh but the recovery of it was low.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.572-576
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• 2010

Biological products, such as live varicella vaccine, are composed of biological substances derived from biological organisms. It is very difficult to identify these biologics' characteristics by analysis of simple physical and chemical methods alone. So the reference material is essential in order to evaluate the quality of bilogics. The 1'st national standard for varicella live vaccine was manufactured, established in 2002 and 2003, and have been used for the manufacturer's quality control and national lot release since then. As the lack of its availability and the decrease of its stability, this study was initiated by National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NiFDS) in 2008 to manufacture and establish the 2nd national standard for varicella live vaccine. The candidate material was manufactured from one of domestic manufacterers and the joint research of the NiFDS and manufacturers of varicella live vaccine was conducted to estimate of the reliable virus content. In the collaborative study, 3 laboratories including NiFDS performed the virus content test more than 7 times and all assay results were statistically analyzed. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) was 1.24%, and the geometric mean titre (GMT) variation range of each laboratory was low. On the basis of the results of this study, the candidate material of 2nd national standard for varicella live vaccine was assigned a potency of 4.26 log10 pfu/0.5 mL, when reconstituted in 0.7 mL.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2006

This study was undertaken to compare the tooth and arch size between crowding patient and normal subjects. Two group of dental casts were selected on the basis of crowding patients and normal subjects. One group, consisting of 40 pair of dental casts(20 male and 20 female), exhibited noncrowded dentitions. A second group, consisting of 40 pairs of dental cast(21 male and 21 female), exhibited remarkably crowding need for orthodontic treatment. Tooth width measurements were made with a sliding digital caliper with Vernier scale neared 0.01 mm. Mean, standard deviation, T-test of the following parameters were used to compare two group : individual mesiodistal crown widths, arch width and arch length. The following result were obtained. In the mesiodistal crown widths, normal subjects had generalized larger teeth than Wheeler's results(human tooth size index), except for maxillary central incisor, maxillary 2nd premolar, mandibular canine, and mandibular 1st molar. In the orthodontic patients with crowded dentitions, the mesiodistal tooth crown widths were generalized larger teeth than noncrowded normal subjects. In the arch width and arch length, the crowded dentition group had smaller arch width and arch length than the normal group.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.521-526
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long term effect of school-based oral health program on decrease of dental caries among elementary school children. The subjects of this study were total 727 students of one elementary school in Deagu, Korea. They had received school-based oral health programs for more than one year since 2004. This school-based oral health program included regular oral examination, fluoride mouth-rinsing, pit-and-fissure sealing, APF gel application, tooth brushing instruction and take the xylitol tablet after lunch during school days. The subjects' oral health status were examined by two calibrated dentists every year from 2004 to 2009. The DMFS index of $1^{st}$ grade to $6^{th}$ grade experimental and control group was 0.07, 0.39, 0.55, 0.67, 0.81, 1.79 and 0.31, 0.86, 1.07, 1.04, 2.71, 3.08 respectively. It's significantly different in $5^{th}$ grade(p<0.001) and $6^{th}$ grade(p=0.018) when it compare with control group. This study partially showed effect of school-based oral health programs on decrements of dental caries. This program should be expanded widely among elementary school in Korea. Xylitol tablet also recommended to included in school-based oral health programs.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.547-594
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• 2000

