• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2001

The NOAA AVHRR remotely sensed SST data, collected by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), are analyzed in order to understand the spatial and temporal distributions of SST in the sea near korea. Our study is based on 10-day SST images during last 7 years (1991-1997). For a time series analysis of multiple SST images, all of images must be consistent exactly at the same position by adjusting the scales and positions of each SST image. We devised an algorithm which automatically detects cloud pixels from multiple SST images. The cloud detection algorithm is based on a physical constraint that SST anomalies in the ocean do not exceed certain limits (we used $\pm$3$^{\circ}C$ as a criterion of SST anomalies). The remotely sensed SST data are tuned by comparing remotely sensed data with observed SST at coastal stations. Seasonal variations of SST are studied by harmonic fit of SST normals at each pixel and the SST anomalies are studied by statistical method. It was found that the SST anomalies are rather persistent for one or two months. Utilizing the persistency of SST anomalies, we devised an algorithm for a prediction of future SST. In the Markov lprocess model of SST anomalies, autoregression coefficients of SST anomalies during a time elapse of 10 days are between 0.5 and 0.7. The developed algorithm with automatic cloud pixel detection and rediction of future SST is expected to be incorporated to the operational real time service of SST around Korea.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.993-996
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• 2006

NOAA operational bulk SST product (Reynolds et al, 2002) is very popular global SST data sets and is extensively used for various studies. However, the original time resolution is weekly and relatively large. On the other hand, there exist many new global SST data sets at present. In this study, we compare many global SST data sets including NOAA operational bulk SST product, CAOS OI SST product, Microwave Optimum Interpolation (MWOI) SST, Real Time Global (RTG) SST and JMA merged satellite and in situ Global Daily (MGD) SST.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.251-270
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to make a general overview of SST-Based(Self-Service Technology Based) services and understand SST-Based service failure by users and service recovery strategy based on attribution theory. To achieve these purposes, the study reviewed literature related to the unique characteristics of SST-Based service and user studies of SST-Based service. As a result, it was found that there are no significant differences between general SST-Based service and library SST-Based service. In addition, this study suggested appropriate service recovery strategies of service failure by users through the understanding of attribution theory. The finding was that the most important SST-Based service recovery strategy is to improve technical service quality of the services.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.236-241
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• 1998

The NOAA AVHRR remote sense SST data, collected by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), are analyzed in order to understand the spatial and temporal distributions of SST in the seas adjacent to Korea. Our study is based on 10-day SST images during last 7 years (1991-1997). For a time series analysis of multiple 557 images, all of images must be aligned exactly at the same position by adjusting the scales and positions of each SST image. We devised an algorithm which yields automatic detections of cloud pixels from multiple SST images. The cloud detection algorithm is based on a physical constraint that SST anomalies in the ocean do not exceed certain limits (we used $\pm$ 3$^{\circ}C$ as a criterion of SST anomalies). The remote sense SST data are tuned by comparing remote sense data with observed SST at coastal stations. Seasonal variations of SST are studied by harmonic fit of SST normals at each pixel. The SST anomalies are studied by statistical method. We found that the SST anomalies are rather persistent with time scales between 1 and 2 months. Utilizing the persistency of SST anomalies, we devised an algorithm for a prediction of future SST Model fit of SST anomalies to the Markov process model yields that autoregression coefficients of SST anomalies during a time elapse of 10 days are between 0.5 and 0.7. We plan to improve our algorithms of automatic cloud pixel detection and prediction of future SST. Our algorithm is expected to be incorporated to the operational real time service of SST around Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2003

We have previously reported that expression of the somatostatin receptor subtypes, sst1-5, is differentially regulated by growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH) and forskolin (FSK), in vitro. GHRH binds to membrane receptors selectively located on pituitary somatotropes, activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) and increases sst1 and sst2 and decreases sst5 mRNA levels, without significantly altering the expression of sst3 and sst4. In contrast FSK directly activates AC in all pituitary cell types and increases sst1 and sst2 mRNA levels and decreases sst3, sst4 and sst5 expression. Two explanations could account for these differential effects: 1) GHRH inhibits sst3 and sst4 expression in somatotropes, but this inhibitory effect is masked by expression of these receptors in unresponsive pituitary cell types, and 2) FSK inhibits sst3 and sst4 expression levels in pituitary cell types other than somatotropes. To differentiate between these two possibilities, somatotropes were sequentially labeled with monkey anti-rat GH antiserum, biotinylated goat anti-human IgG, and streptavidin-PE and subsequently purified by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). The resultant cell population consisted of 95% somatotropes, as determined by GH immunohistochemistry using a primary GH antiserum different from that used for FACS sorting. Purified somatotropes were cultured for 3 days and treated for 4 h with vehicle, GHRH (10 nM) or FSK ($10{\mu}M$). Total RNA was isolated by column extraction and specific receptor mRNA levels were determined by semi-quantitative multiplex RT-PCR. Under basal conditions, the relative expression levels of the various somatostatin receptor subtypes were sst2＞sst5＞sst3=sst1＞ sst4. GHRH treatment increased sst1 and sst2 mRNA levels and decreased sst3, sst4 and sst5 mRNA levels in purified somatotropes, comparable to the effects of FSK on purified somatotropes and mixed pituitary cell cultures. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GHRH acutely modulates the expression of all somatostatin receptor subtypes within GH-producing cells and its actions are likely mediated by activation of AC.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.3_4
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• pp.173-179
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• 2000