I. Introduction The essence of Oriental medicine consists of ancient books, experienced doctors and succeeded skills of common society. Many famous doctors studied medical science by their fathers or teachers. So the history of medical science is long. $\ll$DangDaeMyeongIImJeungJeongHwa(當代名醫臨證精華)$\gg$ written by SaWoogWang(史宇廣) and DanSeoGeon(單書健) has many medical experience of famous doctors. So it has important historical value. Bi(痺) means blocking. BiJeung is one kind of symptoms making muscles, bones and jonts feel pain, numbness or edema. For example it can be gout or SLE etc. So I studied ${\ll}BiJeungJuJip{\gg}$. II. Final Decision Following decisions of Chinese doctors of 20th century are as follows ; 1. JuYangChun(朱良春) emphasized on IkSinJangDok(益腎壯督) to treat BiJeong. And he devided WanBi(頑痺) as PungHanSeup(風寒濕), DamEo(痰瘀), YeolDok(熱毒), SinHeo(腎虛). He used insects for medicine. 2. ChoSuDoek(焦樹德) introduced past prescription. He used ChiBiTang(治痺湯) to treat HaengBi(行痺), TongBi(痛痺), ChakBi(着痺). He insisted that Han(寒; coldness) and Seup(濕; dampness) be Eum(陰) and Pung(風; wind) can change his character to be Eum. After all BiJeung is usually EumJeung. So he used GaeJi(桂枝) and BuJa(附子). By the way he used ChungYeolSanBiTang(淸熱散痺湯) for YeolBi, BoSinGeoHanChiWangTang SaBok(王士福) emphasized on the importance of medicine. He introduced many treatments like CheongYeol(情熱) for YeolBi and YiO(二烏) for HanBi. And he divided BiJeung period for three steps. At 1st step, we must use GeoSa(祛邪), at 2nd step, we must use BuJeong(扶正) and at 3rd step, we must use BoHyeol(補血), he insisted. And he introduced many herbs to treat BiJeung. 4. JeongGwangJeok(丁光迪) said that GaeJi(桂枝), MaHwang(麻黃), OYak(烏蘖) and BuJa(附子) are very important for TongRak(通絡). And pain usually results from Han(寒), so he liked to use hot-character herbs. 5. MaGi(馬志) insisted that BiJeung usually result from ChilJeong(七情). And he liked to use insects for treatment of BiJeung. 6. WeolSeokMu(越錫武) introduced 8 kinds of treatments and divided BiJeung period. Also he divided BeJeung for PungBi(風痺), HanBi(寒痺) and SeupBi(濕痺). 7. SeoGeaHam(徐季含) observed many patients and concluded that 86.7% of BiJeung is HeuJeung(虛症). 8. YuJiMyeong(劉志明) said that YeolBi is important and CheongYeol is also important. So he emphasized on DangGyuiJeomTongTang(當歸拈痛湯) and SeonBiTang(宣痺湯). 9. WangLiChu(汪履秋) studied cause of WanBi. Internal cause is GiHyeolHeo(氣血虛) and GanSinHeo(肝腎虛) and external cause is SaGi(邪氣) he insisted. 10. WangSaSang(王士相) said that YeolBi can be SeupYeolBi or EumHeuYeolBi(陰虛熱痺) and HanSeupBi(寒濕痺) is rare. He use WooBangJaSan(牛蒡子散) and BangPungHwan(防風丸) for SeupYeolBi, DangGyuiSaYeokTang(當歸四逆湯) for HanSeupBi. 11. JinTaekGang(陳澤江) treated YeolBi with BaekHoGaGyeJiTang(自虎加桂枝湯) and SaMyoSan(四妙散). If they don't have effect, he tried to cure BiJeung step by step. And he used e term of GeunBi(筋痺) and BangGiMogwaEIInTang(防己木瓜薏苡仁湯) was good for GeunBi. 12. MaSeoJeong(麻瑞亭) said that PungSeupYeokJeul(風濕歷節) is BiJeung and it is related to GanBinSin(肝脾腎; liver, Spleen, Kindey). And he emphasized on balance WiGi(衛氣) and YoungHeul(營血). 13. SaJeJu(史濟桂) said that GeunGolBi(筋骨痺) is similar to arthritis and sometimes called ChakBi. And SinBi(腎痺) is terminal stage of ChakBi, he said. He also used insects for treatment. 14. JeongJeNam(丁濟南) tried to cure SLE and used GyeJi, CheonCho(川椒), SinGeunCho(伸筋草), SunRyeongBi(仙靈脾), HyconSam(玄蔘) and GamCho(甘草). 15. JinGYungHwa(陳景和) emphasized on diagnosis of tongue. If the color of tongue is blue, it usually has EoHyeol(瘀血), for example. And he also used insects. 16. JuSongI(朱松毅) tried to devide YeolBi with OnByeong(溫病), Wi(衛), Gi(氣) and Hyeol(血). 17. RuDaBong(蔞多峰) said that JyeongHeo(正虛), OiSa(外邪) and EoHyeol are closely related. And he explained BiJeung by deviding the body into the part, for example head, neck, shoulder, waist, upper limb and lower limb. 18. YuMuBo(劉茂甫) defined PungHanSyubBi as chronic stage and YeolBi as acute stage.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2012