Recent changes in the coastal sea surface temperatures (SST) in Korea are studied by time series analysis of daily SST data during the last 60 years (1936-1995) at 18 coastal observation stations of the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute. The climate of coastal SST in Korea are rapidly changing in recent years. General trends of coast SST changes in Korea are as follows. The annual averages of SST are increasing. The annual ranges of SST variation are decreasing. The winter SST are increasing while the summer SST have a decreasing tendency. Climatic changes in coastal SST in recent 30 years (1965-1995) are more pronounced than those in the last 60 years (1936-1995). The observed trend of coast SST implies that the climate in Korea shows a tendency to shift from temperate zone to subtropical zone.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2001

A practical algorithm for prediction of the sea surface temperatures (SST)from the satellite remote sensing data is presented in this paper. The fluctuations of SST consist of deterministic normals and stochastic anomalies. Due to large thermal inertia of sea water, the SST anomalies can be modelled by autoregressive or Markov process, and its near future values can be predicted provided the recent values of SST are available. The actual SST is predicted by superposing the pre-known SST normals and the predicted SST anomalies. We applied this prediction algorithm to the NOAA AVHRR weekly SST data for 18 years (1981-1998) in the seas adjacent to Korea (115-$145^{\circ}E$, 20-$55^{\circ}N$). The algorithm is applicable not only for prediction of SST in near future but also for nowcast of SST in the cloud covered regions.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.131-136
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• 1999

박리를 수반하는 진동하는 이차원 익형 주위의 비정상 유동장에 대해 SST 난류 모델을 이용하여 해석을 수행하였다. SST 모델은 정상 유동장 해석에서 기존의 난류 모델에 비해 우수한 성능을 보인다고 알려져 있으나 큰 박리영역에서 공력 계수의 진동 현상을 보이는 등 비정상 유동장 해석에 문제점을 보이고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 공력 계수의 진동 현상이 SST 모델을 이차원으로 확장하는 과정에서 발생한 것임을 밝히고 이에 대한 보완을 통하여 수정된 SST 모델을 제시하고자 한다. SST 모델의 기본이 되었던 BSL 모델 및 SST 모델, 수정된 SST 모델을 사용하여 정상 유동장과 비정상 유동장 해석을 수행하여 각 모델의 난류 유동장 해석 특성을 비교하고 이를 통하여 수정된 SST 모델이 박리를 수반하는 비정상 유동장 해석에서 원래의 SST 모델에 비해 향상된 결과를 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-19
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• 2021

Purpose: According to the growth of technology in the service industry, the interaction service between customer and employee has recently been transformed into between customer and technology by Self Service Technology (SST) requiring direct interaction with customers. In this context, self service technology such as unmanned ordering system installed at the store is actively introduced at the work place to reduce labor costs by food and retail company and the research for self-service technology which is rapidly replacing existing face-to-face service is needed. As the growth speed of SST is rapid, many researchers have studied the characteristics of SST, in every sector of business worldwide. Among the characteristics, attributes, Self Service Technology Quality (SSTQUAL) to evaluate SST is important because it may cause the customer's behavior. Thus, this research focuses on the effects of SSTQUAL on SST Satisfaction and SST continuance usage intention. This research suggests the guidelines for how Restaurant Company should prepare SST and build their customer satisfaction and continuance usage that increase the sales. Research design, data and methodology: This study tests the structural relationship between SSTQUAL of unmanned ordering system, SST satisfaction and SST continuance usage. SSTQUAL divided into four sub-dimensions and two categories, cognitive service attributes (Convenience, Functionality) and affective service attributes (Enjoyment, Assurance). In order to achieve the purposes of this research, research model and hypotheses were developed based on previous researches. All constructs were measured with multiple items developed and tested in the previous studies. The data were collected from 524 customers experiencing SST and were analyzed through SPSS 25.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 statistical package program. Results: The findings of this research are as follows. First, all SSTQUAL have significant positive impacts on SST satisfaction. Second, SST satisfaction has significant positive impact on SST continuance intention. Third, cognitive service attributes and affective service attributes had wealth of explanation of service attribute more than a single dimension. Conclusions: The implications of this study are as follows. Overall, Restaurant Company should manage SSTQUAL consisting of not only cognitive service attributes (Convenience, Functionality) but also affective service attributes (Enjoyment, Assurance) to satisfy customers basically regardless of the type of restaurant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.233-241
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• 2020

We examined long-term variations in sea surface temperature (SST) and annual amplitudes of SST around the Korean Peninsula. Two SST data sets with data periods of approximately 51 years and longer than 100 years, respectively, were obtained from the National Institute of Fisheries Science and Japan Meteorological Agency. SST of Korean waters clearly increased during last 51 years (1968-2018), which was 2.5 times higher than the global trend. This significant increasing trend was caused by the dominant increasing SST trend during winter. However, a negative and positive SST anomaly frequently appeared during winter and summer, respectively, in a recent decade. These features of seasonal SST variation have changed the annual amplitude of SST, and resulted in a drastically increasing trend after 2009. Using the longer SST data set, it was revealed that the decreasing SST trend in winter began in the 2000s and the increasing SST trend in summer bagan in the 1990s. During a recent decade, there was a distinctive SST increase in summer, whereas a clear decrease in winter. In summary, the annual amplitude of SST around the Korean Peninsula significantly changed from a decreasing trend to an increasing trend during a recent decade.