We produced Hwanggiju (added 0.5~2.0% of ground Astragali Radix compared to starch contents) and investigated the physicochemical characteristics, DPPH free radical scavenging activities, polyphenol contents, and sensory evaluation. For all treatments, the initial pH was 3.9~4.1 and gradually decreased for 6 days from the 1st mashing day, and then rapidly increased to 4.67. As the fermentation proceeded, total acid contents increased in most of the treatments, reduced temporarily after the 2nd mashing time because of the addition of starch material and water, and then slightly rose again. There were little changes in pH and total acid contents followed by adding ground Astragali Radix (AR) to the fermentation periods. Amino acidities of all treatments showed patterns of which consistently rose as the fermentation proceeded and slightly reduced followed by increasing the addition rate of ground AR to the mashes. Soluble solid and alcohol contents also increased continuously and there were few differences among the treatments followed by adding to the ground AR rate. In color, there was no differences in L value, but a and b value showed significant differences by adding ground AR rate. In DPPH free radical scavenging activities, the control (no AR added) showed 53.6% and when grinded AR added, there were improving effects of the activities (0.52~6.9%). In polyphenol contents, the control was 1.05 mg/mL and the ground AR added treatments increased slightly. In the sensory evaluation, the control received a relatively high score ($5.0{\pm}1.0$), and the treatments which added 0.5% ground AR during the 2nd mashing time were also well received ($4.5{\pm}1.3$).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.135-151
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• 2017

Waterbirds were surveyed once a week from Oct. 2015 to Apr. 2016 to study the conditions of temperature of staying waterbirds on Wonju-Stream. The population staying on Wonju-Stream was in inverse proportion to the temperature change; birds increased as the temperature went down, and showed the highest peak counts on the 16th(27-Jan) survey, which was the lowest in temperature. decreasing as the temperature rose. The total population of Wonju River water birds increased with increasing freezing rate in proportion to the freezing rate of nearby reservoirs and tributaries. To clarify the relation of the numbers of the birds to temperature fluctuation, the correlation of the first period of wintering (1st~16th) and that of the later period(17th~27th) as well as the whole period was surveyed, based on the 16th which was the lowest in temperature. While most wintering waterbirds showed a negative correlation to the temperature, Egretta garzetta, Phalacrocorax carbo, and Ardea cinerea were positive in temperature relativity. Anas poecilorhyncha was in the highest relation to temperature fluctuation showing (7D/H3A(r=-0.960, P<0.000000001)) at 1-16 correlation(Cor.), with the whole wintering waterbird species showing the maximum correlation at 4D/LA in the every correlation(1~27Cor.(r=-0.942, P<0.01), 1~16Cor.(r=-0.947, P<0.01), 16~27Cor.(r=-0.958, P<0.01)). Each waterbird showed the correlation to the temperature variation(AT, HT, LT) and th duration(1D~7D) depending on the species differently. Most species demonstrated a bigger correlation to the lowest temperature rather than to the highest temperature. During the first half period of the wintering with the temperature falling it showed a high correlation to the temperature at the duration of 4D~7D, While it was for D1~D3 during the next half period.